Name three (3) arguments supporting the Roman Republic's representative democracy.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Like Athens, Rome was originally a city-state. Although it expanded rapidly by conquest and annexation far beyond its original borders to encompass all the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe, its government remained, in its basic features, that of a moderately large city-state. Indeed, throughout the republican era (until roughly the end of the first century BC), Roman assemblies were held in the very small Forum at the centre of the city.

Who constituted the Roman dēmos? Although Roman citizenship was conferred by birth, it was also granted by naturalization and by manumission of slaves. As the Roman Republic expanded, it conferred citizenship in varying degrees to many of those within its enlarged boundaries. Because Roman assemblies continued to meet in the Forum, however, most citizens who did not live in or near the city itself were unable to participate and were thus effectively excluded from the dēmos. Despite their reputation for practicality and creativity, and notwithstanding many changes in the structure of Roman government over the course of centuries, the Romans never solved this problem. Two millennia later, the solution—electing representatives to a Roman legislature—would seem obvious (see below A democratic dilemma).

As they adapted to the special features of their society, including its rapidly increasing size, the Romans created a political structure so complex and idiosyncratic that later democratic leaders chose not to emulate it. The Romans used not only an extremely powerful Senate but also four assemblies, each called comitia (“assembly”) or concilium (“council”). The Comitia Curiata was composed of 30 curiae, or local groups, drawn from three ancient tribus, or tribes; the Comitia Centuriata consisted of 193 centuries, or military units; the Concilium Plebis was drawn from the ranks of the plebes, or plebeians (common people); and the Comitia Tributa, like the Athenian Assembly, was open to all citizens. In all the assemblies, votes were counted by units (centuries or tribes) rather than by individuals; thus, insofar as a majority prevailed in voting, it would have been a majority of units, not of citizens.

Although they collectively represented all Roman citizens, the assemblies were not sovereign. Throughout the entire period of the republic, the Senate—an institution inherited from the earlier era of the Roman monarchy—continued to exercise great power. Senators were chosen indirectly by the Comitia Centuriata; during the monarchy, they were drawn exclusively from the privileged patrician class, though later, during the republic, members of certain plebeian families were also admitted.

The Italian republics from the 12th century to the Renaissance

“Constitutional oligarchies”

After the western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, the Italian Peninsula broke up into a congeries of smaller political entities. About six centuries later, in northern Italy, some of these entities developed into more or less independent city-states and inaugurated systems of government based on wider—though not fully popular—participation and on the election of leaders for limited periods of time. In this respect, their governments may be viewed as small-scale precursors of later representative systems. Such governments flourished for two centuries or more in a number of cities, including Venice, Florence, Siena, and Pisa.

Drawing on Latin rather than Greek, the Italians called their city-states republics, not democracies. Although membership in the dēmos was at first restricted mainly to the nobility and large landowners, in some republics in the first half of the 13th century groups from lower social and economic classes—such as the newly rich, small merchants and bankers, skilled craftsmen organized in guilds, and foot soldiers commanded by knights—began to demand the right to participate in government at some level. Because they were more numerous than the upper classes and because they threatened (and sometimes carried out) violent uprisings, some of these groups were successful. Even with these additions, however, the dēmos in the republics remained only a tiny fraction of the total population, ranging from 12 percent in 14th-century Bologna to 2 percent or less in 15th- and 16th-century Venice, where admission to the ruling nobility had been permanently closed during the 14th century. Thus, whether judged by the standards of Classical Greece or those of Europe and the United States in the 18th century and later, the Italian republics were not democracies. A more accurate characterization, proposed by the historian Lauro Martines, is “constitutional oligarchies.”


Related Questions

what was a major benefit of railroads

Answers

Answer:

It made commerce possible on a vast scale.

Explanation:

In addition to transporting western food crops and raw materials to East Coast markets and manufactured goods from East Coast cities to the West Coast, the railroad also facilitated international trade

Answer:

all of the above are correct.

Explanation:

a  p  e  x  

Which of the following are agencies concerned with preserving and promoting the development of American culture?
i. National Aeronautics and Space Association
ii. National Endowment for the Arts
iii. National Archives and Records Administration
iv. National Endowment for the Humanities
A.
i and iv only
B.
i, ii, and iv only
C.
i, ii, and iii only
D.
ii, iii, and iv only



Please select the best answer from the choices provided


A
B
C
D

Answers

Answer:

Its D

Explanation:

Answer:

d

Explanation:

Why after more than a century Egypt fall again in another empire

Answers

Answer:

magic

Explanation:

What were the effects/outcomes/accomplishments of the Civil War? Write down ANY effects from the reading that you see.

Answers

Answer:

slavery was banned,citizenship was granted to all born in the U.S and the women's rights movement gained traction

The ________________ cycle is described well in this short description of the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. The Qin began to conquer other states, then established their rule as a dynasty. Soon after they began to build the Great Wall of China. Then the Qin fell into a civil war that eventually caused the end of their dynasty.

Answers

Answer:

Dynastic cycle.

Explanation:

Dynastic cycle in China is known to be a pattern to the rising and falling of several dynasties. This forms an important theory in the history of the country in which a dynasty can rise to a certain peak, both politically and culturally and then faces a decline due to corruption. The dynasty at this stage faces further loss of the mandate of heaven and then falls before a new dynasty can replace it, then the cycle repeats.

What are characteristics of culture?

Answers

Answer:

Characteristics of culture refer the features of culture that can be identified.

Some characteristics of culture:

1. Culture is dynamic - This means culture does not remain the same. It changes with time.

2. Culture is progressive - This means that culture brings improvement to the lives of the people.

3. Culture is flexible - This means that certain parts of culture which are bad can be changed with new ones.

4. Culture is shared - This means that culture is passed on from generation to generation.

According to the reading, what did Mark Twain dream of becoming when he
was a boy?
A. A fisherman
B. A newspaper reporter
C. A teacher
D. A boat pilot •correct answer

Answers

Answer:

D. boat pilot. he wanted to become a steam boat pilot

Why would the British Parliament say taxation was justified?

Answers

Answer:

Americans were the colonies of the British and must contribute to the country as such.

Explanation:

During that time America served as a British colony. In a colony it is expected for every citizen to pay for taxes and heed to the laws of the mother country as if they were living in it. The British Parliament would have made the argument that since they are supplying the American colonies with armies it would be justified for them to pay their taxes, or to them it would be considered treason.

explain why the issue of education was important to both mary astell and mary wollstonecraft

Answers

Answer:

Wollstonecraft believed women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful. Astell wrote a book that addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women. Both believed that educating women would lessen gender inequality.

Have a nice day/night :)

1) What was the British perspective on the Boston Massacre?

2) What did colonists do in response to the Boston Massacre?

Answers

Answer:

1) The Boston Massacre had a major impact on relations between Britain and the American colonists. It further incensed colonists already weary of British rule and unfair taxation and roused them to fight for independence. Yet perhaps Preston said it best when he wrote about the conflict and said, “None of them was a hero.

2) The British had a response to the Boston Tea Party also. The British were aware this event could have devolved into something more serious. Thus, the British ended all Townshend Act taxes except for the tax on tea. ... After the Boston Massacre, the colonists reestablished the committees of correspondence.

Why was king Louis XVI executed by the people of France?

Answers

Answer:

Hope this helped :)

Explanation:

Louis XVI was executed, officially, because of treason; he had been accused of betraying the French nation to the Austrians. Now, in fairness, Louis XVI had pretty clearly tried to flee Paris in order to organize a counter-revolution. This soured opinions on the King, and, in 1792, when the armies of the Coalition looked on the verge of taking Paris, their commander said “You’d better not hurt Louis!” he was accused of being part of an enemy plot, deposed, and executed months later. So, clear cut, right? Louis had been trying to organize an uprising, that’s treason, he should be executed. Well, not quite.

See, the prevailing narrative is that Louis XVI was never a supporter of the Revolution. He fled Paris because he hated it and was looking for an opportunity. This isn’t entirely true. Louis, remember, at any point could have said “no” to the proposed reforms of the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 and probably would have won. The fact that he didn’t shows that he at least was amenable to some reform. Louis, it should be emphasized, was not a Conservative. When the Bastille was stormed he was in the middle of trying to push through a tax in the Parlemente that would have increased taxes on the nobility and clergy. So it’s not as if he was some despot waiting for the first chance he got to restore Feudalism.

Which happened first?
a.
The Lipan Apaches attacked the San Antonio mission.
b.
The Mission San Sabá de la Santa Cruz was established.
c.
Missions were established along the Rio Grande River.
d.
The San Xavier missions were established.

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

Answer:

C  Missions were established along the Rio Grande River.

Explanation:

.

4. What is a source of disagreement between Proctor and Putnam?

Answers

Answer:

Proctor argue over the proper ownership of a piece of timberland where Proctor harvests his lumber. Putnam claims that his grandfather left the tract of land to him in his will.

Explanation:

PLZ HELP ASAP ILL MARK BRAILIEST OR SOMETHING PLZ PLZ PLZ HELP ME What is a levee?
O a ridge built to prevent the overflow of water
O a series of lakes used to catch excess floodwater
O an area of delicate wetlands near the ocean
O a section of land ideal for producing natural gas

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

-an embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river-

AKA answer A /:)

Brainliest please! :DDD

Which of the following describes the best writing style of an argumentative essay?
proper word choice and viewpoint
proper voice, tone, and word choice
proper thesis, voice, and word tone
proper thesis and voice

Answers

Answer:

proper thesis, voice, and word tone

Explanation:

proper word choice and viewpoint - this is incorrect. Viewpoint is not that important for the good essay itself. A good argumentative essay is based on other qualities that determine if the viewpoint is presented well.

proper voice, tone, and word choice - this is the correct answer. These three elements are key in a good argumentative essay. Because of voice, tone, and word choice, the essay can be convincing and present a good argument. The essay is as good as the formation of the statements is.  

proper thesis, voice, and word tone - this is not correct. A proper thesis is important in the argumentative essay based on how it is presented and how convincing it is.

proper thesis and voice - this is not the right answer. The reason is the same as above, proper thesis is not key if there are no other elements.

Answer:

B) proper voice, tone, and word choice

Explanation:

Which kind of colony had a governor and legislative assembly which was appointed by the crown of England
A. charter colony
B. None of the above
C. Royal charter colony
D. Priority Carter colony

Answers

Answer:

Virginia colony

Explanation:

Answer:

Royal colony

Explanation:

I got it right on the test

What imperial nations had colonies in Africa in 1900?

Answers

Answer:

By 1900 a significant part of Africa had been colonized by mainly seven European powers—Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy.

What was a purpose of the compromise of 1850?

Answers

Answer:

I think its A

Explanation:

hope that helps

the answer is A

to allow California to enter the Union as a free state

Where did Christopher Columbus expect to land?
A.
in the East Indies islands
B.
on the southern coast of Africa
C.
in the islands of the Mediterranean
D.
on the eastern coast of South America

Answers

Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa María, the Pinta and the Niña. On October 12, the expedition sighted land, probably Watling Island in the Bahamas, and went ashore the same day, claiming it for Spain.

Hope this helps!

1. Which of the following was NOT a reason slavery began in South Carolina? (1 point)
O South Carolina had key ports in the slave trade for the British colonies.
The South Carolina colony required a significant amount of labor to maintain
Early Spanish settlements in South Carolina included the use of African slaves after Indian slaves died out
O White indentured servants were taxed by the assembly.

Answers

Answer:

White indentured servants were taxed by the assembly.

Explanation:

South Carolina has a large population of slaves primarily because they needed laborers in the field and they did not have enough hands because the work was labor-intensive.

The correct answer to the question of what was not a reason slavery began in South Carolina was because white indentured servants were taxed by the assembly.

n
All of the following are natural regions in Texas except:
а. Great Plains
b. Coastal Plains
C. Subtropical Plains
d. Mountains and Basins
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C

Answers

C isn’t a natural region I believe
I’m pretty sure The answer is C


Explain why the process of industrialization is called a revolution, and summarize the effects of industrialization on the people of the era

Answers

Answer:

for quick development.

Explanation:

The process of industrialization is known as the revolution because it brings new industries and development in a quick session, and also opens up the gate for the other countries to do partnership with the specific country.

How did advancements made during the Shang and Zhou dynasties improve te for the people of ancient China?

Answers

The advancements made in agricultural production such as fast ripping rise helped improve society because it increased population and helped hunger throughout China much of the agricultural advancements came from merchant travel

Please Answer fast in on a quiz!!!!!!The Articles of Confederation established a Congress within the new nation. What was required in order for this Congress to pass a measure? Othe votes of nine statess O the votes of all thirtéen states O the votes of half the states Othe votes of three states​

Answers

Answer:

The answer is C

Explanation:

emilythompson35464

hope this helps srry if it doesn't tho

PLZ Help me! Do you think the three monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) are more similar than different or more different than similar? Why

Answers

Answer:

Similar

Explanation:

all of these religions believe in monotheism (One God) They all have types of Churches and books.

For Christianity they have the Bible, Islam the Quan, and Judaism (Tanakh) their name for the three governing religious books as well as other similarities

What were the most important differences between Catholicism and
Protestantism in the sixteenth century? In what ways do these differences
explain the appeal of each faith and the causes of the Reformation?

Answers

Answer:

The founding of the Jesuits, Reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent. They were important because they unified the church, help spread the gospel, and validated the church. Hope this helps!

Explanation:

what was the one effect of the french and indian war on great britians american colonies

Answers

Answer:

The war provided Great Britain gains of territory in North America, but disputes over frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.

Explanation:

Answer:

One effect of the French and Indian war on Great Britain's American colonies was an immense increase in taxes due to the war debts that Great Britain had acquired during the war. This raise in taxes eventually led to the revolution.

mesoptamia is known as? ​

Answers

the land between rivers, the euphrates and the tigris rivers

how are leaders in a dictatorship government are chosen​

Answers

Answer:

Dictators can come to power in a variety of different ways. They can be elected be appointed by the resident ruling party or Communist hierarchy, or inherit their position from a deceased relative. Still other modern dictators seize power in a military coup d'tat, and are supported by the military.

Why did colonists in South Carolina appeal to the King to become a royal colony?
They felt they had a close relationship with the King.
They wanted greater representation in the legislature.
O They wanted more royal control over the economy.
They felt the Lord Proprietors collected taxes but failed to protect them.

Answers

Explanation:

The Lords Proprietors had failed to help defend the colonists against French, Spanish, pirate and Indian attacks. LPs also did not want to sell land to the colonists.

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