Answer:
Secondary succession occurs when the severity of disturbance is insufficient to remove all the existing vegetation and soil from a site. Many different kinds of disturbances, such as fire, flooding, windstorms, and human activities (e.g., logging of forests) can initiate secondary succession. Pioneers of secondary successions face quite different conditions from those that accompany primary succession. Secondary successions often start with resource-rich conditions associated with high light availability and reduced competition for nutrients and moisture. Disturbances may also be short-lived; for example, gaps created in forest canopies close as the crowns of surrounding trees expand and as seedlings and saplings in the understory grow up in response to increased light. Pioneers rely on recruitment from propagules present in the soil, or that disperse into the site after disturbance occurs. Pioneers are able to outcompete established vegetation that survived the disturbance by maintaining high juvenile growth rates. Some of the fastest growing trees are pioneers in tropical rain forests. Individuals of the balsa tree Ochroma pyramidale, for example, can grow from seedlings to adults with >30 cm trunk diameter in <10 years.
The difference between pioneer and nonpioneer species is difficult to delineate (Table 1). Attempts to define distinct life-history strategies (implying coordinated evolution of life-history traits) are confounded because key traits such as propagule size and juvenile growth rate can vary over several orders of magnitude within a community and show broad overlap among species with contrasting habitat requirements. Nonetheless, interactions among traits can be used to describe some life-history tradeoffs that largely constrain the habitat requirements of pioneers. For vascular plants, paramount among these is a tradeoff between growth in the sun and survival in the shade (Figure 3). The high growth rates of pioneers are maintained by allocating a large fraction of the plant’s resources to new leaf area production, and by investing in nutrient-rich leaf tissue that can attain high-maximum photosynthetic rates. A consequence of preferential allocation to leaf production is that few resources remain that can be used to defend the plant against herbivores and pathogens, or to recover from physical damage. This results in high mortality, particularly in the shade, where resources needed for tissue replacement are most limiting.
Table 1. Characteristics of pioneer tree species in tropical forests that distinguish them from nonpioneer species
Pioneer speciesNonpioneer species1. Juveniles recruit from seed following disturbance; seedlings are unable to survive beneath a forest canopySeedlings and saplings persist in the shade of a forest canopy2. Seeds germinate in response to cues provided by changes in light, temperature, or soil nitrate concentrations indicating disturbance to canopy vegetationSeeds germinate immediately after dispersal or seasonally during periods favorable for establishment3. Seeds generally small; frequently dispersed by windSeeds may be large; frequently dispersed by vertebrates4. Seeds often persist in the soil (weeks to decades after dispersal)Seeds lack dormancy or remain in the soil for less than a year5. High height growth rate and juvenile mortality rateLower height growth, crowns often show lateral spread in the shade6. High maximal photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and foliar nutrient concentrationsLow maximal photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and foliar nutrient concentrations7. Short-lived leaves with high leaf area per unit leaf massLeaves of juvenile plants may persist for several years with low leaf area per unit leaf mass8. Open canopies with sparse branchingClosed canopies9. Low wood densityMedium–high wood density10. Low investment in chemical anti-herbivore defenseHigh investment in chemical and structural defenses11. Often form defensive mutualisms with antsDefensive mutualisms uncommon12. Adult lifespan typically <100 yearsAdult lifespan up to 500 years13. Wide geographic and ecological rangeOften restricted geographic range
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Place the steps of biofilm formation in the correct order: 1. Quorum sensing and the establishment of the extracellular matrix commences as microbes attach more stably. 2. Surface (substratum) is preconditioned by environmental molecules. 3. Biofilm matures and some microorganisms escape to the planktonic state. 4. Microbes attach and detach from the preconditioned surface.
Answer:Step order:
2. The surface (substrate) is preconditioned by environmental molecules.
4.Microbes bind and detach from the preconditioned surface.
1.Quorum detection and extracellular matrix establishment begins as microbes bind more stably.
3. The mature biofilm and some microorganisms escape the planktonic state.
Explanation:
The biofilm is a highly complex structure where many microorganisms coexist, compete, reproduce, feed, within a micro-system with many ideal conditions for each microorganism that is housed in it.
The biofilm is resistant to non-selective antimicrobials, that is, to disinfectants such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, among others.
Evidence was also presented that they are resistant to selective antimicrobials such as antibiotics, that is why they have great virulence factors or potential to trigger pathology.
The solution to destroy a biofilm is mechanical sweeping, with brushing as it happens on our teeth or even with the catheter cleaning brushes that are used (in addition to the sterilization methods).
This biofilm presents separate colonies in its interim with a fluid that it travels transmitting signals, food, toxins, resistant factors between these different types of microorganisms. This fluid and this communication between them is called quorum sensing and not all microorganisms tolerate it.
Many microorganisms compete with each other for the medium, an example is streptococcus mutating in the dental biofilm, which generates an acidic medium by metabolizing carbohydrates within the biofilm, thus generating that those bacteria that live in neutral or alkaline ph cannot reproduce and die.
The biofilm can be contained by bacteria, viruses, fungi and even parasites, but what they all have in common is that they have the ability to reproduce on an inert surface such as catheters, dental surfaces, silicone hoses.
If genes from an organism, such as a bacterium, are inserted into a cell of another organism, such as corn, why does the gene still function? (2 points) The organism receiving the gene will modify it so it can work. The gene carries the necessary enzymes to allow it to be read in corn. The genetic code is read in the same way by all organisms. The bacterium is similar enough to the corn that the gene is able to function.
Answer:
Because it other dominates the other genes. It mutates but still carries the Domininant Recesive gene is intact to the organism.
Which is a structure that directs the cell's activities? nucleus Golgi apparatus ribosome mitochondrion
Answer:
the answer is nucleus
Explanation:
Organelles are the cellular structure that performs various functions. The organelle nucleus directs all the activities of the cell. Thus, option a is correct.
What is a nucleus?The nucleus is an organelle present inside the cell and has the most vital role in the functioning and hereditary. It controls majorly all activities in the cell including growth, inheritance, metabolism, etc.
It is enclosed in a nuclear membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm and is the region where the process of replication and transcription takes place. It is the control center that directs and regulates the cellular activity that is essential for the cell to survive.
Therefore, a nucleus is an organelle that regulates cellular activities.
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When something is_____ it is
used to make something else.
it is processed and then
Answer:
Old/damaged
Explanation:
There is a variety of reasons why something can be turned into something else.
What are the repeating subunits that make up a nucleic acid?
Choose ONE answer:
A. Nucleotides
B. Monosaccharides
C. Amino acids
D. Glycerol and fatty acid tails
A. Nucleotides
Monosaccharides make up a carbohydrate.
Amino acids make up protein.
Glycerol and fatty acid tails make up lipids.
Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as . They absorb sunlight and generate high-energy that pass along the .
Answer:
1) Photosystems
2) Thylakoid membrane
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is an important phenomenon for the cells of autotrophic organisms like green plants. It is the process through which they obtain their energy source. Photosynthesis, which consists of two stages, occurs in the Chloroplast of the cell.
The light dependent stage occurs in the thylakoid lumen of the CHLOROPLAST while the light independent stage occurs in the stroma. The thylakoid is a membrane-bound sac usually organized in stacks called GRANA.
The Chlorophyll pigment, which captures the photon of light needed for the photosynthetic process, is contained in the thylakoid. Also, embedded in the thylakoid space are protein complexes called PHOTOSYSTEMS, which are involved in the capturing photons of light and transferring of electrons. The Photosystems 1&2 are the functional units of photosynthesis.
The high energy generated by the Photosystems are transferred from one electron carrier to another along the thylakoid membrane in order to generate ATP and NADPH. This process is called Electron transport chain.
Thylakoids are the membrane-bound structures present within chloroplasts of the plant cell. Thylakoids consist of photosystems and are surrounded by the thylakoid membrane.
The correct blanks for the given statement are:
Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems. They absorb sunlight and generate high energy that passes along the thylakoid membrane.
Photosystems in the thylakoids are the structural and functional protein complexes, which play a crucial role in performing photosynthesis. These systems are present along the thylakoid membranes, and carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis.
The thylakoid membrane is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The membrane absorbs light energy and is then converted into chemical energy. The high-energy generated is passed along the thylakoid membrane.
Therefore, the correct answers are photosystems and thylakoid membrane.
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Which process is part of translation but not transcription?
A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.
A tRNA template is used to create a DNA strand.
A tRNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.
An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.
Answer:
An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.
Explanation:
Transcription is the process where new mRNA is created from DNA. Translation, however, is the process of creating proteins by using mRNA as a template. Proteins are made up of amino acids often in the form of an amino acid chain.
The process that is part of translation but not transcription is "mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain"
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
Protein synthesis is the process that synthesizes amino acid sequence (protein) from genes. The process involves two steps namely: transcription and translation. Transcription is the process whereby a DNA molecule is used to synthesize a mRNA molecule in the nucleus of the cell. Translation is the process whereby the mRNA transcript is used to synthesize an amino acid sequence in the ribosome. Therefore, the process that is part of translation but not transcription is "mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain"Learn more at: https://brainly.com/question/11390351?referrer=searchResults
Which of the following must be true for natural selection to occur ?
What is one way people have negatively affected land resources?
habitat restoration
urbanization
terrace farming
reforestation
Answer:
URBANIZATION
Explanation:
Urbanization is one way people have negatively affected land resources
which has lead to total exploit and in availability of those resources for us.
What are resources?Resources are physical raw materials that originated from the earth which are useful for production and many things by humans and theses resources can be land, air,water and so on.
Resources are classified as either renewable and non renewable.
Renewable are resources that replenished itselves like water, wind.
Non renewable are resources that don't replenish itselves , example include fossil fuels.
Therefore, Urbanization is one way people have negatively affected land resources.
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Study the equation for photosynthesis.
A scientist notices an increase in the glucose
production in the plants he is studying. What are the
possible reasons? Check all that apply.
6CO2 + 6H2O
Light energy
→ Cg H12O6+ 602
Chlorophyll
The plant was exposed to more intense light
The plant was exposed to less intense light
The plant absorbed more carbon dioxide.
The plant absorbed less carbon dioxide.
The plant absorbed more oxygen.
The plant absorbed less oxygen.
The plant was exposed to more intense light
The plant absorbed more carbon dioxide.
The production of glucose increase in plant cells when the intensity of light is increased and the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed is increased. These affect the rate of reaction.
What is Photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process of formation of glucose (sugar) in the green cells of plant. Photosynthesis takes place during the daytime as it requires sunlight to proceed the reaction. The reaction takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells.
Factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis are light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration. Light intensity is directly proportional to the rate of photosynthesis, as the intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis also increases.
Similarly, carbon dioxide is also proportional to the rate of photosynthesis as carbon dioxide is a reactant in this process. With the increase in the amount of reactants, the rate of a chemical reaction increases and hence more product is formed.
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Question 2 of 10
Why is it necessary for meiosis to produce cells with fewer chromosomes?
A. It saves energy for the organism to produce fewer chromosomes.
B. Asexual reproduction requires fewer chromosomes than sexual
reproduction
C. If it did not, the chromosome number would double in each
generation
D. Organisms reproduce sexually by joining two tetrads together.
The correct option is C. If it did not, the chromosome number would double in each generation
The following information should be considered:
It is significant for meiosis to generate cells with fewer chromosomes as it is not so the number of chromosome should be double in each and every generation. Due to this, the other options are incorrect.learn more: https://brainly.com/question/3617478?referrer=searchResults
Describe the importance of photosynthesis in producers
The fossil record is a testament to extinct fauna no longer present on Earth. Certain areas of the planet have always had high species diversity (evident from fossils and catalogs of current species diversity). Which of the processes listed likely contributed to the patterns of animal diversity we see
Answer:
The processes that likely contributed to the patterns of animal diversity we see is LOCAL AND GLOBAL EXTINCTION EVENTS.
Extinction event is when a large number of multicellular organisms of same species die within a short period of time reducing the number of such organisms in circulation in the ecosystems.
Extinction event can be (all over the world) or local (within a speculated geographic location).
Causes of extinction includes; population growth,habitat loss,over consumption, population and introduction of new species.
1. producer eats meat and plants
2. primary consumer breaks down dead organisms
3. carnivore makes own food
4. omnivore gets energy directly from producer
5. decomposer eats only meat
Answer:
Producer makes own food
Primary consumers gets energy directly from producer
Carnivores eats only meat
Omnivores eat meat and plants
Decomposer breaks down dead organism
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The theater sold 562 tickets to the concert at a price of $6 each. Use the distributive property to find the product of 6 × 562. 6(562) = 6(500) + (60)(2) = 3,120
Answer:
1,897,087=1,900,207.2=3,120 (the equasion you gave when distributed)
Answer to the question(Money made): ($)3,372
Explanation:
solved it out by multiplying
Answer:
Answer to the question(Money made): ($)3,372
Explanation:
What are digestive enzymes? Give three examples of digestive enzymes and briefly describe their specific functions.
Answer:
Digestive enzymes are the natural substances our body needs to help break down and digest food
We have three main digestive enzymes :
Proteases: These enzymes break down protein into small peptides and amino acids.
Lipases: break down fat into three fatty acids plus a glycerol molecule.
Amylases: Are responsible for breaking down carbs like starch into simple sugars.
Explanation:
Digestive enzymes are proteins that catalyze mainly hydrolysis reactions that make nutrients absorbable in the digestive tract. Pepsin is a gastric enzyme that turns proteins into albumoses and peptones which are shorter peptide chains that are then hydrolyzed to even shorter chains until amino acids by intestinal enzymes. Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme that turns starch(a polysaccharide) into maltose(a disaccharide). Lipase is present in the gastric juice, the pancreatic juice, and the intestinal juice. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of lipids(mainly triglycerides) into fatty acids and glycerol. When incomplete hydrolysis occurs triglycerides can become monoglycerides.
Which best describes how a vaccine works?
A. The vaccine causes a nonspecific immune response.
O B. The vaccine cells kill bacteria.
C. The vaccine makes the body create memory cells.
O D. The vaccine produces white blood cells.
Answer:
C I believe
Explanation: It basically gives you the virus so that your whatever cells can remember next time that its the same thing if you get it and try to fight it off. If you can help me with ap ex unit 2 pretest that'd be great im Jumper-#7209 on discord if you can
What is Coronavirus
Answer:
Coronavirus is a respiratory illness that can be spread from person to person. It's a new disease that has not been previously seen in humans.
Answer:
It is a type of virus that spreads from one another.
Explanation:
The Black Death was a pandemic spreading across Europe between 1348 and 1350. Estimates states that 30% to 60% of Europe's population died from the Black Death. If we look at Europe's population before the pandemic and compare it to the population several generations later, what are we likely to find?
A. More genetic diversity in later generations.
B. Less genetic diversity in later generations.
C. Less genetic diversity in earlier generations.
D. The same degree of genetic diversity in later as in earlier generations.
Answer:
The correct answer is option B, that is, less genetic diversity in later generations.
Explanation:
A pandemic that spread across Europe between 1348 and 1350 was named as the Black Death. It has been predicted that of the total population of Europe at that time 30 to 60 percent died due to the pandemic. The geneticists are still trying to document the influence of Black Death on the population of Europe today.
It has been found that in England, the genetic diversity is found much lower in comparison to what it was in the eleventh century, and is primarily due to so many people dying in the 1300s. However, the rest of Europe does not demonstrate a dropped amount of genetic variation, which maybe because of the enhanced patterns of migration in other places.
Calcium hydroxide:_______.
a. cannot be placed under direct composite resins because it will inhibit polymerization.
b. stimulates the production of reparative dentin.
c. functions as a thick base to support extensive restorations.
d. consists of a resin in an organic solvent.
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The answer to your question is B.
"Calcium hydroxide stimulates the production of reparative dentin."
Differentiate between parenchyma collenchyma and sclerenchyma in tabular form
Explanation:
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8. What type of chemical bond forms between positive and negative ions?
metallic
jonic
covalent
Answer:
and: option B) Ionic bond
In captivity, tigers and lions have been known to interbreed and produce hybrids, known as ligers. Why does this NOT make them the same species, according to the biological species concept
Answer:
Explanation:
A cross between a tiger and a lion will produce an hybrids. During fertilization it has been observed that both the father and the mother contributes equally to the genetic makeup of the offspring this therefore will make the liger have 50%gene from the tiger and 50% gene from the lion which is different genetic makeup from the parents.
Since the parents are of two different species the offspring will always be of a different species because its makeup is genetically different from the two parents it is a combination of two species forming a new species.
If the parental species are the same i.e two lion or tiger the offspring will be of the same species but a combination of the parental gene.
The Hawaiian Islands are located in the middle of the Pacific plate, but they contain volcanoes. What
accounts for the volcanoes on these islands even though they aren't found along a plate boundary?
Explanation:
This hot spot partly melts the region just below the overriding Pacific Plate, producing small, isolated blobs of magma. Less dense than the surrounding solid rock, the magma rises buoyantly through structurally weak zones and ultimately erupts as lava onto the ocean floor to form volcanoes.
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What is the wavelength of a wave that has a velocity of 260 meters per second and a frequency of 95 hertz?
Express your answer to the nearest whole number.
Answer: its
3
Explanation:
When you eat, your blood glucose level rises. Soon after, it drops as the glucose is stored. Where does it go?
Explanation:
About to six hours after you eat the glucose levels in your blood decrease triggering your pancreas to produce glucagon. This hormone signals. your liver and muscle cells to change the stored glycogen back into glucose.
In order for translation to occur: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. transcription must be occurring simultaneously. there must be large numbers of free amino acids present in the cytoplasm. the DNA must produce large numbers of free amino acids. replication must be occurring simultaneously. the nuclear membrane must first dissolve
Answer:
there must be large numbers of free amino acids present in the cytoplasm
Explanation:
In order for translation to occur, there must be a large number of free amino acids in the cytoplasm.
These free amino acids are usually carried by the transfer RNA which also carries the corresponding mRNA codon.
During translation, as the codons in the mRNA match their complements in the tRNA, the amino acid being carried by the tRNA is released and a peptide bond is formed between subsequent amino acids until the required polypeptide bond is formed.
Translation and transcription only occur simultaneously in prokaryotic cells where there is no barrier between the cell's genetic materials and the cytoplasm, unlike in eukaryotic cells where the genetic materials are housed in the membrane-bound nucleus.
Planets near the Sun are composed of mainly rock and iron. How does the Solar Nebula theory account for this? Select one: a. The planets that today are near the Sun were captured. b. The forming Sun’s heat prevented substances such as ices from condensing in the inner Solar System. c. The Sun’s magnetic field attracted all of the iron in the nebula into the inner Solar System. d. As the planets were captured, denser ones were pulled closer to the Sun by gravity. e. The planets that today are far from the Sun were captured. Clear my choice
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Maria is concerned because she has been exposed to a small amount of radiation during an X-ray. What is her doctor most likely to tell her? Radiations from X-rays is not a mutagen. Mutagens have no effect on the body unless you have inherited them. Small amounts of a mutagen often do not have an effect on health. Severe mutations are usually caused by small amounts of a mutagen.
Answer:
Small amounts of a mutagen often do not have an effect on health
Explanation:
X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation used as an imaging tool to view internal structures. X-ray radiation occurs when a charged particle hits a material at a high wavelength.
Exposure to X-ray radiation has been shown to cause serious health concerns as they are known to be mutation-inducing i.e. mutagenic, when exposed to in high quantities or doses. Therefore, in the case of Maria who was exposed to a small amount of X-ray radiation, the doctor would likely tell her that small amounts of a mutagen (X-ray) often do not have an effect on health.
Answer:
C, Small amounts of a mutagen often do not have an effect on health.Explanation:
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which of the following adaptions allowed plants to transport water and nutrients from the soil to all of the cells within the plant?
A. Vascular system
B. Leaves
C.Cuticle
D. circulatory system
Answer:
c
Explanation:
I took the test
Answer:
D. circulatory system
Explanation:
Circulatory system is the method of transport of plants and animals. It gives the plants nutrients and carbon dioxide in every cell and release waste products from their system.