The morphological types of viruses illustrated in Figure 13.1 are ultimately determined by A) the nucleic acid.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents, consisting of an outer capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA). Some viruses are surrounded by an envelope made up of phospholipids and glycoproteins, whereas others lack an envelope. The classification of viruses is done based on their shape. Several viruses can cause disease, and different kinds of viruses can cause different illnesses. Although they vary in size, shape, and complexity, all viruses have one thing in common: they need to invade a host cell to reproduce.
The figure mentioned above, Figure 13.1, shows different morphological types of viruses, including helical viruses, icosahedral viruses, enveloped viruses, and complex viruses. They are distinguished based on their shape and structure. Helical viruses, for example, have a spiral shape, whereas icosahedral viruses have 20 faces and 12 corners. The nucleic acid inside the capsid is what determines the ultimate shape and structure of a virus, as well as whether or not it has an envelope. Hence, the correct option is A: nucleic acid.
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when atp is hydrolyzed in a test tube to form adp and inorganic phosphate, free energy is merely released as heat to the surroundings. in a cell this would be a wasteful use of energy and dangerous rising temperatures would lead to the denaturation of enzymes. how, then, do cells use the hydrolysis of atp to perform cellular work? a complete response would include the following terms: energy coupling, endergonic/exergonic, phosphate transfer, and phosphorylated intermediate.
Answer:
so that is how it goes hope this helps
Explanation:
Cells use the hydrolysis of ATP to perform cellular work by: energy coupling, endergonic/exergonic, phosphate transfer, and phosphorylated intermediate.
ATP is a molecule that is necessary for energy in the body. ATP can be hydrolyzed in a test tube to form ADP and inorganic phosphate. When this happens, free energy is released as heat to the surroundings. This would be a wasteful use of energy and dangerous rising temperatures would lead to the denaturation of enzymes.
In a cell, however, the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to perform cellular work. Cells can use energy coupling to perform cellular work. This means that the endergonic and exergonic reactions are coupled together. In an endergonic reaction, energy is required to proceed. In an exergonic reaction, energy is released.
When these two reactions are coupled together, energy from the exergonic reaction can be used to drive the endergonic reaction. Phosphate transfer is another way that cells can use the hydrolysis of ATP to perform cellular work. When ATP is hydrolyzed, one of the products is inorganic phosphate.
This inorganic phosphate can be transferred to another molecule, making that molecule more reactive. Phosphorylated intermediates are another way that cells can use the hydrolysis of ATP to perform cellular work. When ATP is hydrolyzed, one of the products is ADP.
ADP can be phosphorylated by the addition of another phosphate group from ATP. This creates a molecule of ATP and a phosphorylated intermediate. This phosphorylated intermediate can be more reactive than the original molecule.
Overall, cells use the hydrolysis of ATP to perform cellular work through energy coupling, phosphate transfer, and phosphorylated intermediates. These processes allow cells to use the energy from ATP more efficiently and avoid the wasteful release of heat.
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the proteins that compose the nuclear matrix and are implicated in a number of degenerative diseases such as progeria, are called .
Nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) are components of the cell nucleus's interior structural structure. This nonchromatin structure holds the nuclear shape together, arranges DNA, and plays critical functions in DNA duplication, transcription, and gene translation.Proteins found in the matrix. Matrix proteins are large molecules that are firmly bound together to create vast networks of insoluble fibers. These fibers may even be larger than the cells themselves. Proteins are classified into two types: structural and binding. The main matrix proteins are collagen and elastin, which are structural proteins. The makeup of the nuclear matrix on human cells has been shown to be cell type and tumor particular. It has been plainly proven that the composition of the nuclear matrix in a tumor differs from that of normal equivalents. This information may be helpful in characterizingcancer markers and to forecast disease progression even sooner
Certain changes in nuclear matrix (NM) protein makeup and chromatin organization occur during tumor progression. The NM communicates with chromatin through specific DNA segments known as matrix attachment regions. (MARs). In this study, we show that the differentiation of stabilized human prostate carcinoma cells is marked by changes in both NM protein composition and the bond between NM proteins and MARs using a proteomic approach in conjunction with a two-dimensional Southwestern assay and confocal laser microscopy. In contrast to 22Rv1 cells that express androgen receptor but are androgen-independent, well-differentiated androgen-responsive and slowly growing LNCaP cells have a less complicated pattern and a greater number of proteins binding MAR sequences. Finally, in the case of a weakly differentiatedThe complexity of the NM pattern rises further in highly aggressive androgen-independent PC3 cells, and only a few proteins bind the MARs. Furthermore, when compared to LNCaP cells, these changes are concurrent with changes in both the nuclear distribution of the MAR sequences and the average loop diameters, which significantly increase. Although the expression of many NM proteins varies during differentiation, only a small set of MAR-binding proteins appear to be important in this process. Variations in the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 (SATB1), as well as an increase in the phosphorylation of lamin B, indicate alterations that could lead to a more aggressive phenotype. These findings indicate that understanding theMAR-binding proteins implicated in prostate cancer cell differentiation could be an essential instrument for improving our knowledge of this carcinogenesis process, as well as new targets for prostate cancer treatment.
On which of the following organisms has human technology had an evolutionary impact?all of the following:mosquitosbacterialhousefliesbald eaglesfish
Answer: Technology is something on which we all are dependent and thus has made humans handicapped relying on it for even the basics . Although technology is something which is a necessity for the development and growth but it has proved to be the source for evolution also and the fishes are the organism on which the human technology had an evolutionary impact the most .Humans keep on adding pesticides in order to improve the quality of weed which gets washed out in the nearby water bodies thus impacting fishes the most.
11. diverticula are small, bulging pouches commonly found in the esophagus and large intestine. if we were to pass an endoscope in either of these areas of the gi tract, we would see what appears to be holes. under closer examination, we can see that these holes lead into pouches. if organic material gets trapped within the diverticula it can cause irritation and even an infection. although it is extremely rare to see the formation of diverticulum in the esophagus, within the colon of all americans over 50. a. 30-40% b. 60-70% c. 20% d. 80%
The response is B, or 60–70%. In the large intestine, diverticula are a frequent problem, especially in older people. Diverticula in the colon are thought to affect 60–70% of Americans over the age of 50.
Which of the following best describes the GI tract's parasympathetic innervation?The vagus and pelvic nerves supply parasympathetic innervation. The lower GI tract is innervated by the pelvic nerve, whereas the upper GI tract is innervated by the vagus.
Which of the following structures is made up of the internal abdominal oblique's inferior portion?The aponeuroses of the external abdominal obliques on the left and right meet in the center to create the linea alba, and as a result, each muscle attaches to its corresponding opposite. The inguinal ligament, on the other hand, is a cord-like structure formed by inferior sections.
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Gene flow is _____.
(a) the movement of genes between generations
(b) the movement of genes between relatives
(c) the movement of genes between populations
(d) the movement of genes between species.
Answer:(c) the movement of genes between populations
Explanation:
6. a) What are enzymes?
for golden rice, you have in hand the rice genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes for beta-carotene synthesis. what additional resource do you need to generate golden rice
In order to generate golden rice, besides the rice genes that encode the biosynthetic enzymes for beta-carotene synthesis, the additional resource required is the gene for phytoene synthase.
The phytoene synthase is a protein that is essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, which includes beta-carotene, the pigment that gives golden rice its distinctive color.
The phytoene synthase gene was inserted into the rice genome using recombinant DNA technology, which allows genes from one organism to be transferred to another organism.
Golden rice is created by inserting two genes from daffodil and one gene from a bacterium into rice DNA in order to create the beta-carotene that gives golden rice its distinctive color.
This enables the rice to produce beta-carotene in its kernels, which it normally does not do.
Therefore, the additional resource that is required to generate golden rice, apart from the rice genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes for beta-carotene synthesis, is the gene for phytoene synthase.
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sexual dimorphism? group of answer choices refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size is more common in arboreal species refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior has not been observed in any monkey is particularly pronounced in all primate species
Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size is more common in arboreal species.
What is sexual dimorphism?Sexual dimorphism is a term used to describe the phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. These differences can include body size, coloration, morphology, and behavior, among other things.
The degree of sexual dimorphism can vary significantly between species, with some species exhibiting only modest differences between the sexes and others showing significant differences. Sexual dimorphism can be more common in arboreal species as arboreal animals face different ecological pressures than their terrestrial counterparts.
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A synapse involves two cells, a _______________ cell that sends the signal, and a _______________ cell that receives the signal
A synapse involves two cells, a presynaptic cell that sends the signal, and a postsynaptic cell that receives the signal.
A synapse is a junction between two neurons (nerve cells) where the axon of one neuron reaches out to the dendrite of another neuron.
Synapses are present throughout the nervous system, and their primary role is to transmit information from one neuron to another. When the axon of a neuron fires, it releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which bind to receptors on the adjacent neuron's dendrites. This causes a change in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential, which may lead to the generation of an action potential.
The neurons that communicate through a synapse are called the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. The presynaptic neuron is the neuron that sends the signal across the synapse, while the postsynaptic neuron is the neuron that receives the signal from the presynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites, causing a change in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential. The change in the membrane potential may cause the postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential if the change is strong enough.
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which muscle type and function are not correctly paired? group of answer choices skeletal muscle: pivoting the eyes left or right smooth muscle: pushing a fetus out during birth all of the above are correct smooth muscle: holding a clam shell shut skeletal muscle: iris opening of eye
The muscle type and function that are not correctly paired are: Smooth muscle: holding a clam shell shut. The correct pairs of muscle type and function are: Skeletal muscle: iris opening of eye. Smooth muscle: pushing a fetus out during birth. Skeletal muscle: pivoting the eyes left or right.
The muscle tissue that moves the skeleton is known as skeletal muscle. In the body, this is the most prevalent form of muscle. A single muscle may have up to thousands of muscle cells, which are known as muscle fibers. Muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers. The Iris is a type of skeletal muscle that opens and closes the eye's pupil.In smooth muscle, the cells are elongated and contain a single nucleus. The cells are organized in layers that can contract and relax to produce movement. When compared to skeletal and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle cells have a lot of actin and myosin filaments that move past one another during contraction.
Smooth muscles aid in pushing out the baby during childbirth. They are found in the uterus and other organs of the reproductive system. They help in the uterus's contractions and the baby's movement out of the mother's body.The siphons of clams are held shut by smooth muscles. Because the muscle can maintain a state of tension for an extended period, smooth muscle helps to keep the clamshell closed.
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in the wild-type operon (a b c d e ), how does the presence of the signal affect expression of the structural enzymes ?
In the wild-type operon (a b c d e), the presence of a signal affects the expression of the structural enzymes by: triggering a response in the operon.
The signal is detected by the operon's regulatory region, which then initiates a series of molecular events to cause transcription of the structural genes. This transcription is necessary for the formation of the enzymes that are encoded by the operon's structural genes.
In other words, the presence of the signal activates the wild-type operon and allows the structural enzymes to be synthesized.
To summarize, the presence of the signal triggers the expression of the structural enzymes by activating the transcription of the genes that encode them. This transcription is necessary for the synthesis of the enzymes and is triggered by the detection of the signal by the operon's regulatory region.
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In the angiosperm life cycle, two sperm cells are discharged in each ovule. The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the pollen tube is thatthey both stimulate growth of the pollen tubeone fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nucleione fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the synergidone is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the pollen tube toward the micropyleif one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleusWhich plants have a gametophyte that is nutitionally dependent on the sporophyte?gymnosperms and angiospermsbryophytes and angiospermsmonilophytes and gymnospermslycophytes and bryophyteslycophytes and monilophytes
Bryophytes and angiosperms plants have a gametophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte. Here option B is the correct answer.
The gametophyte is a small, usually green plant that produces gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis. The gametophyte is nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte, which develops from the fertilized egg and remains attached to the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores that develop into new gametophytes, thus completing the life cycle.
In angiosperms, which are flowering plants, the gametophyte is greatly reduced and dependent on the sporophyte. The male gametophyte, also known as pollen, is produced by the sporophyte and consists of just a few cells. The female gametophyte, also known as the embryo sac, develops within the ovule of the sporophyte and consists of just seven cells.
The sporophyte provides the gametophyte with nutrients and protection, and the gametes produced by the gametophyte are involved in fertilization, which results in the formation of the next generation of sporophytes. In contrast, gymnosperms, monilophytes, lycophytes, and other plant groups have larger and more independent gametophyte stages that are not nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte.
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Complete question:
In the angiosperm life cycle, two sperm cells are discharged in each ovule. The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the pollen tube is that they both stimulate the growth of the pollen tube one fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the synergid one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the pollen tube toward the micropyle one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus which plants have a gametophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the sporophyte?
A - gymnosperms and angiosperms
B - bryophytes and angiosperms
C - monilophytes and gymnosperms
D - lycophytes and bryophytes
E - lycophytes and monilophytes
Please help with biology
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA through complementary base pairing, and the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein through the genetic code.
How does DNA determine the structure of proteins?The structure of DNA, specifically the sequence of nucleotides, determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
A gene, which is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA, is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. The mRNA carries the instructions for building a protein to the ribosome, where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function, and ultimately contributes to the overall function of the cell.
DNA contains the genetic information that codes for the instructions for traits passed from parents to offspring. This genetic information is organized into genes, which are specific sequences of nucleotides in the DNA. During sexual reproduction, the genetic information from each parent is combined, and the resulting offspring inherits a unique combination of genes. The expression of these genes determines the traits that are passed from parent to offspring.
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time. In the case of moths, changes in the environment, such as pollution or changes in the prevalence of predators, can select for traits that increase an individual's survival and reproductive success.
For example, during the industrial revolution in England, pollution caused the bark of trees to darken, making it more difficult for light-colored moths to blend in and avoid predation. As a result, the frequency of dark-colored moths increased over time, while the frequency of light-colored moths decreased.
Changes in the environment, such as pollution or changes in climate, can result in changes in moth populations through natural selection.
For example, in the case of the peppered moth, changes in the color of tree bark due to pollution selected for darker colored moths, while changes in climate may select for different traits such as changes in flight patterns or feeding behaviors. Over time, these changes can lead to the evolution of new species or populations with different adaptations to their environment.
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Complete question:
9) Molecules to Organisms: Structures & Processes (2pts) Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out functions in cells that
10) Heredity: Inheritance & Variation of Traits (2pts) Explain relationships about the role of DNA in coding the instructions for traits passed from parents to offspring. (LS3-1)
11) Biological Evolution: Unity & Diversity (2pts)
Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of moth populations in a changing environment. (LS4-4)
12) Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, & Dynamics (2pts) Explain how interactions between moths and their predators maintain relatively consistent numbers in stable conditions. Also, explain how changes in environment resulted in changes in moth populations (LS2-6). Use
during angular motion, a bone pivots around its own longitudinal axis. true/false
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
:)
Into what organelle might the cellular products be placed?
nearly half of the pro-b cells produced will die without progressing on to the next stage of b cell development. this massive loss of pro-b cells is due to:
The massive loss of pro-B cells during B cell development is due to a process called negative selection. Negative selection is a form of regulation in which cells that do not meet specific criteria are removed from the population.
In the case of B cell development, pro-B cells are tested to see if they can produce antibodies that can bind to self-antigens. If the pro-B cells produce antibodies that interact with self-antigens, they are destroyed by the body’s immune system so as to avoid an autoimmune reaction.
This process is important as it is a way to prevent the body from attacking itself. As a result, nearly half of the pro-B cells that are produced die without progressing to the next stage of B cell development.
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Why do we dye our gels with Ethidium bromide or Gel Red dyes?
- these dyes stain the double stranded DNA in our gel
- these dyes will stain the proteins in our gel
- these dyes will only stain the single stranded RNAs in our gel
We dye our gels with Ethidium bromide or Gel Red dyes because these dyes stain the double-stranded DNA in our gel.
What is DNA?DNA is an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a molecule that carries genetic information. The molecule consists of two long polymers that are twisted together into a helix, which is why it is called a "double helix."
The strands in DNA are made up of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.In conclusion, we dye our gels with Ethidium bromide or Gel Red dyes because these dyes stain the double-stranded DNA in our gel.
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Which one of the statements about translation in eukaryotes is correct?An initiation complex recognizes a 5' cap structure and scans for the first AUG triplet.Translation continues until the ribosome comes to the end of mRNA.A single mRNA can possess multiple protein coding regions.There is an untranslated region only at the 3' end of mature mRNA.All of these choices are correct
All of the statements about translation in eukaryotes are correct.
Translation is the process by which the genetic code contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. The process begins when an initiation complex recognizes the 5' cap structure of the mRNA and scans for the first AUG triplet.
From there, the ribosome then moves along the mRNA, adding a new amino acid to the polypeptide chain with each triplet codon until it reaches a stop codon. The mRNA can possess multiple protein coding regions, and there is an untranslated region at both the 5' and 3' ends of mature mRNA.
The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) is located at the 5' end of the mRNA, upstream of the start codon. It can contain regulatory elements that can modulate the translation of the mRNA, such as AU-rich elements (AREs) and transcriptional control elements (TCEs). The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) is located at the 3' end of the mRNA, downstream of the stop codon. The 3' UTR contains regulatory elements that can also modulate the translation of the mRNA, such as microRNA (miRNA) binding sites and miRNA response elements (MREs).
In eukaryotic cells, translation is more complex than in prokaryotes. The 5' cap structure of mRNA is important for recognition by the initiation complex, and the mRNA is often processed before translation, such as by splicing out introns and adding a poly-A tail. Additionally, eukaryotic cells possess specialized ribosomes that can initiate translation at different start codons, leading to the formation of multiple proteins from a single mRNA.
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Mendel developed the basic principles of heredity by
A) examining chromosomes with microscopes
B) using x-rays to induce mutations
C) analyzing large numbers of offspring
D) observing crossing-over during meiosis
The correct option is C) analyzing large numbers of offspring. Mendel developed the basic principles of heredity by performing experiments with pea plants and carefully analyzing the inheritance patterns of traits in their offspring.
He performed controlled crosses between pea plants that differed in one or more traits, such as seed color or flower color. By analyzing the resulting offspring in large numbers and counting the proportion of offspring that inherited each trait, he was able to deduce fundamental principles of inheritance such as dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics and provided a framework for understanding the transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
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the first strand cdna synthesis corresponds to the _____
The first strand cDNA synthesis corresponds to the primer annealing phase.
Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is found in retroviruses and certain RNA viruses. As the name implies, cDNA is complementary to the RNA template, which means that it has a similar sequence of bases to the RNA.
cDNA differs from genomic DNA in that it only contains sequences from the expressed genes of an organism, whereas genomic DNA contains sequences from all genes, both expressed and unexpressed. So, the first strand cDNA synthesis corresponds to the primer annealing phase.
The first-strand cDNA is synthesized from the mRNA template in the presence of an oligo(dT) primer, which anneals to the poly(A) tail of the mRNA. Reverse transcriptase is then used to synthesize cDNA, which is complementary to the RNA template.
After the first strand of cDNA has been synthesized, the RNA template is degraded using RNase H enzyme, and a second-strand cDNA is synthesized using DNA polymerase I and RNase H.
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What are the structures that point to t and q and what would the response represented in the illustration most likely be cause by
Option d would be the correct solution to the question provided. Little available water.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, which serves as a protective barrier between the body and the external environment. It is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells that are tightly packed together and arranged in layers.
The epidermis is composed of four or five layers, depending on the location on the body. The outermost layer, called the stratum corneum, is composed of dead, flattened cells that are continuously shed and replaced with new cells from the lower layers of the epidermis. The other layers, from outer to inner, are the stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale (also known as the basal cell layer).
The epidermis has several important functions. It helps to protect the body from physical and chemical damage, as well as from microbial invasion. It also helps to regulate body temperature by controlling the loss of water through the skin. In addition, the epidermis contains melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin that gives skin its color and protects it from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.
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Full question:
Structures represented in the illustration below are found in the lower epidermis of a plant leaf. The illustration at right shows the response to a certain environmental condition.
The response represented in the illustration would most likely be caused by —
A a reduced supply of oxygen
B long periods of rainfall
C high concentrations of glucose
D little available water
What is the action spectrum of photosynthesis and why is it different from the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll
The action spectrum of photosynthesis takes into account the efficiency of different wavelengths of light in driving photosynthesis, while the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll only measures the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.
The action spectrum of photosynthesis is a graph that shows the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving photosynthesis. It is a measure of the rate of photosynthesis as a function of the wavelength of light.
On the other hand, the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll is a graph that shows the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths. It is a measure of the amount of light that chlorophyll can absorb at different wavelengths.
The reason why the action spectrum of photosynthesis is different from the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll is that photosynthesis is a complex process that involves many different pigments and enzymes, not just chlorophyll. The different pigments in the plant absorb light at different wavelengths and transfer the energy to chlorophyll, which is the primary photosynthetic pigment. Moreover, some wavelengths of light that chlorophyll can absorb are not as effective in driving photosynthesis as others. This is because different wavelengths of light have different amounts of energy, and not all of this energy can be efficiently used by the plant for photosynthesis.
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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) can result in kidney failure. In most cases, PKD is caused by a dominant allele.
What is the chance that a child will have PKD if the father and mother are heterozygous (Dd) for PKD?
0%
50%
75%
25%
The chance that a child will have PKD if the father and mother are heterozygous (Dd) for PKD is 50%.
Polycystic kidney disease that runs in families (ADPKD). Between the ages of 30 and 40, ADPKD signs and symptoms frequently appear. Although it can affect children, this condition was formerly known as adult polycystic kidney disease.The disease can only be passed to the children if one parent has it. Every child has a 50% chance of developing ADPKD if one parent does. The majority of polycystic kidney disease cases fall within this category.An genetic condition known as polycystic kidney disease (PKD) causes clusters of cysts to form mostly inside the kidneys, which over time causes the kidneys to expand and become less functional. Cysts are spherical, liquid-filled, non-cancerous sacs. The cysts can get very big and come in different sizes.For more information on polycystic kidney disease kindly visit to
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Duplicated chromosomes are called _____.
(a) homologous chromosomes
(b) sister chromatids.
Duplicated chromosomes are called sister chromatids. The correct option is B.
A chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, both of which are joined at the centromere. During the cell cycle, chromosomes are replicated in the S phase of interphase, resulting in the formation of two identical sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere.
The two sister chromatids are virtually identical in every way because they are formed as exact replicas of one another. This happens during the S phase of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated in a cell. Once the chromosomes are replicated, each of the two copies is referred to as sister chromatids because they are still identical to one another.
However, each sister chromatid will later be pulled to the opposite side of the cell during cell division. Duplicated chromosomes, also known as sister chromatids, are unique to eukaryotic cells because they are a result of the way that eukaryotic cells replicate their DNA. Chromosomes are replicated in the S phase of interphase, resulting in two identical sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere.
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5. In rabbits, wild type (C) is dominant over every other type, while in order, chinchilla (cch) is dominant to himalayan (ch)
is dominant to albino (c). Parent 1, a wild type rabbit carrying a chinchilla gene is crossed with Parent 2, a chinchilla
rabbit carrying a himalayan gene.
a. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of Parent 1 and Parent 2?
Parent 1: Genotype
Phenotype
(1 point each blank)
Parent 2 Genotype
Phenotype
b. Draw the Punnett square and give the all the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring that can be expected from
this cross. (7 points)
a.
Parent 1:
Genotype: Ccch
Phenotype: Wild type with chinchilla coloring
Parent 2:
Genotype: cchch
Phenotype: Chinchilla with himalayan coloring
b.
C c cch
cch Ccch ccch Ccch
ch Cch cch CchThe possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring are:
Ccch: wild type with chinchilla coloring
ccch: chinchilla with chinchilla coloring
Cch: wild type with himalayan coloring
cch: chinchilla with himalayan coloring
So the ratio of genotypes is 1 Ccch : 2 Cch : 1 ccch, and the ratio of phenotypes is 2 wild type with chinchilla coloring : 2 chinchilla with himalayan coloring.
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The genotype of Parent 1 is Ccch, which means that it carries one wild-type allele (C) and one chinchilla allele (cch) for coat color, and the himalayan allele (ch) is not present. The phenotype of Parent 1 is wild type, which means it has a coat color of normal rabbit fur with no special markings, but it carries the chinchilla gene.
The genotype of Parent 2 is cchch, which means it carries two chinchilla alleles (cch) for coat color and the himalayan allele (ch), but no wild-type allele (C). The phenotype of Parent 2 is chinchilla, which means it has a coat color that is lighter than wild type, with distinctive black and white markings.
Parent 1: Genotype Ccch
Phenotype Wild type carrying the chinchilla gene
Parent 2: Genotype cchch
Phenotype Chinchilla carrying the himalayan gene
During the cross, the gametes of Parent 1 will contain either a C or cch allele, and the gametes of Parent 2 will contain either a cch or ch allele. The offspring will inherit one allele from each parent, and their genotype and phenotype can be determined using a Punnett square or by other genetic methods.
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why do conservation biologists often focus their attention on saving the largest species in an area from extinction?
Large species require the preservation of large areas, so by protecting the largest species and their areas, many other species living in the same area are also protected.
The goal of conservation biology is to safeguard species, their habitats, and ecosystems from unnaturally high rates of extinction and the degradation of biotic interactions. Conservation biology is the study of nature conservation and the preservation of the Earth's biodiversity. It is a multidisciplinary subject that draws from the natural and social sciences as well as the actual management of natural resources.
Deliberate efforts have only recently been made to preserve and protect the world's biodiversity. Yet, the history of protecting natural resources dates back before the period of conservation. Resource ethics emerged from need as a result of close interactions with nature.
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compare and contrast autosomal genes and sex linked genes
Answer:
Autosomal genes are genes located on any of the 22 non-sex chromosomes (autosomes). These genes affect both males and females equally and typically have dominant and recessive alleles that can be inherited from both parents. Sex linked genes are genes found on the X or Y chromosome. These genes are mainly inherited through the father and can lead to different phenotypes or characteristics in males and females. Autosomal genes have the same chance of being passed to either male or female offspring, whereas sex-linked genes are more commonly found in one gender.
Explanation:
A filter chamber is an adaptation seen in which insect?
A filter chamber is a unique adaptation seen in many species of caddisflies. This adaptation consists of a series of tufts and fans of bristles or hairs in the insect's maxillary palps that are used to filter particles from the water.
The filter chamber is used to extract small particles such as organic debris, microorganisms, and even plankton for food. The filter chamber is incredibly efficient and can trap particles as small as 5 micrometers. The filter chamber is a great adaptation for caddisflies that live in fast-moving waters as they have to quickly find food and cannot actively chase their prey. The hairs of the filter chamber also act like Velcro, trapping particles in the water before they are passed to the mouth. The filter chamber adaptation is also seen in some species of craneflies and other aquatic insects.
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how is dna homology used to infer how closely related 2 dna sequences are?
DNA homology is used to infer how closely related two DNA sequences are by comparing their nucleotide sequences. When two DNA sequences are compared, similarities or differences in the nucleotide sequences of the two sequences can be observed.
The more similar the nucleotide sequences are, the more closely related the two DNA sequences are thought to be.
In practice, DNA homology is typically measured by aligning the nucleotide sequences of two DNA sequences and comparing the positions of each nucleotide in the alignment. This can be done using various software tools, such as BLAST, which is a widely used program for comparing DNA sequences.
One common measure of DNA homology is percent identity, which is the percentage of nucleotides that are identical between the two sequences. Another measure is percent similarity, which is the percentage of nucleotides that are either identical or similar between the two sequences. Similarity is determined by assigning a score to each possible substitution or insertion/deletion event, and the score is based on the likelihood of the event occurring.
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a mutation in nadp reductase allows it to produce nadph using electrons from a source other than ferredoxin and photosystem i. the likely effect on the plant from this mutation is
A mutation in NADP reductase allows it to produce NADPH using electrons from a source other than ferredoxin and photosystem I. The likely effect on the plant from this mutation is that the plant will be able to produce NADPH even when there is no light present.
How does the electron transport chain function in photosynthesis?In photosynthesis, the electron transport chain is the last stage. This is the stage where ATP is produced. The electron transport chain in photosynthesis operates in a similar manner to that in aerobic respiration. Electrons are transported down a series of electron carriers in the electron transport chain (ETC).In photosynthesis, the electron transport chain (ETC) is primarily located on the thylakoid membrane.
This is where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll pigments and transformed into chemical energy. Ferredoxin and Photosystem I are both components of the electron transport chain (ETC).NADPH is produced by the enzyme NADP reductase when it accepts electrons from ferredoxin, which is in turn powered by photosystem I. The enzyme NADP reductase is involved in the production of NADPH in photosynthesis.
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