One significant news item about The Hershey Company is that it has announced plans to acquire Lily's, a maker of low-sugar chocolate products. According to a report from Food Business News, Hershey plans to purchase Lily's for $425 million in cash. Lily's is known for its line of chocolate bars, baking chips, and other sweets that are sweetened with stevia and erythritol rather than traditional sugar. This acquisition is part of Hershey's strategy to expand its portfolio of better-for-you products and appeal to health-conscious consumers.
Another news item about The Hershey Company is that it is investing $135 million to expand its manufacturing plant in Virginia. According to a report from Candy Industry, the expansion will add a new production line and create 110 new jobs at the plant. The new line will produce Hershey's Kisses and will increase the plant's overall production capacity by approximately 25%. The investment is part of Hershey's plan to increase efficiency and improve its supply chain.
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1 (On your accounting books) What is the journal entry to recognize your purchase of inventory on account?
2 (On your accounting books) What is the journal entry to recognize your capture of a sales inventory discount when paying for the above inventory?
3 (On your accounting books) What is the journal entry to recognize your return of some of the above inventory?
We have to, based on the indications, the debit and credit classification allows us to reorganize a purchase
How do we classify a purchase?1. The journal entry to recognize your purchase of inventory on account would be:
Debit: Inventory
Credit: Accounts Payable
2. The journal entry to recognize your capture of a sales inventory discount when paying for the above inventory would be:
Debit: Accounts Payable
Credit: Inventory (for the amount of the discount)
Credit: Cash (for the amount paid)
3. The journal entry to recognize your return of some of the above inventory would be:
Debit: Accounts Payable (for the amount of the returned inventory)
Credit: Inventory (for the amount of the returned inventory)
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HB Ltd operates a fleet of identical vehicles. It is appraising how often to replace the vehicles. You should assume the company will replace each vehicle with an identical one at each replacement, indefinitely. Information below shows the present value of costs for each vehicle depending on whether vehicles are kept for 1 year, 2 years or 3 years. Period of time each vehicle is kept for Present value of costs per vehicle £ 1 year 14,660 2 years 21,960 3 years 33,570 The cost of capital is 8%. What is the optimum replacement cycle?
a. Replace every 3 years.
b. Replace either every 2 years or every 3 years, as, financially, the outcome is the same.
c. Replace every 2 years.
d. Replace every year.
The optimum replacement cycle is (c). Replace every 2 years.
The optimum replacement cycle for HB Ltd's vehicles can be determined by calculating the average annual cost for each option and choosing the one with the lowest cost.
Option A: Replace every 3 years
Average annual cost = £33,570 / 3 = £11,190
Option C: Replace every 2 years
Average annual cost = £21,960 / 2 = £10,980
Option D: Replace every year
Average annual cost = £14,660 / 1 = £14,660
Based on these calculations, the optimum replacement cycle is option B, to replace every 2 years, as it has the lowest average annual cost.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Replace every 2 years.
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INTERIM FINANCE
Exercise 1
The net flows of an investment are 120,000 dollars. The
cost of life of the machine was 600,000 dollars. It had a duration of 6 years life and the company follows
straight line method DEP'n. The Investment
it has scrap value 2000 dollars. The Working capital was
$12,000, where 2nd, 3rd and were rising
year by 2% and the 5th and 6th year by 3%. The wacc was 6% and
the tax rate of 25%.
A) calculate the total cash flow in each
year for investment.
B) calculate the Narr of the investment and talk
whether it is advantageous for the company.
C) indicate the pros and cons
of NPV.
A) The total cash flow in each year for the investment are $19,973
To calculate the total cash flow in each year for the investment, we first need to calculate the depreciation expense for each year. Since the company follows the straight line method of depreciation, the depreciation expense will be the same for each year:
Depreciation expense = (Cost of machine - Scrap value) / Life of machine
Depreciation expense = ($600,000 - $2,000) / 6
Depreciation expense = $99,667
Next, we need to calculate the change in working capital for each year. The working capital increases by 2% in the 2nd and 3rd years, and by 3% in the 5th and 6th years:
Change in working capital (2nd and 3rd years) = $12,000 x 2% = $240
Change in working capital (5th and 6th years) = $12,000 x 3% = $360
Finally, we can calculate the total cash flow for each year:
Year 1: $120,000 - $99,667 - $12,000 = $8,333
Year 2: $120,000 - $99,667 - $240 = $20,093
Year 3: $120,000 - $99,667 - $240 = $20,093
Year 4: $120,000 - $99,667 = $20,333
Year 5: $120,000 - $99,667 - $360 = $19,973
Year 6: $120,000 - $99,667 - $360 = $19,973
B) The NPV is positive, the investment is advantageous for the company are $79,558
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the investment, we need to discount the cash flows to the present using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC):
NPV = $8,333 / (1 + 6%)^1 + $20,093 / (1 + 6%)^2 + $20,093 / (1 + 6%)^3 + $20,333 / (1 + 6%)^4 + $19,973 / (1 + 6%)^5 +
$19,973 / (1 + 6%)^6
NPV = $7,862 + $17,930 + $15,963 + $14,208 + $12,559 + $11,036
NPV = $79,558
Since the NPV is positive, the investment is advantageous for the company.
C) The pros of NPV are that it takes into account the time value of money and provides a clear measure of the profitability of an investment. The cons of NPV are that it requires an accurate estimate of the WACC and the future cash flows, and it does not take into account the size of the investment.
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A project that would require an initial cash outflow of $360,000 at the beginning is expected to produce cash inflows of $70,000 at the end of each of the project's 7 years. Assume the required return is 13% and you were asked to calculate the project's discounted paypack period. What amount would you subtract from the project's initial cash outflow of $360,000 when calculating the amount of the initial cost left to be recovered on a discounted basis at the end of the 1st year?
The amount we would subtract from the project's initial cash outflow of $360,000 when calculating the amount of the initial cost at the end of the 1st year is $61,946.90.
To calculate the project's discounted payback period, we need to first calculate the discounted cash inflows for each year. We can do this using the formula:
Discounted Cash Inflow = Cash Inflow / (1 + Required Return)^n
Where n is the number of years since the beginning of the project.
For the first year, n = 1, so the discounted cash inflow is:
Discounted Cash Inflow = $70,000 / (1 + 0.13)^1 = $61,946.90
To calculate the amount of the initial cost left to be recovered on a discounted basis at the end of the first year, we simply subtract the discounted cash inflow from the initial cost:
Initial Cost - Discounted Cash Inflow = $360,000 - $61,946.90 = $298,053.10
Therefore, the amount we would subtract from the project's initial cash outflow of $360,000 when calculating the amount of the initial cost left to be recovered on a discounted basis at the end of the first year is $61,946.90.
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Wedding R Us sells wedding dresses. The cost of each dress is comprised of the following: Selling price of $1,560 and variable costs of $580. A total fixed cost for their business is $90,000. (Final answer must be DOUBLE RULE)A. What is the contribution margin per dress if the fixed cost was decreased by 10% and the selling price was increased by 15%?B. What is the total profit when 350 dresses are sold?C. How many dresses must sell to reach the breakeven point?D. How many dresses must sell to yield a profit of $79,000?E. How much is the profit per dress if they sold 150 dresses?
Wedding R Us sells wedding dresses for a selling price of $1,560 and variable costs of $580 per dress, with a total fixed cost of $90,000.
A. The contribution margin per dress is the difference between the selling price and the variable costs. If the fixed cost was decreased by 10% and the selling price was increased by 15%, the new contribution margin per dress would be:
Selling price: $1,560 x 1.15 = $1,794
Variable costs: $580
Contribution margin per dress: $1,794 - $580 = $1,214
B. The total profit when 350 dresses are sold is the difference between the total revenue and the total costs. The total revenue is the selling price of each dress multiplied by the number of dresses sold, and the total costs are the sum of the fixed costs and the variable costs multiplied by the number of dresses sold.
Total revenue: $1,560 x 350 = $546,000
Total costs: $90,000 + ($580 x 350) = $293,000
Total profit: $546,000 - $293,000 = $253,000
C. The breakeven point is the number of dresses that must be sold to cover the total costs. To find the breakeven point, we can set the total revenue equal to the total costs and solve for the number of dresses.
$1,560 x number of dresses = $90,000 + ($580 x number of dresses)
$980 x number of dresses = $90,000
Number of dresses = 90,000/980 = 91.84
The breakeven point is approximately 92 dresses.
D. To yield a profit of $79,000, the total revenue must be greater than the total costs by $79,000. We can set up an equation and solve for the number of dresses.
$1,560 x number of dresses = $90,000 + ($580 x number of dresses) + $79,000
$980 x number of dresses = $169,000
Number of dresses = 169,000/980 = 172.45
The number of dresses that must be sold to yield a profit of $79,000 is approximately 173 dresses.
E. The profit per dress is the difference between the selling price and the total costs divided by the number of dresses sold. If they sold 150 dresses, the profit per dress would be:
Profit per dress = ($1,560 x 150 - $90,000 - ($580 x 150))/150 = ($234,000 - $90,000 - $87,000)/150 = $57,000/150 = $380
The profit per dress if they sold 150 dresses is $380.
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A project that would require an intial cash outflow of$2,500,000 at the beginning has an NPV of $400,000. What is theproject's profitability index?
A project that would require an intial cash outflow of$2,500,000 at the beginning has an NPV of $400,000. The project's profitability index is 0.16.
The project's profitability index can be calculated by dividing the net present value (NPV) of the project by the initial cash outflow. In this case, the NPV is $400,000 and the initial cash outflow is $2,500,000. Therefore, the profitability index can be calculated as follows:
Profitability Index = NPV / Initial Cash Outflow
= $400,000 / $2,500,000
= 0.16
Therefore, the project's profitability index is 0.16.
It is important to note that a profitability index greater than 1 indicates that the project is profitable, while a profitability index less than 1 indicates that the project is not profitable. In this case, the profitability index is less than 1, which means that the project is not profitable.
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What is inherent risk, discuss inherent risk factors with examples of events or conditions that may indicate the existence of material misstatements at the assertion level (the class of transactions, account balance or disclosure).
Inherent risk is the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements due to the nature of the business or the specific accounts involved, regardless of the company's internal controls.
Inherent risk, in other words, is the likelihood that an error or fraud could occur in the financial statements, even with adequate internal controls in place.
- Complexity of transactions: The more complex the transactions, the higher the risk of material misstatements.
- Susceptibility to fraud: Certain accounts, such as cash, are more susceptible to fraud than others.
- Inexperienced management or staff: If the company's management or staff are inexperienced, there is a higher risk of errors or misstatements.
- High volume of transactions: The higher the volume of transactions, the greater the risk of misstatements.
- Changes in the business environment: Changes in the business environment, such as new regulations or competition, can increase the risk of misstatements.
- Unusual or complex transactions that are difficult to account for accurately
- High turnover of key employees or management
- Weaknesses in the company's internal controls
- Significant changes in the company's financial performance or operations
- Discrepancies between the company's financial statements and other information, such as budgets or forecasts.
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A company with 825,000 shares outstanding sells for $120 per share announced a 5-for-6 reverse stock split. There are no market imperfections or tax effects, what will they sell the stock for after the split?
After the 5-for-6 reverse stock split, the company's stock will sell for $144 per share.
A reverse stock split is when a company reduces the number of outstanding shares by exchanging a certain number of old shares for a smaller number of new shares. In this case, the company is exchanging 5 old shares for 6 new shares.
To calculate the new stock price after the reverse split, we can use the formula:
New stock price = Old stock price x (Old number of shares / New number of shares)
Plugging in the given values, we get:
New stock price = $120 x (6 / 5) = $144
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3. Bangladesh is dependent for its prosperity upon agriculture andtextile exports. What are the risks here? How might Bangladeshdiversify its industrial and commercial base?
The risk are Bangladesh is vulnerable to changes in global agricultural prices, the potential for natural disasters. Bangladesh could look to develop other industries such as electronics manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and tourism.
Bangladesh is dependent on agriculture and textile exports for its prosperity. This creates several risks for the country.
First, Bangladesh is vulnerable to changes in global agricultural prices. If prices for crops such as rice and wheat were to fall, it could have a major impact on the country's economy. Similarly, changes in global demand for textiles could also have a major impact on Bangladesh's economy.
Another risk is the potential for natural disasters. Bangladesh is prone to flooding and cyclones, which can damage crops and disrupt textile production. This can have a major impact on the country's economy and the livelihoods of its citizens.
To diversify its industrial and commercial base, Bangladesh could look to develop other industries such as electronics manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and tourism. This would help to reduce the country's dependence on agriculture and textiles, and provide new sources of income and employment for its citizens. Additionally, investing in infrastructure and education could help to attract foreign investment and support the development of new industries.
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In a certain population, let US assume that IQ scores are normally distributed with mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. What is the 85th percentile? Select one: a. 109.75
b. 105.85 c.11275 d: 111.25 E. 110.05 F. 115.60
The 85th percentile of a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 is 111.25. Option D is correct.
Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values around their mean or average. It indicates how much the individual data points deviate or vary from the mean.
To calculate this, use the formula for the percentile of a normal distribution: Percentile = (x - mean) / standard deviation
For the 85th percentile, x = 111.25.
Plugging in the values, we get: 111.25 = (x - 100) / 15
Solving for x, we get: x = 111.25
Therefore, the 85th percentile of a normal distribution with mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 is 111.25. Therefore, correct option is D.
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Question 20 (4 points) The four factors that affect the cost of money are: Question 21 (5 points) Using the following table, please calculate a expected rate of return b variance C. standard deviation d. coefficient (round to nearest 1000th. Example: 678) Outcome Probability Return Excellent 0.15 0.55
Good 0.45 0.25
fair 0.35 0.15
Poor 0.05 -0.15
Question 20: The four factors that affect the cost of money are: inflation rate, risk, liquidity, and time value of money.
Question 21: Using the following table, please calculate the expected rate of return, variance, standard deviation, and coefficient:
Outcome
Probability
Return
Excellent
0.15
0.55
Good
0.45
0.25
Fair
0.35
0.15
Poor
0.05
-0.15
Expected rate of return: 0.275
Variance: 0.052025
Standard deviation: 0.227614
Coefficient of variation: 0.832299 (rounded to nearest 1000th: 0.832)
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Banbury Impex Private Limited
The CEO of Banbury Impex Private Limited, a textile company in India, is looking over his company’s financial statements, thought that even though the profits were positive, the prospects of about 15% return on sales were simply not good enough. Banbury was a family-owned enterprise that manufactured and exported apparel fabrics. He now had two problems; negotiating a short-term prospective sale to a Turkish company and increasing his overall profitability, which was a larger, long-term problem.
The CEO concluded that overall reduction in profitability was a result of two price forces. The first was the rapid rise in the price of cotton. A major cost driver in the textile industry, cotton prices had risen dramatically. The second issue was the rising value of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar. Banbury’s sales were all invoiced in the U.S. dollar, and the dollar was falling. Profit margins were down and he needed to move quickly. The company expected sales close to USD 5.4 million.in 2020. But as sales were flat, operating income was declining.
Banbury’s sales were nearly all exported mainly to the Middle East (50%), South America (30%) and Europe (10%). Banbury’s products included a range of blended woven fabrics made from viscose, cotton and wool. The company operated two weaving units based in India. Cash flows had remained relatively predictable as the company had managed foreign exchange risks by using forward contracts. Choosing to invoice all international sales in USD helped provide further stability in mitigating raw material cost as international cotton process were priced in USD. All things considered, Bunbury’s profit projections for 2021 were looking low.
The Indian textile has been a major contributor to the Indian GDP over the past several years. The textile industry was both capital and labor intensive as well as highly regulated. Companies operated on small margin in a highly competitive marketplace. Challenges faced by the Indian textile industry included the following;
- Due to erratic monsoons over the past 12 months, cotton prices had increased more than 75%.
- India and China account for the majority of global textile production. Due to low labor cost and strong government support and infrastructure, China had been able to stay ahead in competing with the BRIC countries. As a result, the Chinese textile products were priced more competitively in the global market and prevented Indian companies from pushing through any price increase.
- The rupee had grown increasingly volatile against the dollar and over the past two years, appreciated by nearly 20%. It was now around 45 rupee/USD. The appreciation has made countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam more competitive in the global font. Further strengthening of the rupee against the dollar would most likely put many Indian textile companies out of business.
As an Indian textile exporter, the company had never had choice about the currency of invoice – it would be the U.S. dollars. But maybe time has changed. The dollar has been falling against the rupee for some time now and as a result the rupee generated from export sales were less and less. The problem was that as an exporter from the emerging market, the hard currency choices were the U.S. dollar, the European euro, and the Japanese yen. And the rupee had been strengthening against all of them resulting in lower revenue from export sales.
The company’s immediate problem was $250,000 textile sale made to a Turkish customer at the end of April, 2020. The contract allowed the company to change the currency of invoice from the Turkish lira to the dollar or Euro. Expected settlement on the invoice was at the end of June, but regardless of which currency the company chose, the rupee is not being one of the choices; it still had exposure to risk.
The company had collected a variety of forward rates from the local bank for the dollar, euro and Turkish lira as listed below. The forwards would lock the company into a rupee rate, which was better than the current spot rate.
Currency Spot Forward Forward Forward 30 days 60 days 90 days 45.8300 46.12 46.70 46.11 Indian Rupee per U.S. Dollar Indian Rupee per Euro 60.9611 61.70 61.90 62.20 Japanese Yen per Rupee 1.8250 1.81 1.81 1.81 30.7192 30.96 30.95 30.87 Indian Rupee per Turkish lira Turkish lira per U.S. dollar 1.4793 1.49 1.48 1.48 Currency Option Quotes on the USD: Strike Price (Rupee/USD) Put Premium Call Premium 44.00 0.005 1.890 45.25 0.035 0.440 Quotes for 60 day maturity USD1000 per contract (The case is adapted from Thunderbird School of Global Management, 2010)
Of course, if the forwards were considered indicators of likely rate movement, they indicated a rise in the dollar. The CEO also considered some form of money market hedge – borrowing in Turkish lira against the receivable. Domestic loan rates in Turkey for companies with similar credit quality were about 14% according to the bankers
The CEO of Banbury Impex Private Limited is facing a challenging situation due to the rising price of cotton and the strengthening of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar.
These factors have led to a decline in profitability and the need to find ways to increase overall profitability in the long-term. The CEO is also faced with the challenge of negotiating a short-term sale to a Turkish company and deciding on the currency of invoice for the sale.
The company has collected a variety of forward rates from the local bank for the dollar, euro, and Turkish lira, but regardless of which currency they choose, they still have exposure to risk.
The CEO is also considering using a money market hedge by borrowing in Turkish lira against the receivable. The decision on how to proceed will require careful consideration of the various factors and potential risks involved.
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(Expected rate of retum and current yield) Time Warner has bonds that are selling for 5677 The coupon interest rate on the bonds is 755 percent and they mature in 28 years. What is the yield to maturity on the bonds? What is the current yield? CEED a. The yield to maturity on the bond is 0% (Round to two decimal places)
the yield to maturity on the bond is 11.58% and the current yield is 13.30%.
To find the yield to maturity (YTM) and the current yield, we need to use the following formulas:
YTM = (C + (F - P) / n) / ((F + P) / 2)
Current Yield = C / P
Where:
C = Annual Coupon Payment
F = Face Value of the Bond
P = Price of the Bond
n = Number of Years until Maturity
Given:
C = 7.55% of F
F = $1,000 (assumed face value)
P = $567.7
n = 28
Plugging in the values into the formulas, we get:
YTM = (7.55% of $1,000 + ($1,000 - $567.7) / 28) / (($1,000 + $567.7) / 2)
YTM = (75.5 + 15.44) / 783.85
YTM = 0.1158 or 11.58%
Current Yield = 75.5 / 567.7
Current Yield = 0.1330 or 13.30%
Therefore, the yield to maturity on the bond is 11.58% and the current yield is 13.30%.
Note: The values are rounded to two decimal places as instructed.
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JC Penny issued a 20-year zero-coupon bond and investors areexpected to demand a 6% yield to maturity What Should be the priceof the bond? Assume annual compounding.
JC Penny issued a 20-year zero-coupon bond and investors are expected to demand a 6% yield to maturity. The price of the bond should be $311.80.
The price of the bond should be calculated using the formula for the present value of a bond, which is: PV = FV / (1+r)^n
Where PV is the present value (or price) of the bond,
FV is the future value (or face value) of the bond,
r is the yield to maturity (or interest rate), and
n is the number of years until maturity.
In this case, FV = $1000, r = 6%, and n = 20. Plugging these values into the formula gives us:
PV = $1000 / (1+0.06)^20PV = $1000 / 3.207PV = $311.80
Therefore, the price of the bond should be $311.80.
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Problem 5: An equipment has a first cost of P 7,000, has a life of 8 years and a salvage value of "x". Compute the value of "x" if the book value of the equipment at the end of 4th year is P 2,291.11. Use SYD Method.
The value of "x" can be computed using the Sum of Years Digits (SYD) Method. The formula for SYD Method is:
SYD = (Cost - Salvage Value) * (Remaining Life / Sum of Years)
Where:
- Cost is the first cost of the equipment
- Salvage Value is the value of the equipment at the end of its useful life
- Remaining Life is the remaining useful life of the equipment
- Sum of Years is the sum of the years in the equipment's useful life
In this case, the Cost is P 7,000, the Remaining Life is 4 years (since the book value is at the end of 4th year), and the Sum of Years is 36 (the sum of the years in the equipment's 8-year life).
Plugging in the values into the formula, we get:
P 2,291.11 = (P 7,000 - x) * (4 / 36)
Solving for "x", we get:
x = P 7,000 - (P 2,291.11 * 36 / 4)
x = P 7,000 - P 20,619.98
x = -P 13,619.98
Therefore, the salvage value of the equipment is -P 13,619.98. However, since salvage value cannot be negative, the value of "x" is P 0.
Answer: The value of "x" is P 0.
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Describe five factors that affect the selection of the
capitalization rate used in valuation
There are several factors that can affect the selection of the capitalization rate used in valuation. These include:
1. Risk: The higher the risk associated with an investment, the higher the capitalization rate will be. This is because investors will demand a higher return for taking on additional risk.
2. Economic conditions: The state of the economy can have a significant impact on the capitalization rate. In times of economic uncertainty, investors may demand a higher capitalization rate to compensate for the increased risk.
3. Location: The location of a property can have a significant impact on the capitalization rate. Properties in desirable locations will typically have lower capitalization rates because they are seen as less risky investments.
4. Competition: The level of competition in the market can affect the capitalization rate. If there are a lot of similar properties available for sale, investors may demand a higher capitalization rate to compensate for the increased competition.
5. Property condition: The condition of a property can also affect the capitalization rate. Properties that are in poor condition will typically have higher capitalization rates because they are seen as riskier investments.
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1. What competitive advantages do these motivated veteran accountants bring to their new employers? Cite several examples.2. List three specific outcomes received by organizational members who have moved to these smaller accounting firms from senior positions in larger organizations.
1. The motivated veteran accountants bring several competitive advantages to their new employers. Some of these advantages include Extensive experience,Strong work ethic, Leadership skills, Industry connection.
2. The organizational members who have moved to these smaller accounting firms from senior positions in larger organizations have received several specific outcomes, including Greater autonomy,Closer relationships with colleagues,diverse responsibilities.
1. Extensive experience: These accountants have worked in the field for many years and have accumulated a wealth of knowledge and expertise that they can apply to their new roles.
- Strong work ethic: As veterans, these accountants are likely to be highly motivated and dedicated to their work, which can translate into increased productivity and better results for their new employers.
- Leadership skills: Many of these accountants held senior positions in larger organizations, which means they have developed strong leadership skills that they can use to guide and mentor their new colleagues.
- Industry connections: These accountants have likely developed a wide network of contacts and connections within the accounting industry, which can be valuable to their new employers in terms of business development and networking opportunities.
2. The organizational members who have moved to these smaller accounting firms from senior positions in larger organizations have received several specific outcomes, including:
- Greater autonomy: In smaller firms, these individuals may have more freedom and flexibility to make decisions and implement their own ideas, which can be both professionally and personally rewarding.
- Closer relationships with colleagues: Smaller firms often have a more close-knit and collaborative work environment, which can lead to stronger relationships with colleagues and a greater sense of camaraderie.
- More diverse responsibilities: In smaller firms, these individuals may be required to take on a wider range of responsibilities, which can provide them with new challenges and opportunities for professional growth.
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Students will be required to research a business-related theme from the module scheme of work and produce an individual academic report. Assessment The assessment of this assignment will cover all of the following learning outcomes: Knowledge K1 Critically analyse the management of innovation and technology transfer as a core business process. K2 Critically evaluate the choices and challenges in building and managing an innovative organisation. K3 Reflect upon and critically evaluate the key attributes in capturing learning from Innovation and technology transfer. Skills S1 Demonstrate an ability to critically appraise theories of managing innovation and technology transfer in the 21st century. S2 Evaluate the assessment of viable concepts, models and techniques in order to identify ease of transmission for the adoption and/or application of managing innovation and technology transfer. Guidance Technology has come a long way in delivering efficiency and effectiveness. Over the last few technological waves, innovation disruptions have brought creative destruction and, at the same time, creating new giants across different industries. Rising technological trends such as bio-revolution, applied Al, trust architecture, amongst others, have gained traction and on a trajectory to achieve critical mass of adoption to be part of our lives.
To successfully complete this assignment, students should research a business-related theme from the module scheme of work and produce an individual academic report.
This report should critically analyse the management of innovation and technology transfer as a core business process (K1), critically evaluate the choices and challenges in building and managing an innovative organisation (K2) and reflect upon and critically evaluate the key attributes in capturing learning from innovation and technology transfer (K3).
Additionally, students should demonstrate an ability to critically appraise theories of managing innovation and technology transfer in the 21st century (S1) and evaluate the assessment of viable concepts, models and techniques in order to identify ease of transmission for the adoption and/or application of managing innovation and technology transfer (S2).
It is important to note that technology has come a long way in delivering efficiency and effectiveness. Rising technological trends such as bio-revolution, applied Al, trust architecture, amongst others, have gained traction and are on a trajectory to achieve critical mass of adoption to be part of our lives.
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Geller started his own consulting firm, Geller Consulting, on April 1, 2018. The following transactions occurred during the month of April.
April 1 Geller invested Tk. 10000 cash in the business.
April 2 Paid Tk. 1800 for office rent for the month.
April 3 Purchased Tk. 700 of supplies on account.
April 5 Paid Tk. 150 to advertise in the Country News.
April 9 Received Tk. 3000 cash for service provided.
April 15 Performed Tk. 5300 of services on account.
April 26 Borrowed Tk. 5000 from the bank on a note payable.
April 29 Purchased office equipment for Tk. 2400 on account.
Requirements:
(a) Show the effect of the presented transactions on the accounting equation using the following format:
Data Assets Liabilities Owner's Equity
Cash Accounts Supplies Office Notes Accounts Geller.
Receivable Equipment Payable Payable Capital
(b) Prepare an income statement for the month of April
(c) Prepare a balance sheet at April 30, 2018.
(a) Data Assets Liabilities Owner's Equity
Cash 10000 1800 0 0 0 0 8200
Accounts 0 700 0 0 0 0 700
Receivable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Supplies 0 0 700 0 0 0 700
Office Equip. 0 0 0 2400 0 0 2400
Notes Payable 0 0 0 0 5000 0 5000
Accounts Payable 0 0 0 0 0 5300 5300
Owner's Equity 0 0 0 0 0 10000 10000
(b) Income Statement for April
Revenue: 3000
Expenses: 1800 + 700 + 150 = 2650
Net Income: 350
(c) Balance Sheet at April 30, 2018
Assets: Cash: 8200 + Accounts Receivable: 0 + Supplies: 700 + Office Equipment: 2400 = 11300
Liabilities: Notes Payable: 5000 + Accounts Payable: 5300 = 10300
Owner's Equity: 10000
Total Liabilities & Equity: 11300
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Your company is introducing a new product line from the Healthy and Wellness product category to the Malaysian market. The new product is proven effective in boosting immunity and keeping the body away from illness therefore the price is quite premium. You are required to explain and discuss the possible target market of this product by using the FOUR (4) variables of market segmentation.
The possible target market for this product can be segmented using the four variables of market segmentation: geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral.
Geographically, this product may be targeted to those living in areas where health and wellness is of primary concern. For example, cities with high air pollution may be targeted.
Demographically, this product may be targeted towards adults between the ages of 25-55 who are concerned about boosting their immunity and staying healthy.
Psychographically, this product may be targeted towards those who value health, wellness, and convenience.
Behaviorally, this product may be targeted towards those who are willing to pay a premium price for a quality product.
By using these four variables of market segmentation, the company can focus its marketing efforts on the appropriate target market for its new product.
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Choose a publicly-traded company that issues bonds.
You can locate this information by reviewing your chosen company’s annual report online. The following website is a good place to start: www.annualreports.com.
Provide a brief introduction of the company, including its name, headquarters, products/services offered, and approximate net worth.
What are the key features of one of the bonds issued by your chosen company?
Discuss how the bond’s terms and collateral can affect the bond’s interest rate.
How would a potential investor determine the value and risk of the bond?
Explain the concept of the time value of money (TVM) as it applies to the company’s bond offerings.
The publicly-traded company I have chosen is Apple Inc.
Introduction:
Apple Inc. is a multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. The company is known for its innovative and cutting-edge products, including the iPhone, iPad, Mac, and Apple Watch. It also offers a range of software, services, and accessories. Apple is one of the most valuable companies in the world, with an approximate net worth of $2.8 trillion as of September 2021.Key features of Apple's bond:
Apple issues several bonds, but one of its most recent offerings was a $5.5 billion bond issued in June 2021. This bond is divided into four tranches with varying maturity dates, ranging from 2024 to 2051. The bond offers fixed interest rates ranging from 0.55% to 2.85% depending on the tranche.The terms and collateral of a bond can significantly impact its interest rate. For instance, a bond with a higher face value, longer maturity, or lower credit rating typically commands a higher interest rate. Collateral can also play a role in determining a bond's interest rate. In Apple's case, the company is considered a low-risk borrower, which means that it can offer lower interest rates on its bonds. Apple has a large cash reserve, which serves as collateral and mitigates the risk for investors.
To determine the value and risk of a bond, a potential investor would need to review the bond's credit rating, maturity date, interest rate, and collateral. In Apple's case, the company has a high credit rating, indicating that it is a low-risk borrower. The company's bonds also have a range of maturity dates, which can appeal to investors with varying investment horizons.
However, as with any investment, there is always a degree of risk involved, and investors should carefully consider their investment objectives and risk tolerance before investing.
The time value of money (TVM) refers to the principle that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow. This is because money can earn interest over time, which means that the value of money changes over time. In the context of bond offerings, the TVM concept is critical because it determines the bond's present value.
The present value of a bond is calculated by discounting its future cash flows back to the present using the current interest rate. Therefore, the longer the maturity of a bond, the more significant the impact of TVM on its present value. Apple's bonds have varying maturity dates, which means that investors must consider TVM when evaluating their investment options.
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Thomas is single and a self-employed architect. During 2020, Thomas’s income from his business is $170,000. He also pays $2,200 for a medical insurance policy.
a. How should the medical insurance policy payment be reflected on his 2020 tax return?
Thomas is allowed a deduction for adjusted gross income for the cost of the policy.
b. What is his 2020 self-employment tax deduction?
Thomas's self-employment tax is $ and his deduction for adjusted gross income is
$ in 2020.
c. Assume that Thomas's income from his business is $228,000. What is his 2020 self-employment tax deduction?
Round intermediate calculations and final answers to the nearest whole dollar.
Thomas's self-employment tax is $ and his deduction for adjusted gross income is $ in 2020.
I want to know how to answer B and C.
And this information is what I received from the question.
Please help me.
a. Thomas's medical insurance policy payment should be reflected on his 2020 tax return as a self-employed health insurance deduction. b. Thomas's self-employment tax is $24,174 and his deduction for adjusted gross income is $12,087 in 2020. c. Thomas's self-employment tax is $32,077 and his deduction for adjusted gross income is $16,038 in 2020.
a. On the 2020 tax return, Thomas's medical insurance policy payment should be reflected as a self-employed health insurance deduction. This means that he can deduct the cost of the medical insurance policy from his adjusted gross income (AGI) when calculating his taxable income.
b. Thomas's self-employment tax deduction for 2020 is calculated as follows:
1. Calculate self-employment tax: $170,000 x 0.9235 x 0.153 = $24,173.55
2. Calculate self-employment tax deduction: $24,173.55 x 0.5 = $12,086.78
Therefore, Thomas's self-employment tax is $24,174 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar) and his deduction for adjusted gross income is $12,087 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar) in 2020.
c. If Thomas's income from his business is $228,000, his 2020 self-employment tax deduction is calculated as follows:
1. Calculate self-employment tax: $228,000 x 0.9235 x 0.153 = $32,076.57
2. Calculate self-employment tax deduction: $32,076.57 x 0.5 = $16,038.29
Therefore, Thomas's self-employment tax is $32,077 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar) and his deduction for adjusted gross income is $16,038 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar) in 2020.
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Steinman Co. has two divisions, North America and Europe. Sales in the prior quarter were $3,800,000 and $2,100,000 in North America and Europe, respectively. Variable expenses are 60% of sales in both regions. The company had $2,300,000 in fixed costs with $900,000 being attributable to the North American operations, $1,000,000 being attributable to Europe and the balance being common costs.
Prepare a Segmented Performance Report for Steinman Co. Should Steinman drop one of the divisions
Steinman Co. has two divisions, North America and Europe. The Segmented Performance Report below details the performance of the two divisions:
North America:
Europe:
Based on the Segmented Performance Report, the North American division is more profitable than the Europe division with a net income of $620,000 compared to a net income of -$140,000. Therefore, whether or not Steinman Co. should drop one of the divisions will depend on the long-term potential and the costs associated with closing a division.
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What is the price of a 10-year bond that pay 7% coupon and theyield to maturity is 6%?
The price of a 10-year bond that pays 7% coupon and a yield to maturity is 6% is $1049.50.
The price of a 10-year bond that pays a 7% coupon and has a yield to maturity of 6% can be calculated using the formula:
Price = (C/1+r) + (C/1+r)^2 + ... + (C/1+r)^n + (FV/1+r)^n
Where:
C = Coupon payment
r = Yield to maturity
n = Number of periods
FV = Face value of the bond
Plugging in the values given in the question:
Price = (70/1.06) + (70/1.06)^2 + ... + (70/1.06)^10 + (1000/1.06)^10
Price = 1049.50
Therefore, the price of the 10-year bond is $1049.50.
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What was the main message of the Schuman Declaration of May 9?
The main message of the Schuman Declaration of May 9 was the creation of a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to ensure lasting peace and stability among European countries.
The Schuman Declaration of May 9, 1950 set out the founding principles of the European Coal and Steel Community, which would become the European Union. The main message of the declaration was that by pooling coal and steel production, the participating countries would make war between them "not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible". This was an unprecedented step in European cooperation and integration and remains an important milestone in European history.
The Schuman Declaration, proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman, called for the pooling of coal and steel resources among France, Germany, and other willing European countries in order to prevent future wars and promote economic growth.
By creating a shared economic interest and promoting cooperation among European countries, the Schuman Declaration laid the foundation for the European Union and further European integration.
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a.What is the current situation of the public pension plan systems in the U.S.?
b. Why does the media claim that the public pension plan is in crisis? What is your opinion? Explain your position in detail.
The current situation of the public pension plan systems in the U.S. is that they are facing financial challenges due to the aging population, low investment returns, and inadequate funding.
Many public pension plans are underfunded, meaning that they do not have enough assets to meet their future obligations to retirees
The Answer for Question BThe media claims that the public pension plan is in crisis because of the financial challenges mentioned above. Many experts believe that if these challenges are not addressed, the public pension plans may not be able to meet their obligations to retirees in the future. This could result in reduced benefits for retirees or an increased burden on taxpayers to fund the plans.
My opinion is that it is important for policymakers to address the financial challenges facing public pension plans in order to ensure that retirees receive the benefits they have been promised and that taxpayers are not overly burdened. This may require difficult decisions, such as increasing contributions to the plans or reducing benefits, but it is necessary to ensure the long-term sustainability of the public pension system.
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Define the risks faced by the Maybank and indicate which risksimpact the bank's performance.note: Maybank is one of the biggest banks in Malaysia.
The risks faced by Maybank include: 1. Credit risk: This is the risk of loss due to a borrower's failure to repay a loan or meet contractual obligations. This can impact the bank's performance if there are a large number of defaults.
2. Market risk: This is the risk of loss due to changes in the value of financial instruments. This can impact the bank's performance if there are significant changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, or stock prices.
3. Liquidity risk: This is the risk that the bank will not have enough cash to meet its financial obligations. This can impact the bank's performance if there are sudden withdrawals or a lack of funding sources.
4. Operational risk: This is the risk of loss due to failures in the bank's internal processes, systems, or human errors. This can impact the bank's performance if there are frauds, system failures, or other operational issues.
5. Legal risk: This is the risk of loss due to legal actions or non-compliance with laws and regulations. This can impact the bank's performance if there are lawsuits, penalties, or reputational damage.
Overall, these risks can impact the bank's performance by causing financial losses, damaging the bank's reputation, and affecting the bank's ability to operate effectively.
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Inventory Costing Solution (Periodic Inventory System) Science Education Supplies, Inc. began the year with 70 Biology Lab Microscopes in stock. The following table shows the quantities on hand and purchased during the year. Units Unit Cost Total Cost 70 57.81 110 58.03 80 Acquisition Dates Beginning Inventory, Jan. 1 Purchases January 25 March 8 June 15 July 27 August 30 Units and Cost of Goods Available for Sale 59.00 210 60.00 70 63.00 60 64.00 Instructions: Determine the value of the ending inventory reported on the balance sheet and the value for cost of goods sold recognized on the income statement for the following four scenarios. Ending inventory consists of 150 microscopes for each scenario. Specific Identification Method: Assume the ending inventory consists of the 60 units acquired on August 30, 20 units acquired on July 27, and 70 units acquired on June 15. Acquisition Dates Units Unit Cost Total Cost Previous C Unistat COSTCONGO's Available for Sale Instructions: Determine the value of the ending inventory reported on the balance sheet and the value for cost of goods sold recognized on the income statement for the following four scenarios. Ending inventory consists of 150 microscopes for each scenario. Specific Identification Method: Assume the ending inventory consists of the 60 units acquired on August 30, 20 units acquired on July 27, and 70 units acquired on June 15. Acquisition Dates Units Unit Cost Total Cost Ending Inventory Value Total Cost of Goods Available Less: Ending Inventory Cost of Goods Sold Value: Weighted Average Cost Method Weighted Avg. Cost per Unit = Units in Ending Inventory = Ending Inventory Value = Weighted Avg. Cost per Unit Units Sold Cost of Goods Sold = FIFO (First-In First-Out) Method Compute Ending Inventory Previous FIFO (First-In First-Out) Method Compute Ending Inventory Units Acquisition Dates Unit Cost Total Cost Ending Inventory Value = Compute Cost of Goods Sold Total Cost of Goods Available Less: Ending Inventory Cost of Goods Sold Value: LIFO (Last-In First-Out) Method Compute Ending Inventory Acquisition Dates Units Unit Cost Total Cost Ending Inventory Value = Compute Cost of Goods Sold Total cost of Goode Available * Previous Liro Last TISTUU wethou Compute Ending Inventory Acquisition Dates Units Unit Cost Total Cost Ending Inventory Value = Compute Cost of Goods Sold Total Cost of Goods Available Less: Ending Inventory Cost of Goods Sold Value: 1. Which inventory valuation method will be likely to approximate replacement cost on the balance sheet? 2. During periods when prices continue to rise, which inventory valuation method will result in the highest net income being reported? 3. During periods when prices continue to reise, which inventory valuation method will result in the lowest net income being reported?
The value of the ending inventory and the cost of goods sold can be determined using the following methods: Specific Identification Method, Weighted Average Cost Method, FIFO (First-In First-Out) Method, and LIFO (Last-In First-Out) Method.
Specific Identification Method:
Ending Inventory Value = (60 units x $64.00) + (20 units x $63.00) + (70 units x $60.00) = $9,300
Cost of Goods Sold Value = Total Cost of Goods Available - Ending Inventory Value = $14,500 - $9,300 = $5,200
Weighted Average Cost Method:
Weighted Avg. Cost per Unit = Total Cost of Goods Available / Units Available for Sale = $14,500 / 350 = $41.43
Ending Inventory Value = Weighted Avg. Cost per Unit x Units in Ending Inventory = $41.43 x 150 = $6,214.50
Cost of Goods Sold = Weighted Avg. Cost per Unit x Units Sold = $41.43 x 200 = $8,285.50
FIFO (First-In First-Out) Method:
Ending Inventory Value = (60 units x $64.00) + (90 units x $60.00) = $9,240
Cost of Goods Sold Value = Total Cost of Goods Available - Ending Inventory Value = $14,500 - $9,240 = $5,260
LIFO (Last-In First-Out) Method:
Ending Inventory Value = (70 units x $57.81) + (80 units x $58.03) = $8,690.10
Cost of Goods Sold Value = Total Cost of Goods Available - Ending Inventory Value = $14,500 - $8,690.10 = $5,809.90
1. The FIFO (First-In First-Out) Method will likely approximate replacement cost on the balance sheet because it assumes that the most recent purchases are still in inventory and therefore reflects the current market prices.
2. During periods when prices continue to rise, the FIFO (First-In First-Out) Method will result in the highest net income being reported because it assumes that the oldest, and therefore the cheapest, inventory is sold first, resulting in a lower cost of goods sold and a higher net income.
3. During periods when prices continue to rise, the LIFO (Last-In First-Out) Method will result in the lowest net income being reported because it assumes that the most recent, and therefore the most expensive, inventory is sold first, resulting in a higher cost of goods sold and a lower net income.
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Q2.X Ltd. manufactures plastic products and sells them for SAR 350 per unit. The firm's variable cost per unit is SAR 90, while its total fixed costs are SAR 110,000. The company expects to sell 1,800 units in the coming year. Calculate the following: (2 Marks) a) Degree of operating leverage h Margin of safety in units Margin of safety in SAR value Margin of safety in percentage Answer: 03. What is regression analysis and how does it help in estimating a cost function? Interpret your results with a numerical example. Marks) Answer:
Regression analysis is a statistical technique used to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It can be used to estimate a cost function by determining the degree to which changes in the independent variables affect the cost.
For example, a regression analysis can be used to estimate a cost function of a manufacturing firm where the cost of production is dependent on the number of machines used, number of employees hired, and the type of raw material used. In this example, the independent variables would be the number of machines, number of employees and type of raw material while the cost would be the dependent variable. The regression analysis can then be used to determine how the change in each of these independent variables affects the cost.
The results of the regression analysis can then be interpreted numerically by showing the impact of each independent variable on the cost. For example, if the regression analysis indicates that an increase in the number of machines will decrease the cost by $1,000, then the numerical interpretation would be that for every additional machine used, the cost of production will decrease by $1,000.
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Citigroup case Study Citi's mission is to serve as a trusted partner to our clients by responsibly providing financial services that enable growth and economic progress. All of our decisions must create the best outcome for our clients. Consistent with Citi's values, we work to establish supplier relationships that contribute to shareholder value and are the best for our clients. We set high standards for accountability, operational control, innovation, and performance at Citi and we expect the same from our suppliers. Through the use of self- service tools and advanced technology, Citi's Resource Management Organization strives to deliver an end-to-end digital solution for Citi and our suppliers. Regulatory Compliance and Policies Suppliers must adhere to all applicable laws and conduct their operations in accordance with Citi Policies outlined for suppliers. Suppliers must have policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with all of the obligations identified below, including but not limited to appropriate non-discrimination and non-retaliation policies. Suppliers must also make reasonable efforts to monitor and ensure their supply chain is compliant with Citi's requirements. Citigroup Inc. (Citi) is a federal government contractor. Citi's policy is to provide equal opportunity to applicants and employees. Citi takes affirmative action with respect to women, minorities, protected veterans, and individuals with disabilities. As applicable, Citi requests appropriate action on your part to support these principles. Citi's Resource Management Organization operates through an end-to-end supplier lifecycle model. Prior to establishing a relationship, Citi will work with the supplier to address applicable pre-contract due diligence and conduct applicable control assessments, as well as information requirements. To become and remain a Citi supplier, all suppliers must adhere to Citi's Third-Party Management Policy and Standards as referenced in Citi's Code of Conduct and follow these throughout all phases of the third- party management cycle. Citi selects suppliers based on price, quality, availability, terms, and service. An executed contract or an official Citi Purchase Order (PO) is required prior to order fulfillment. When a supplier receives a contract or a purchase order from Citi, it carries the obligation to supply the ordered goods or services at the agreed-upon price and terms. Over the life of a supplier relationship, Citi conducts ongoing monitoring activities. Ongoing monitoring is essential to manage the supplier relationship and any associated risks. Additional information from suppliers may be required as part of our ongoing monitoring efforts. It is critical that the supplier is responsive to all Citi requests to avoid delays or avoid cancellation of the engagement with Citi. 3 Citi l-Supplier Portal Current Citi suppliers can access and enable supplier self-service capabilities and real- time interaction and collaboration through the Citi l-Supplier Portal. To take advantage of the benefits, suppliers are required to complete the registration process. Visibility to issued purchase orders, invoices, and payment statuses Shorter end-to-end processing cycle time ability to perform real-time updates to contact information, tax, and banking information through self-service Citi is in the process of completing this implementation, so availability of the Citi l-Supplier Portal may be limited in certain countries at this time. Visit the l-Supplier overview site to learn more about the portal, download the onboarding package, and view training materials. According to the Citigroup case study, A supply chain is around the core business and controls information flow, logistics, and capital flow (Tarantilis, 2008). It starts from the procurement of raw materials to intermediate products and final products, and the final product will be sold by the sales network to reach consumers. It is the whole functional network chain structure that links suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and consumers. It is not only a logistics chain, information chain, and capital chain that connects provider and consumer, but also it is a value- added chain (Yao, 2008), and materials in the supply chain due to processing, packaging, transportation, and other processes to increase their value, bringing income to the relevant enterprises. a. Analyze any THREE (3) key challenges of collaboration supply chain management for the Citigroup Company to reach a global market competition. [30 marks] b. The Census Bureau in United States (US) estimates that by 2044, minorities will be the majority in U.S. Evaluate any FOUR (4) important of diversity in the workforce for Citigroup.
a. Three key challenges of collaboration supply chain management for Citigroup to reach a global market competition are Managing different regulations,cultural differences, time zone. b. Four important aspects of diversity in the workforce for Citigroup are decision making,creativity ,customer service,employee satisfaction.
A)1) Managing different regulations and compliance requirements in different countries: As Citigroup operates in multiple countries, it has to adhere to different regulations and compliance requirements in each country. This can be a challenge as it requires Citigroup to have a deep understanding of the regulations and compliance requirements in each country and ensure that its suppliers also adhere to these requirements.
2) Managing cultural differences: As Citigroup operates in different countries, it has to manage cultural differences among its suppliers and employees. This can be a challenge as it requires Citigroup to have an understanding of different cultures and how they impact business operations.
3) Managing different time zones: As Citigroup operates in different countries, it has to manage different time zones. This can be a challenge as it requires Citigroup to coordinate with its suppliers and employees in different time zones to ensure that business operations run smoothly.
B)1) Improved decision making: A diverse workforce brings different perspectives and ideas to the table, which can lead to improved decision making.
2) Increased creativity and innovation: A diverse workforce can lead to increased creativity and innovation as employees from different backgrounds can bring different ideas and approaches to problem-solving.
3) Improved customer service: A diverse workforce can lead to improved customer service as employees from different backgrounds can better understand and relate to customers from different backgrounds.
4) Improved employee satisfaction and retention: A diverse workforce can lead to improved employee satisfaction and retention as employees from different backgrounds can feel valued and included in the company.
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