Answer:
$189,000
Explanation:
The computation of total expense with regards to this payroll is shown below:-
Total expense = Salaries and wages earned by employees + Employer's portion of FICA taxes
= $180,000 + $9,000
= $189,000
Therefore for computing the total expenses with regards to this payroll we simply applied the above formula and we ignore all other values as they are not relevant.
The Cell Inc., a microbiology research laboratory headquartered in the United States, has been losing money. The CEO decides to outsource some production to companies in developing countries. This decision to shift functions or processes to less developed countries is most likely due to their
Answer:
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The decision of the Ceo of Cell Inc. microbilogy research laboratory to outsource some production in developing countries so that maximum output and fast deliveries can be expected to customers and also by the company can focus on various other factors affecting the business.
What is a research laboratory?The scientific lab where the experiments or products research are made so that new products can be made or existing can be replaced in chemical biological or physical aspects.
What is outsourcing?The practice which is done by an individual or an organization by using third party to carry their business activities like performing tasks giving services to customers etc.
What is third party?The company or an individual which comes in between two aspects and try to manage or solve the issue or give solutions
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a. Using the starting point formula, what is the price elasticity of demand for going from a price of $160 per unit to a price of $140 per unit
Answer:
Price Elasticity of Demand is -4
Explanation:
We can see the graph and easily calculate the Q1 which is 120 units at P1 $140 and Q2 which is 80 units at P2 $160 price.
The starting point formula for calculating price elasticity of demand is given as under:
Price Elasticity of Demand = (ΔQ / Q2) / (ΔP / P2)
Here
ΔQ = Q1 - Q2 = 120 - 80 = 40 units
ΔP = P1 - P2 = 140 - 160 = - $20
By putting value in the above equation, we have:
Price Elasticity of Demand = (40 Units / 80 Units) / (-$20 / $160)
Price Elasticity of Demand = -4
Price Elasticity of Demand is -4
Calculation of the price elasticity of demand:Since in the graph it is mentioned that Q1 which is 120 units at P1 $140 and Q2 which is 80 units at P2 $160 price.
So we know that
Price Elasticity of Demand = (ΔQ / Q2) / (ΔP / P2)
where
ΔQ = Q1 - Q2 = 120 - 80 = 40 units
ΔP = P1 - P2 = 140 - 160 = - $20
Now
Price Elasticity of Demand
= (40 Units / 80 Units) / (-$20 / $160)
= -4
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You have been given this probability distribution for the holding-period return for KMP stock: Stock of the Economy Probability HPR Boom 0.30 18 % Normal growth 0.50 12 % Recession 0.20 – 5 % What is the expected holding-period return for KMP stock?
Answer: 12.4%
Explanation:
The Expected return for a stock is the summation of all the returns given the probability of all market conditions.
Expected Return = ∑(Probability of return * return)
= (0.30 * 18%) + (0.50 * 12%) + (0.20 * 5%)
= 0.054 + 0.06 + 0.01
= 0.124
= 12.4%
On January 1, Boston Enterprises issues bonds that have a $3,400,000 par value, mature in 20 years, and pay 9% interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds are sold at par. 1. How much interest will Boston pay (in cash) to the bondholders every six months
Answer:
interest expense per coupon payment (every 6 months) = $153,000
Explanation:
In this case, since the bonds were sold at par, the interest expense and the actual cash payments are the same (no premium or discount would be amortized). To calculate the interest payment we just multiply the bonds' face value x annual interest rate x 1/2 (semiannual coupons) = $3,400,000 x 9% x 1/2 = $153,000
Using the lower of cost or market, what should the total inventory value be for the following items: Item Quantity Unit Cost Price Unit Market Price Total Cost Price Total Market Price Lower of Cost or Market A 201 $7 $11 $1,407 $2,211 $ B 98 17 15 1,666 1,470 C 71 23 26 1,633 1,846 $
Answer:
$4,706
Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
As we know that the inventory should be valued at lower of cost or market value which is shown below:
Tota cost price for all markets is
= Market A + Market B + market C
= $1,407 + $1,666 + $1,633
= $4,706
And, the total market price for all markets is
= Market A + Market B + market C
= $2,211 + $1,470 + $1,846
= $5,527
So based on the above calculation, the cost price should be lower off and the same is to be considered
Product X used the following quantity of activity drivers to produce 100 units of final product: 25 setups, 40 material moves and 75 machine hours What is the total indirect manufacturing cost per unit for product X based on an ABC system? g
Answer:
$137.50 per unit
Explanation:
The computation of the total indirect manufacturing cost per unit is shown below:
Machine setups 15000 ÷ 100 × 25 = $3750
Material moves 22500 ÷ 225 × 40 = $4000
M/c. Operations 14000 ÷ 175 × 75 = $6000
Total Cost for 100 units $13,750
And since there is 100 units
So, the total indirect manufcturing cost per unit is
= $13,750 ÷100 units
= $137.50
Major Co. reported 2016 income of $303,000 from continuing operations before income taxes and a before-tax loss on discontinued operations of $75,000. All income is subject to a 36% tax rate. In the 2016 income statement, Major Co. would show the following line-item amounts for income tax expense and net income: Multiple Choice $109,080 and $228,000. $82,080 and $378,000. $109,080 and $145,920. $82,080 and $193,920.
Answer: $109,080; $145,920
Explanation:
Based on the information that have been provided in the question, the following can be gotten:
The amount for income tax expenses will be:
= 36% of $303,000
= 36/100 × $303,000
= 0.36 × $303,000
= $109,080
The net income will be:
Reported income = $303,000
Less income tax = $109,080
Less loss on discounted operation = $48,000
Net income = $145,920
Loss on discounted operation:
= $75,000 × (1 - 36%)
= $75,000 × (1 - 0.36)
= $75,000 × 0.64
= $48,000
Marigold Corp. sells equipment on September 30, 2019, for $17,000 cash. The equipment originally cost $71,600 and as of January 1, 2019, had accumulated depreciation of $42,100. Depreciation for the first 9 months of 2019 is $5,350. Prepare the journal entries to (a) update depreciation to September 30, 2019, and (b) record the sale of the equipment. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter 0 for the amounts.)
Answer:
Only two entries are required.
Explanation:
Marigold Corporation
General Journal
Date Particulars Debit Credit
September 30 Depreciation Expense $5,350 Dr
Accumulated Depreciation $5,350 Cr
Updating the depreciation expense by $5350 and crediting accumulated depreciation account.
Recording the sale of the equipment.
September 30 Accumulated Depreciation $47,450 Dr
Cash $17,000 Dr
Loss on Sale $ 7150 Dr
Equipment $71,600 Cr
The equipment is sold for $ 17,000 cash and there's a loss of $ 7150.
A bond that pays interest annually yielded 6.01 percent last year. The inflation rate for the same period was 3 percent. Given that information, the actual real rate of return on this bond for last year was _____percent.
Answer:
2.3%
Explanation:
The computation of the actual real rate of return is shown below:-
Actual real rate of return on this bond for last year = ((1 + Nominal rate of interest ) ÷ (1 + Inflation rate of return)) - 1
= ((1 + 0.0601) ÷ (1 + 0.03)) - 1
= 1.0601 ÷ 1.03 - 1
= 1.023 - 1
= 0.023
or
= 2.3%
Therefore for computing the actual rate of return we simply applied the above formula.
What is capital budgeting? a. The process of managing cash flow. b. The analysis of real asset investment opportunities. c. The process of managing current assets. d. None of the above.
Answer:
b. The analysis of real asset investment opportunities.
Explanation:
Capital Budgeting is the Process of appraising various alternatives of investments.
It uses techniques such as the Net Present Value methods, Internal Rate of Return and Payback Period methods to analyze the best alternatives of investments.
Wine and Roses, Inc. offers a 7% coupon bond with semiannual payments and a yield to maturity of 7.73%. The bonds mature in 9 years. Blank 1. Fill in the blank, read surrounding text. is the market price of a $1,000 face value bond
Answer:
current market price = $953.29
Explanation:
the market price of the bond = present value of the face value + present value of coupon payments
PV of face value = $1,000 / (1 + 3.865%)¹⁸ = $505.31
PV of coupon payments = $35 x 12.79935 (PV annuity factor, 3.865%, 18 periods) = $447.98
current market price = $505.31 + $447.98 = $953.29
Jim Keys holds a $200,000 portfolio consisting of the following stocks:_______.
Stock Investment Beta
Alpha $50,000 0.50
Beta $50,000 0.80
Gamma $50,000 1.00
Delta $50,000 1.30
What is the portfolio's beta?
Answer:
0.9
Explanation:
For the computation of portfolio beta first we need to follow some steps which is shown below:-
Step 1
Total Portfolio value = Value of Alpha + Value of Beta + Value of Gamma + Value of Delta
= $50,000 + $50,000 + $50,000 + $50,000
= $200,000
Step 2
Weight of Alpha = Value of Alpha ÷ Total Portfolio Value
= $50,000 ÷ $200,000
= 0.25
Step 3
Weight of Beta = Value of Beta ÷ Total Portfolio Value
= $50,000 ÷ $200,000
= 0.25
Step 4
Weight of Gamma = Value of Gamma ÷ Total Portfolio Value
= $50,000 ÷ $200,000
= 0.25
Step 5
Weight of Delta = Value of Delta ÷ Total Portfolio Value
= $50,000 ÷ $200,000
= 0.25
and finally
Beta of Portfolio = Weight of Alpha × Beta of Alpha + Weight of Beta × Beta of Beta + Weight of Gamma × Beta of Gamma + Weight of Delta × Beta of Delta
= 0.5 × 0.25 + 0.8 × 0.25 + 1 × 0.25 + 1.3 × 0.25
= 0.9
Suppose that a perfectly competitive firm faces a market price of $7 per unit, and at this price the upward-sloping portion of the firm's marginal cost curve crosses its marginal revenue curve at an output level of 1 comma 400 units. If the firm produces 1 comma 400 units, its average variable costs equal $6.50 per unit, and its average fixed costs equal $0.80 per unit.
Required:
a. What is the firm's maximizing (or loss-minimizing output level?
b. What is the amount of it's economic profits (or losses) at this output level?
Answer:
1. This firm have the profit maximizing output level of 1400 units because a firm in any industry will maximize profit where MR=MC. Here MR is equal to MC at the output level of 1400. So profit maximizing level of output is 1400 units.
2. Economic profit = Total revenue - total cost.
Where, Total revenue = Quantity * price
= 1400 * 7
= $9,800
Total variable cost = AVC * quantity
= 6.50 *1400
= $9,100
Total fixed cost = AFC * quantity
= 0.80 * 1400
= $1,120
Economic profit = Total revenue - Total variable cost - Total fixed cost
Economic profit = $9,800 - $9,100 - $1,120
Economic profit = -$420
. The firm is having economic loss equal to 420.
Conclusion: This firm is facing economic loss in its output.
On July 1, Bramble Corporation purchases 670 shares of its $6 par value common stock for the treasury at a cash price of $9 per share. On September 1, it sells 420 shares of the treasury stock for cash at $14 per share.
Journalize the two treasury stock transactions. (Record journal entries in the order presented in the problem. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entries are shown below:
On July 1
Treasury stock Dr (670 shares × $9 per share) $6,030
To Cash $6,030
(Being the purchase of treasury stock is recorded)
For recording this we debited the treasury stock as it increased the treasury and credited the cash as it decreased the assets
On Sep 1
Cash Dr (420 shares × $14 per share) $5,880
To Treasury Stock (420 shares × $9 per share) $3,780
To Additional paid in capital - Treasury stock $2,100
(Being the resale of treasury stock is recorded)
For recording this we debited the cash as it increased the assets and credited the treasury stock and additional paid in capital as the sale is made
A stock has an expected return of 12.15 percent, its beta is 1.31, and the expected return on the market is 10.2 percent. What must the risk-free rate be
Answer:
Rf=risk-free rate=3.91%
Explanation:
E(R) = Rf + ß( Rmarket - Rf )
E(R)= Expected return =12.15%=0.1215
Rf= Risk free rate = ?
ß = Beta = 1.31
Rmarket = Expected return of market = 10.2 %= 0.102
Changing to fraction before solving
0.1215= Rf + 1.31(0.102- rf)
0.1215= Rf +0.13362-1.31Rf
0.13362-0.1215= -Rf+1.3Rf
0.01212=0.31Rf
Rf= 0.01212/0.31= 0.03909 x 100%= 3.909% =3.91%
or Solving directly
12.15= Rf +1.31(10.2-Rf)
12.15= Rf +13.362 -1.31Rf
13.362 -12.15=-Rf + 1.31Rf
1.212= 0.31Rf
Rf =3.909% round off to 3.91%
Stan Slickum has a used car that can be bought for $8 comma 500 cash or for a $1 comma 000 down payment and $770 per month for 12 months. What is the effective annual interest rate on the monthly payment plan?
Answer:
48.8%
Explanation:
We can use the rate formula to determine the monthly rate as follows:
=rate(nper,pmt,-pv,fv)
nper is the number of monthly payments which is 12
pmt is the amount of monthly payment which is $770
pv is the cash price of the minus downpayment i.e $8500-$1000=$7500
fv is the balance after all payments have been made i.e $0
=rate(12,770,-7500,0)=3.37%
effective monthly rate=(1+3.37% )^12-1=48.8%
Cobe Company has already manufactured 23,000 units of Product A at a cost of $25 per unit. The 23,000 units can be sold at this stage for $420.000. Alternatively, the units can be further processed at a $280.000 total additional cost and be converted into 6.000 units of Product B and 11,900 units of Product C. Per unit selling price for Product B is $106 and for Product C is $52.
Required:
Prepare an analysis that shows whether the 23,000 units of Product A should be processed further or not.
Answer:
It is more profitable to continue processing the units.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Product A:
Units= 23,000
Selling price= $420,000
Continue processing:
Product B= 6,000 units sold for $106 each
Product C= 11,900 units sold for $52 each
Total cost= $280,000
We need to calculate the effect on the income of both options and choose the most profitable one. We will not take into account the first costs of Product A because they are irrelevant.
Option 1:
Effect on income= $420,000
Option 2:
Effect on income= (6,000*106) + (11,900*52) - 280,000
Effect on income= $974,800
It is more profitable to continue processing the units.
Splash Co. identifies the following activities that pertain to manufacturing overhead for its production of water polo balls, for each activity, identify an appropriate cost driver.
Activity Cost Driver
Materials handling
Machine setups
Factory machine maintenance
Factory supervision
Quality control
Answer and Explanation:
The cost driver refers to the change in the activity units level with respect to the change in activity cost
There are various activities held and according to that the cost driver is also there so that it could be allocated
Just like
Activities Cost driver
1) Materials handling - Number of Requisitions
2) Machine setups - Number of Setups
3) Factory machine maintenance - Machine Hours Used
4) Factory supervision - Number of Employees
5) Quality control - Number of Inspections
Material handling should be based on allocating in the number of requisitions
And the same is applied for other activities
Sleep Tight, Inc. manufactures bedding sets. The budgeted production is for 49,700 comforters this year. Each comforter requires 1.5 hours to cut and sew the material. The cost of cutting and sewing labor is $19.70 per hour. Determine the direct labor budget for this year.
Answer:
Total direct labor hours= 74,550
Total direct labor cost= $1,468,635
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Production= 49,700 units
Each comforter requires 1.5 hours to cut and sew the material.
The cost of cutting and sewing labor is $19.70 per hour.
We need to determine the direct labor budget:
Direct labor budget:
Total direct labor hours= 49,700*1.5= 74,550
Total direct labor cost= 74,550*19.7= $1,468,635
Would you expect a brick-and-mortar retailer or an online retailer to have a higher asset turnover? Why or why not? Which supply chain drivers impact asset turnover?
Answer:
An online retailer would on a balance of probability have a higher asset turnover than a brick-and-mortar retailer.
Explanation:
The reason is not farfetched. If done properly, an online retailer is most likely to succeed at reaching more customers and penetrating more markets.
The total population of active internet users is currently estimated at 4.5 Billion. For truly global products or retail outlets such as Amazon and Alibaba, this figure is staggering. It is impossible to compare a truly successful online retailer to a brick-and-mortar retailer whose market, at its best, covers only those within its locality.
So using online retail store such as Amazon as an example, they might have significant investment in online platforms, dedicated servers and warehouses, their turnover which as at 2019 stood at 4.5x is relatively strong.
The supply chain drivers which impact asset turnover are inventory, accounts receivables and facilities.
Cheers!
Don Wyatt is unable to reconcile the bank balance at January 31. Don?s reconciliation is as follows.
Cash balance per bank $3,800.20
Add: NSF check 570.00
Less: Bank service charge 35.00
Adjusted balance per bank $4,335.20
Cash balance per books $4,115.20
Less: Deposits in transit 650.00
Add: Outstanding checks 940.00
Adjusted balance per books $4,405.20
Prepare a correct bank reconciliation.
Answer and Explanation:
The preparation of the correct bank reconciliation is presented below:
Don Wyatt
Bank reconciliation statement
January 31
Particulars Amount Particulars Amount
Bank cash balance $3,800.20 Company cash balance $4,115.20
Deposits in transit $650 Less: NSF check -$570
Less: Outstanding Less: service fee -$35
Check -$940
Bank balance Company balance
After reconciliation $3,510.20 After reconciliation $3,510.20
We adjust the transactions according to the bank balance and book balance so that the both balance could be matched accordingly
what is the answer in effects in accounting equation?
Purchased a furniture RM13,000 by cheque
Answer:
No effect
Explanation:
The journal entry to record this give transaction is shown below:
Furniture Dr RM13,000
To Bank RM 13,000
(Being the furniture purchased by cheque is recorded)
For recording this we debited the furniture as it increased the asset and credited the bank as it decreased the assets
Therefore there is no effect in the accounting equation as the increase and decreased in done in asset side only
Eric deposits 100 into a savings account at time 0, which pays interest at a nominal rate of i, compounded semiannually. Mike deposits 200 into a different savings account at time 0, which pays simple interest at an annual rate of i. Eric and Mike earn the same amount of interest during the last six months of the 8th year. Calculate i.
Answer:
9.46%
Explanation:
Eric gets compounded interest = principal x (1 + interest rate)ⁿ
Mike gets simple interest = principal x [1 + (interest rate x n)]
during the first 7.5 years, Eric will get: 100 x (1 + 0.5i)¹⁵, in order to simplify the calculations we can call this Principal₇.₅
during the last 6 months Eric will earn: [Principal₇.₅ x (1 + 0.5i)] - Principal₇.₅ *WE ONLY WANT TO CALCULATE THE INTEREST, NOT THE PRINCIPAL
Principal₇.₅ + Principal₇.₅ (0.5i) - Principal₇.₅ = Principal₇.₅ (0.5i)
now we replace Principal₇.₅ (0.5i):
100 x (1 + 0.5i)¹⁵ x 0.5i = 50i x (1 + 0.5i)¹⁵
since Mike earns simple interest, during the last 6 months he will earn:
200 x 0.5i = 100i
now we equal both equations:
50i x (1 + 0.5i)¹⁵ = 100i
(1 + 0.5i)¹⁵ = 100i / 50i = 2
(1 + 0.5i)¹⁵ = 2
¹⁵√(1 + 0.5i)¹⁵ = ¹⁵√2
1 + 0.5i = 1.04729
0.5i = 1.04729 - 1 = 0.04729
i = 0.04729 / 0.5 = 0.09458 = 9.46%
If investors receive a 6% interest rate on their bank deposits, what real interest rate will they earn if the inflation rate over the year is:
Question
The complete question is given as follows:
if investors receive a 6% interest rate on their bank deposits, what real interest rate will they earn if the inflation rate over the year is:
a) 3%
b) 6%
Answer:
a) Real rate = 2.91%
b) Real rate = 0%
Explanation:
Inflation is the increase in the price level.It erodes the value of money.
Nominal interest is that quoted for investment or loan transactions. It has not been been adjusted for inflation.
Real interest rate is the amount of interest in terms of the the quantity of good and services that can be purchased. It is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation.
The relationship between inflation, real interest and nominal interest rate is given using the Fishers Effect;
R = (1+N)/(1+F) - 1=
N- Nominal interest rate
R- Real interest rate
F- Inflation rate
a) Where inflation rate is 3%
Real rate = (1.06/1.03 - 1)× 100 = 2.91%
b) Where inflation rate is 6%
Real rate = (1.06/1.06 - 1)× 100 = 0%
a) Real rate = 2.91%
b) Real rate = 0%
The American Red Cross and the American Medical Association are nonprofit businesses. This is because they: A. plan to make a profit by selling services to other countries. B. exist to benefit a cause but not to make a profit. C. share profits with top management but not with workers. D. sell services directly to customers to make a higher profit.
Answer:B exist to benefit a cause but not to make a profit.
Explanation:
They are to provide services which are useful to the members of the society at large. They exist to promote the interest of members of the public which are social in nature. With a view to ensure the smooth running of the organisation some individuals are elected to run the organisation in the position of chairman, secretary, and treasurer. They do prepare receipt and payment account which is similar to cash account while some do prepare income and expenditure account which is similar to profit and loss account.
Sales for Green Inc. are expected to change by 30%. If Green's degree of operating leverage is 1.20, how much is Green's operating income expected to change?
Answer: 36%
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that the sales for Green Inc. are expected to change by 30% and that Green's degree of operating leverage is 1.20.
Green's operating income is expected to change by:
= 30% × 1.2
= 36%
Zebra, Inc., a calendar year S corporation, incurred the following items this year. Sammy is a 40% Zebra shareholder throughout the year.
Operating income (sales) $100,000
Cost of goods sold (40,000)
Depreciation expense (MACRS) (10,000)
Administrative expenses (5,000)
§1231 gain 21,000
Depreciation recapture income $25,000
Short-term capital loss from stock sale (6,000)
Long-term capital loss from stock sale (4,000)
Long-term capital gain from stock sale 15,000
Charitable contributions (4,500)
a. Calculate Sammy’s share of Zebra’s nonseparately computed income or loss.
b. Calculate Sammy’s share of any Zebra long-term capital gain.
Answer:
a. $70,000
b. $6,000
Explanation:
Non separately income = Operating income +Depreciation recapture income -COGS -ADM expense -depreciation
= $100,000 + $25,000 - $40,000 - $5,000 - $10,000
= $70,000
a. Sammy share of Zebra’s non-separately computed income or loss
= $70,000 * 0.40
= $28,000
b. Sammy share in Long term capital gain
= $15,000 * 0.40
= $6,000
orrugated Company currently produces cardboard boxes in an automated process. Expected production per month is 40,000 units. The required direct materials cost $0.30 per unit. Manufacturing fixed overhead costs are $24,000 per month. Manufacturing overhead is allocated based on units of production. ___________ is the flexible budget for 40,000 and 20,000 units, respectively.
Answer:
$36,000 and $30,000
Explanation:
Corrugated company deals in the production of cardboard boxes
The expected production for each month is 40,000 units
The direct material cost is $0.30 per unit
The manufacturing fixed overhead costs are $24,000 for each month
Therefore, the flexible budget for the production of 40,000 units and 20,000 units can be calculated as follows
Flexible budget for 40,000 units
= 0.30×40,000+24,000
= 12,000+24,000
= $36,000
Flexible budget for 20,000 units
= 0.30×20,000+24,000
= 6,000+24,000
= $30,000
Hence the flexible budget for 40,000 units and 20,000 units are $36,000 and $30,000 respectively
Johnson's Plumbing's fixed costs are $700,000 and the unit contribution margin is $17. What amount of units must be sold in order to realize an operating income of $100,000
Answer:
Target profit in units = 47058.82 rounded off to 47059 units
Explanation:
The break even units of sales are the number of units that must be sold in order for the company to have enough total revenue to cover its total costs. It is a point in the number of units where there is no profit or no loss.
We can use the break even analysis and formulas to calculate the number of units required to earn a certain target profit. Thus, we will just need to add the target profit amount to the fixed costs in the break even in units formula. The formula to calculate the target profit in units is,
Target profit in units = (Fixed costs + Target profit) / Contribution margin per unit
Target profit in units = (700000 + 100000) / 17
Target profit in units = 47058.82 rounded off to 47059 units
An estimated demand curve does not necessarily match actual data perfectly because A. it is not possible to accurately calculate the coefficients of the curve. B. demand is unpredictable. C. some factors that are not measured or observed may affect the curve. D. the random error term has too large of a range.
Answer:
C. some factors that are not measured or observed may affect the curve.
Explanation:
a lot of unforeseen circumstances might occur. these occurrences would not be measured in the estimated demand curve. this would lead to the estimated demand curve not matching the actual demand curve.
for example, the factors affecting the demand for bread are ; price, income, price of a substitutes. these are included in estimating the demand curve for bread. Assume that a study comes out stating that bread is harmful to the health.this reduces the demand for bread. this study wasn't anticipated and included in estimating the demand curve. as a result, the actual data would differ from the estimated data