The density (rho) of blood is about 1060 kg/m3. The viscosity (μ) of blood normally averages 3 x 10-3 Pa sec. There are blood vessels in the body in varying size. Typically, the velocity of blood decreases with inner diameter of the vessel, as implied in the table below:
Vessel type
Inner diameter (D, cm)
Blood flow velocity (v, cm/sec)
Elastic arteries
2.5
34
Muscular arteries
1.2
17
Arterioles
0.25
3
Venules
0.2
2
Veins
1.5
7
Calculate the Reynolds number for blood flow in all these different types of blood vessels. In the different vessels, is there laminar or turbulent flow present?

A. Mammals exchange gases ([tex]O_{2}[/tex] and [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]), nutrients, and waste through the use of their lungs, intestines, and kidneys.

B. The adaptations in mammals that facilitate exchanges include the presence of alveoli in the lungs, the presence of villi in the intestines, and the presence of nephrons in the kidneys.

C. The habitat of mammals can affect their water loss and they are required to compensate by reducing their metabolic rate and using efficient mechanisms to conserve water.

D. The exchange surfaces on either side of the mammalian body are prevented from stagnation through the presence of cilia and flagella.

Alveoli allow for efficient gas exchange in the lungs. Villi allow for greater surface area in the intestines to absorb more nutrients. Nephrons in the kidneys filter out waste products from the blood and reabsorb useful molecules back into the body.

An example of reducing mammals'  metabolic rate and using efficient mechanisms to conserve water is the urinary system of mammals, which can concentrate their urine to reduce water loss.

Cilia are tiny, hair-like projections that move in a rhythmic fashion to create currents and keep fluids moving. Flagella are whip-like projections that move undulating to create a wave-like pattern, propelling the fluid forward.

For more information about exchange surfaces refers to the link: https://brainly.com/question/29360932

#SPJ11

comparison of DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function is DNA is double-stranded helix, while RNA is single-stranded then DNA stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis.

DNA and RNA are both types of nucleic acids that are composed of nucleotides. However, they differ in terms of structure and function. DNA is a double-stranded helix, contains the sugar deoxyribose, and contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. While RNA is single-stranded, contains the sugar ribose, and contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

The function of DNA is to stores and transmits genetic information. DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell and responsible for the long-term storage of genetic information. While RNA  plays a role in protein synthesis and can be found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. RNA is responsible for the short-term transmission of genetic information

In summary, DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids composed of nucleotides, but they differ in structure and function. DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores and transmits genetic information, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that plays a role in protein synthesis.

Learn more about DNA at:

https://brainly.com/question/21992450

#SPJ11

yes,  the following experiments, as as the specific contribution of each experiment towards identifying DNA as the genetic material are lisited below:

(a) Griffiths: Griffiths performed an experiment with two strains of bacteria, one virulent and one non-virulent. He found that when he injected the non-virulent strain into mice, they survived, but when he injected the virulent strain, they died. However, when he killed the virulent strain with heat and mixed it with the non-virulent strain before injecting it into the mice, they still died. This suggested that some genetic material was transferred from the dead virulent strain to the non-virulent strain, making it virulent. This was an early indication that DNA could be the genetic material.

(b) Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod: These scientists built on Griffiths' experiment by isolating different components of the bacteria (proteins, RNA, and DNA) and testing which one was responsible for the transformation of the non-virulent strain. They found that only DNA was able to transform the non-virulent strain into a virulent one, providing further evidence that DNA is the genetic material.

(c) Hershey and Chase: Hershey and Chase performed an experiment with bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to determine whether it was the protein or DNA of the virus that was responsible for infecting the bacteria. They labeled the protein and DNA of the virus with different radioactive isotopes and found that only the DNA entered the bacteria and was responsible for the infection. This provided further evidence that DNA is the genetic material.

(d) Meselson and Stahl: Meselson and Stahl performed an experiment to determine how DNA replicates. They grew bacteria in a medium with a heavy isotope of nitrogen and then transferred them to a medium with a lighter isotope. After allowing the bacteria to replicate, they found that the DNA had one strand with the heavy isotope and one with the light isotope, suggesting that DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner.

(e) Nirenberg and Matthaei: Nirenberg and Matthaei performed an experiment to determine how the genetic code is translated into proteins. They used synthetic RNA molecules with different combinations of nucleotides and found that each combination corresponded to a specific amino acid. This provided evidence for the genetic code and how it is translated into proteins.

For more such questions on genetic material, Refer:

https://brainly.com/question/996038

#SPJ11

The trade-off between water and carbon dioxide involves a balance between transpiration, which is the evaporation of water from leaves, and photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants use energy from light and carbon dioxide to produce energy-storing molecules.

The trade-off between water and carbon dioxide is a crucial aspect of plant biology. On one hand, plants need water to survive and carry out essential biological processes, such as photosynthesis. On the other hand, plants also need carbon dioxide to produce energy through photosynthesis. However, the process of taking in carbon dioxide also results in the loss of water through the leaves.

One example of this trade-off is seen in desert plants, which have adapted to conserve water by reducing the size of their leaves and developing thick, waxy cuticles to prevent water loss. However, this also reduces the amount of carbon dioxide that can be taken in for photosynthesis, limiting the plant's growth.

Another example is seen in plants that live in wet, humid environments. These plants have large, thin leaves that allow for maximum carbon dioxide intake and photosynthesis. However, this also results in a greater loss of water through the leaves, which is not a concern in a humid environment.

In conclusion, the trade-off between water and carbon dioxide is a balancing act that affects the size and structure of leaves and the overall growth and survival of plants.

To learn more about leaves, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/14949275

#SPJ11

The type of photography used during the Westward development, is attributed to the daguerreotype process, which was invented by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre in 1839.

Basically, invention of photography is credited to French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, who produced the first permanent photograph in 1826, but it was the development of the daguerreotype process by French artist and inventor Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre in 1839 that is usually considered the birth of modern photography. The daguerreotype was the first practical and commercially successful photographic process, and it quickly spread around the world.

The American West was surveyed, colonized, and commercially developed throughout the 19th century, and photography played an important role in documenting and shaping the region's history. Photographers such as William Henry Jackson, Timothy O'Sullivan, and Carleton Watkins created stunning images of the West's landscapes, people, and industries, helping to promote tourism and settlement in the region.

Read more about Photography

brainly.com/question/29762003

#SPJ1

The function of the nucleic acid tRNA (transfer RNA) is to carry amino acids to protein-building ribosomes during protein synthesis.

The correct answer is (b): carries amino acids to protein-building ribosomes.

What is RNA?

RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a type of nucleic acid that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins in living organisms. Like DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA is made up of nucleotides, which are composed of a sugar molecule (ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

During protein synthesis, the genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes use this information to assemble the correct sequence of amino acids to form a protein molecule.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules play a key role in this process by binding to specific amino acids and carrying them to the ribosomes, where they are added to the growing protein chain. Each tRNA molecule has a specific sequence of nucleotides that allows it to recognize a particular amino acid and to bind to the appropriate codon (a three-nucleotide sequence) on the mRNA.

Learn more about RNA from given link

https://brainly.com/question/28073947

#SPJ1

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a powerful tool for elucidating the structure of organic compounds in solution. Two-dimensional NMR techniques such as COSY (correlated spectroscopy) and NOESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) provide additional information beyond one-dimensional spectra, allowing for the identification of proton-proton correlations and distances between nuclei.

In the case of two structures with differing chemical environments, NOESY is the preferred 2D-NMR technique to yield the necessary results. NOESY is capable of detecting correlations between nuclei that are in spatial proximity to each other, allowing for the determination of molecular structure based on the distance and orientation of these nuclei. This information is then used to create a 3D model of the molecule.

The difference between the two structures can be elucidated through the number of restraints and the resolution. The number of restraints in NOESY spectra refers to the number of measured distances between protons, which correspond to the number of NOE (nuclear Overhauser effect) restraints that can be used to build the 3D structure. The greater the number of NOE restraints, the greater the accuracy of the structure. The resolution, measured in angstroms, refers to the precision of the measured distances between protons.

In the case of the two structures, the one with the higher number of NOE restraints and higher resolution will have a more accurate and precise structure. The increased number of NOE restraints allows for a more detailed and accurate depiction of the molecular structure, while the higher resolution allows for more precise measurements of distances between protons. This results in a more defined and accurate representation of the molecule's overall structure.

In summary, NOESY is the preferred 2D-NMR technique to yield results for structures with differing chemical environments. The number of restraints and resolution are key factors in determining the accuracy and precision of the resulting molecular structure. The structure with the higher number of NOE restraints and higher resolution will be more accurate and precise than the other.

Learn more about NMR spectroscopy https://brainly.com/question/29824732

#SPJ11

Gastric distention leads to relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter by way of B) Gastroileal.

The gastroileal reflex is responsible for the relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter, allowing chyme to move from the small intestine into the large intestine. This reflex is triggered by distention of the stomach, which causes an increase in the rate of peristalsis in the ileum and relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter. The other options listed are reflexes related to different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but they are not directly involved in the relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter in response to gastric distention. The enterogastric reflex inhibits gastric emptying, the gastrocolic reflex increases colonic motility, the intestino-intestinal reflex inhibits peristalsis in the small intestine, and the rectosphincteric reflex controls defecation.

For more questions like Proteins visit the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/3487021

#SPJ11

Second Law on Motion by Newton This idea can be shown by simultaneously dumping a rock or pebble and a wadded-up paper towel.Due to the gravitational force acting on them, they descend at the same pace and experience constant acceleration.

According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, acceleration (gaining speed) occurs whenever a force acts on the a mass (object).This motion law is best demonstrated by riding a bicycle.The mass is your bicycle.

Frictional motion among contact objects in contact manifests itself as sliding.Rolling motion is in contrast to this.

To know more about gravitational force visit:

https://brainly.com/question/12528243

#SPJ1

A 10-fold difference in concentration will cause a voltage difference of 59 mV for univalent ions. The correct answer is B.

The Nernst equation is used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion across a membrane. The equation is:

E = RT/zF ln([X]o/[X]i)

Where E is the equilibrium potential, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, z is the valence of the ion, F is the Faraday constant, and [X]o and [X]i are the concentrations of the ion outside and inside the cell, respectively.

If there is a 10-fold difference in concentration, then the equation simplifies to:

E = (RT/zF) ln(10)

At room temperature (298 K), this equation simplifies further to:

E = (26.7 mV/z) ln(10)

For univalent ions (z=1), this equation becomes:

E = 26.7 mV * 2.303

E = 59 mV

Learn more about univalent ions:

https://brainly.com/question/24218286

#SPJ11

Answer:

to the first part: photosynthesis

i'm not sure about the second half, sorry

Explanation:

Answer:

The process used by plants to create their own food is called Photosynthesis. The reactants are sunlight mixing with water and carbon dioxide to create the product, Glucose and Oxygen.

Explanation:

During photosynthesis, light energy (sunlight) combines with the reactants—water and carbon dioxide—to form new products: glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

a. In G phase, the cell has 14 chromosomes.

b. The amount of DNA remains the same from G phase to prophase, so the cell still has 15 picograms of DNA at the start of prophase.

c. At metaphase, the chromosomes are lined up along the equator of the cell and are visible under a microscope. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, so there are 28 chromatids visible. However, since each chromosome is still considered a single entity, there are still only 14 chromosomes at metaphase.

d. At prophase, each chromosome has duplicated to form two identical sister chromatids. Therefore, there are 28 chromatids visible at prophase.

e. During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. At the end of anaphase, each pole has a complete set of chromosomes, so there are 14 chromosomes at the conclusion of anaphase.

Learn more about meiosis here: https://brainly.com/question/23718222

#SPJ11

The disease or condition I am going to talk about is asthma. Exposures that can lead to asthma attacks include air pollutants, dust mites, pollen, mold, pet dander, and smoke. The consequences of an asthma attack can range from mild to severe with symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, and coughing.

Regarding causality criteria, there is a relationship between exposure and outcome if a change in exposure is accompanied by a change in outcome. For asthma, the causative criterion is that people exposed to air pollutants, dust mites, pollen, mold, animal dander, or smoke are more likely to have an asthma attack than those who are not. is. Direct causation is the relationship between exposure and outcome directly, with no intermediate factors. An example of this in the case of asthma is that people exposed to high pollen loads are more likely to have asthma attacks. It's a relationship. As an example in the case of asthma, people exposed to certain viruses are more likely to have asthma attacks because the virus weakens the immune system.

Statistical inference is the process of using data and statistics to make inferences about populations. Statistical inference is based on probabilities and is used to infer relationships between variables. Causal inference, on the other hand, is the process of using data and statistics to draw conclusions about causal relationships between variables. Causal inference is based on causality and is used to infer causality.

Here to learn more about asthma at the link

https://brainly.com/question/24624205

#SPJ11

Five diseases caused by bacteria are Tuberculosis, Cholera,  Lyme disease, Salmonellosis, and Meningitis.

Humans are an example of a monophyletic grouping, which means that they share a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Learn more about Tuberculosis https://brainly.com/question/28345114

#SPJ11

The concept that defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring (offspring that themselves can reproduce) is called the Biological Species Concept.

This concept was first introduced by Ernst Mayr in 1942 and is widely used in the field of evolutionary biology.

According to the Biological Species Concept, a species is defined by its ability to reproduce and create offspring that are also capable of reproducing. This means that members of a species share a common gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species.

Reproductive isolation can occur through various mechanisms, including geographical isolation, behavioral isolation, and genetic isolation.

To know more about Biological Species Concept here:

https://brainly.com/question/12681889#

#SPJ11

Mass movements often lead to A) Bowel movements. Mass movements are strong contractions that move the contents of the large intestine towards the rectum, which can lead to the urge to have a bowel movement. These movements are stimulated by the distention of the stomach and duodenum.

Mass movements are a typical aspect of digestion and assist in moving faeces towards the rectum for evacuation. Yet the need to go to the bathroom is not entirely reliant on large movements. The urge to urinate is also influenced by other elements, including the presence of stool in the rectum, the contraction of the rectal muscles, and the relaxation of the internal anus sphincter.

For more such questions on Bowel movements, click on:

https://brainly.com/question/4612542

#SPJ11

A 79-year-old man has a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) in the medulla and pons that eliminates all vagal output to the gastrointestinal tract. The function is most likely to be eliminated in this man is D) Primary esophageal peristalsis.

The medulla and pons are regions of the brainstem that play an important role in regulating autonomic functions, such as heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The vagus nerve, which originates in the medulla, is responsible for sending signals from the brain to the gastrointestinal tract to control digestive processes. Primary esophageal peristalsis is the involuntary contraction of the muscles in the esophagus that propels food from the mouth to the stomach. This process is controlled by the vagus nerve. If the vagal output to the gastrointestinal tract is eliminated due to a stroke in the medulla and pons, primary esophageal peristalsis will be affected, leading to difficulty in swallowing and moving food down the esophagus.

Gastric acid secretion, gastrin release, and pancreatic bicarbonate secretion are all important for digestion, but they are not directly controlled by the vagus nerve and therefore would not be affected by a stroke in the medulla and pons. Secondary esophageal peristalsis is a response to the presence of food in the esophagus and is not directly controlled by the vagus nerve, so it would also not be affected.

Learn more about stroke at:

https://brainly.com/question/30780539

#SPJ11

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that work together to maintain fluid balance in the body, absorb and transport fats from the digestive system, and support the immune system by filtering out harmful pathogens and waste products. The lymphatic system works closely with the cardiovascular system to circulate lymph fluid and blood throughout the body, and it also plays a critical role in supporting the immune system's response to infection and disease.

Live stains are used to observe living cells and their processes, while fixed stains are used to observe the structure and morphology of cells. The difference between a stain used for live and fixed specimens is that live stains are non-toxic and do not kill the cells, while fixed stains typically use chemicals that kill and preserve the cells. The advantages of viewing live specimens are that you can observe the cells in their natural state and see their processes in real-time, while the advantages of viewing fixed specimens are that you can observe the cells in greater detail and with more clarity.

Learn more about identification and examination at https://brainly.com/question/17229386

#SPJ11

Yes, tuberculosis does use the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP). Here is a good article to help understand it: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894249/

Tuberculosis does not use the pentose phosphate pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol of cells and is used to generate NADPH and pentose sugars, which are important for the synthesis of nucleotides and the maintenance of the cell's redox state. Tuberculosis, on the other hand, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.  

Learn more about Tuberculosis: https://brainly.com/question/27965486

#SPJ11

Being the most recent layer of dentin, the band of dentinal matrix that has just developed along the pulpal border is uncalcified. The neighbouring peripheral increment of dentin from the day before calcifies and transforms into dentin as each daily increment of predentin develops at the pulpal border.

Mineralization, the process by which the collagen matrix of the dentin becomes calcified, includes the deposition of calcium and phosphate ions. Prior to being mineralized by the deposition of calcium and phosphate ions in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme that is essential for mineralization, the freshly created predentin layer is uncalcified.

For more such questions on dentin, click on:

https://brainly.com/question/29754454

#SPJ11

1. Three endocrine glands are the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, and the pancreas.

2. Gigantism and acromegaly are both conditions caused by an excess of growth hormone

3. Five signs and symptoms associated with diabetes insipidus are excessive thirst, excessive urination, dehydration, dry skin, and fatigue.

4. The effects goiter can have on the digestive and respiratory system is difficulty swallowing and press on the trachea

5. The generalized signs and symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism with its concurrent excess of calcium is bone pain.

6. The effects that aging has on two of hormones of the endocrine system is decreasing the production of hormones such as estrogen

The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol, which helps regulate blood pressure and the immune system. The pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

Gigantism occurs before the growth plates have closed, leading to excessive height and limb length. Acromegaly occurs after the growth plates have closed, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.

Goiter can cause difficulty swallowing and breathing due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can press on the esophagus and trachea.

The generalized signs and symptoms associated with hyperparathyroidism include bone pain, kidney stones, excessive urination, abdominal pain, and weakness.

Aging can affect the endocrine system by decreasing the production of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, leading to symptoms such as hot flashes, decreased libido, and loss of bone density. Additionally, the production of growth hormone decreases with age, leading to a decrease in muscle mass and an increase in body fat.

Learn more about  endocrine system at:

https://brainly.com/question/29771202

#SPJ11

1- Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut and in fermented foods.

2- Herpes virus: The herpes virus is a type of virus that causes infections in humans.

3- SARS virus: The SARS virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, is a type of coronavirus that was first identified in 2002.

4- Ebola virus: The Ebola virus is a type of virus that causes Ebola virus disease, a severe and often fatal illness that affects humans and other primates.

1- Lactobacillus: Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the human gut and in fermented foods. It is considered a "good" bacteria, as it helps to maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms in the digestive system and can also aid in the production of certain vitamins. Lactobacillus is often used in probiotic supplements and is generally considered safe for human consumption.

2- Herpes virus: The herpes virus is a type of virus that causes infections in humans. There are several different types of herpes viruses, but the most common are herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which typically causes cold sores, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), which typically causes genital herpes. Herpes viruses are highly contagious and can be spread through close personal contact, such as kissing or sexual contact.

3- SARS virus: The SARS virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, is a type of coronavirus that was first identified in 2002. It causes a severe respiratory illness that can be fatal in some cases. The SARS virus is thought to have originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through an intermediate host, likely civet cats. The SARS outbreak was contained in 2003, but the virus is still considered a potential threat to public health.

4- Ebola virus: The Ebola virus is a type of virus that causes Ebola virus disease, a severe and often fatal illness that affects humans and other primates. The Ebola virus is transmitted through contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person or animal, and can cause symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding. There have been several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa, including a major outbreak in 2014-2016 that resulted in over 11,000 deaths.

For more such questions on viruses, click on:

https://brainly.com/question/25236237

#SPJ11

The volume of protein needed for 5µl is 3.05 µl.

To calculate the volume of protein required, we will use the formula: V2 = (C2 × V1) / C1Where, V2 = volume of protein requiredC2 = concentration of protein requiredV1 = initial volume of proteinC1 = initial concentration of protein given, the concentration of protein P is 8.2 µl/ml.

The volume of protein required is 5 µl. Therefore, V1 = 8.2 µl/ml, V2 = 5 µl. We will substitute these values in the formula to get: C2 = (C1 ×V2) / V1C2 = (8.2 µl/ml × 5 µl) / 8.2 µl/mlC2 = 3.05 µl. Therefore, the volume of protein required is 3.05 µl.

You can learn more about volume at: brainly.com/question/28058531

#SPJ11

The given statement "a decrease in the rate at which non-liver cells produce cholesterol would increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood" is false because a decrease in the rate at which non-liver cells produce cholesterol would not increase the concentration of LDL cholesterol in the blood.

LDL cholesterol is produced by the liver, so a decrease in cholesterol production by non-liver cells would not affect LDL cholesterol levels. Instead, it may lead to a decrease in the overall cholesterol levels in the blood.

You can learn more about LDL cholesterol at

https://brainly.com/question/841110

#SPJ11

Yes.The viable cell count ever be higher than the total cell count.

A bacteriostatic agent will stop the growth of bacteria, but will not kill them, so the total cell count will stay the same while the viable cell count decreases.

A bactericidal agent will kill bacteria, and so the total cell count and viable cell count will both decrease. A bacteriolytic agent will break apart bacteria, so the total cell count and viable cell count will both decrease. The viable cell count can never be higher than the total cell count as it represents the number of cells that can still reproduce.

Therefore, the total cell count will always be equal to or greater than the viable cell count.

For such more question on bacteriostatic:

https://brainly.com/question/14362978

#SPJ11

Sarcomeres are the basic functional unit of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. They are made up of actin and myosin filaments, which are responsible for the sliding filament mechanism that enables muscle contraction.

Actin filaments are thin, and they are anchored at the Z line of the sarcomere. Myosin filaments are thicker, and they are located in the center of the sarcomere, overlapping with the actin filaments. During muscle contraction, the myosin filaments use their cross-bridges to attach to the actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere. This shortens the sarcomere and causes the muscle to contract.

The energy source for muscle contraction is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is used to power the cross-bridge movement of the myosin filaments and the detachment of the myosin from the actin. Without ATP, the myosin would remain attached to the actin and the muscle would be unable to relax.

You can learn more about sarcomeres at

https://brainly.com/question/6908670

#SPJ11

No, my view of what constitutes an individual entity has not changed with knowing that there are just as many, if not more, microbial cells inhabiting that individual than the individual’s own cells.

An individual entity can be defined as a distinct, unique, and distinguishable physical entity, either animate or inanimate. This definition does not change when considering the presence of microbial cells. The individual entity is still distinct, unique, and distinguishable regardless of the presence of these microbial cells.

The individual entity is also still responsible for its own self-governance and self-regulation, which is unaffected by the presence of these microbial cells. Additionally, the individual entity still exhibits its own physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, which are independent of the microbial cells present.

Although these microbial cells may play a role in the individual entity’s self-regulation and physiological processes, the presence of the microbial cells does not alter the individual’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Therefore, the presence of the microbial cells does not alter the definition of an individual entity.

To know more about microbial cells, refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/14598841#
#SPJ11

One thing that plant cells have that animal cells don't is

chloroplast the most important of

which is the chlorophyll .Chlorophyll is stored in membranous sacks called quantasomes which are stacked into grana.

The chloroplast are the membrane bound organelles found only in the cells of plants which are made of up the green pigments called the chlorophyll which are used for trapping heat energy from sunlight.

These green pigments are being stored in a membranous sacks within the chloroplast called the quantasomes.

Learn more about cells here:

https://brainly.com/question/26122239

#SPJ1

Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, and flatworms respire through diffusion. They do not have a specialized respiratory system, and therefore rely on the diffusion of gases across their body surface in order to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Earthworms, insects, aquatic arthropods, and molluscs have a slightly more specialized respiratory system. Earthworms and some molluscs have a skin that is permeable to gases, allowing for gas exchange to occur. Insects and most aquatic arthropods have a tracheal system, which is a system of tubes that allows for the transport of gases throughout their bodies.

Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have a more specialized respiratory system, consisting of lungs. Lungs are specialized organs that allow for the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment. Fishes and some amphibians have gills, which are specialized structures that allow for gas exchange in water. Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have lungs, which are specialized structures that allow for gas exchange in air.

For more such questions on invertebrates

https://brainly.com/question/19672046

#SPJ11