The probability of both traits appearing in the same offspring is (3/4) x (3/4) = 9/16 and the probability of both traits appearing in the same offspring is (1/4) x (1/4) = 1/16.
What are traits?Traits are defined as specific characteristics or attributes of an individual.
1. To calculate the expected values, we need to multiply the total number of progeny by the probabilities of each phenotype. The expected values are:
315 Round, Yellow Seed = (556) x (9/16) = 311.5
108 Round, Green Seed = (556) x (3/16) = 104.5
101 Wrinkles, Yellow Seed = (556) x (3/16) = 104.5
32 Wrinkled, Green Seed = (556) x (1/16) = 34.5
2. Chi-Square Analysis:
The chi-square test is used to determine whether the observed data fits the expected data. The formula for the chi-square test is:
χ² = Σ [(O-E)²/E]
Where:
χ² = chi-square value
O = observed frequency
E = expected frequency
We can calculate the chi-square value for this data as follows:
χ² = [(315-311.5)2/311.5] + [(108-104.5)2/104.5] + [(101-104.5)2/104.5] + [(32-34.5)2/34.5]
χ² = 1.01 + 1.69 + 0.84 + 0.39
χ² = 3.93
3. Degrees of freedom (df) = (number of phenotypes - 1) = 3
Using the chi-square distribution table with 3 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.05, the critical value is 7.815. Since our calculated chi-square value (3.93) is less than the critical value (7.815), we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
4. Null Hypothesis:
The null hypothesis is that the observed data fits the expected data, meaning that the traits are independently assorted.
5. Properties of DNA that are the same between strawberries and any other living organism:
DNA is composed of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.DNA is organized into double helix structures.DNA is responsible for carrying genetic information.6. Properties of DNA that are different between strawberries and any other living organism:
The sequence of the nitrogenous bases is unique to each organism.The amount of DNA in each organism can vary widely.The number of chromosomes can vary widely between organisms.7. Calculating the number of times DNA must condense itself during mitosis:
If the chromosome is 2 μm long and contains about 1.5 cm of supercoiled DNA, then the DNA must condense itself by a factor of 1.5 cm / 2 μm = 7500 times during mitosis.
8. Calculating the length of DNA in the uncondensed form:
If the chromosome is 2 μm long and contains 1.5 cm of DNA, then the length of DNA in the uncondensed form is 1.5 cm / 2 μm = 750,000 μm or 750.
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If a plasma sample of a patient is contaminated by metal ion chelating agent EDTA, what will be happening during coagulation test?
Answer:
it will be an equal and opposite reaction
What is the Description of Entry or Exit Method for sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water?
Answer:
The entry and exit method refers to the pathway that allows substances to enter and exit a living organism or cell. Here are the pathways for sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water:
Sunlight: Sunlight enters plants through the leaves by a process called photosynthesis. Chlorophyll pigments in the leaves absorb the sunlight, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen.Oxygen: Oxygen enters the body through the respiratory system. When we inhale, oxygen is taken in through the nose or mouth and travels down the trachea and bronchial tubes to reach the lungs, where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood.Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide exits the body through the respiratory system. When we exhale, carbon dioxide is released from the lungs and expelled through the nose or mouth.Water: Water enters the body through drinking or eating foods that contain water. It is then absorbed by the digestive system and transported throughout the body via the circulatory system. Water exits the body through urine, sweat, and breathing.HELP ME PLEASE!!!! Draw diagram the transmission of information in the human body during a reflex response to a harmful stimulus such as touching a hot dish. Label your diagram to identify structures carrying the information, the direction of impulse, and the starting and ending structures involved in the pathway.
A reflex arc is a pathway where nerve impulse is being carried and the response is generated and shown as a response through the effector organ.
What is Reflex arc?The reflex arc is a special type of neural circuit which begins with a sensory neuron at a receptor such as, a pain receptor and ends with a motor neuron at an effector such as, a skeletal muscle.
The reflex arc describes the pathway in which the nerve impulse is being carried and the response is generated and is shown by the effector organ.
The reflex arc typically consists of five major components, which are:
1. The receptor is present in the receptor organ in the body.
2. The sensory neuron conducts the nerve impulses which are present towards the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord.
3. The information is transferred from one neuron to other neuron.
4. A motor neuron conducts the response through the nerve from the central nervous system to the effector organ.
5. The effector organ shows the response by the contraction or secretion of a product.
The instant movement is performed by the individual in response to the stimulus is called as a reflex action.
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How has the use of fossil fuels negatively affected earth
Answer: When fossil fuels are burned, gases like carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere that add up over time and trap heat. This is why they’re called “greenhouse” gases.
Explanation:
. HELLPP PLEASEEE URGENT!!
Imagine you are on a team designing a self-contained and self-sustaining moon
base. The base will initially be supplied with materials, equipment and organisms
from Earth, but is then expected to function indefinitely. Is it a good idea to irradiate
everything before it arrives to make sure that no bacteria are present? What would
some of the likely consequences of this action be?
Removing bacteria would result in a buildup off toxic ways and dead organisms, both of which bacteria decomposed shutdown of all chemical cycling and consequent that off all organisms.
What are the benefits of bacteria for the environment?Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
Bacteria help many animals to digest food, they help trees grow, and they are important in the recycling of nutrients in the environment. They are also used in biotechnology applications to produce everything from food to energy to clean water.
Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it.
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choose three stimulus response
A a bear conserves energy
B a skunk sprays
C a puffer fish expands
D a goose flies south
thank you if you helped!
Answer: B, C, D
Explanation: A -a bear conserves energy that doesn't matter cause we know most animals conserve energy/ , a skunk sprays, a puffer fish expands goose flies south these are all true cause we know all this happens. :)
PLEASE HELP EXPERTS
We organize messages by
A. Deciding what to pay attention to
B. Paying attention
C. Comparing them with information we have from past experiences
D. Focusing on specific stimuli and ignoring others
Deciding what to pay attention to we can organise messages. Therefore option (A) is correct.
Why organising messages is important?Organizing messages is important because it helps individuals process and understand information more effectively. When we organize messages, we are essentially categorizing and grouping them in a way that makes sense to us. This allows us to focus our attention on the most important information, filter out irrelevant or unimportant details, and better retain and recall the information later on.
By comparing new information with our past experiences, we can also better understand the context and meaning of the messages. Overall, organizing messages helps us make sense of the world around us, communicate more effectively, and make more informed decisions based on the information presented to us.
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Galactosemia s a recessive human disease that is treatable by restricting lactose and glucose in the diet, Susan Smithers and her husband are both heterozygous for the galactosemia gene; a.
Susan is pregnant with twins. If she has fraternal (nonidentical) twins, what is the probability both of the twins will be girls who have galactosemia?
b.
If the twins are identical, what is the probability that both will be girls and have galactosemia?
For parts c-g, assume that none of the children is a twin.
L c. If Susan and her husband have four children, what is the probability that none of the four will have galactosemia?
d. If the couple has four children, what is the probability that at least one child will have galactosemia?
If the couple has four children, what is the probability that the first two will have galactosemia and the second two will not?
f.
If the couple has three children, what is the probability that two of the children will have galac-tosemia and one will not, regardless of order?
g.
If the couple has four childrên with galactosemia, what is the probability that their next child will have galactosemia?
There is a 1/16 (6.25%) chance that both twin girls will develop galactosemia.
What is galactosemia?Galactose, an simple sugar present in dairy products like milk, cannot be metabolized by the body due to galactosemia, a genetic condition. People with galactosemia are unable to break down the sugar galactose, which can lead to buildup of galactose in the body. This can lead to serious health problems including liver damage, kidney failure, and cataracts. Symptoms of galactosemia may include vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, and lethargy. If left untreated, galactosemia can cause irreversible damage to the brain and other organs.
The probability that both of the twins will be girls who have galactosemia is 1/4 (25%).
The probability that none of the four children will have galactosemia is (1/4)^4, which is 0.0625 (6.25%).
The probability that at least one child will have galactosemia is 1 - (1/4)^4 = 0.9375 (93.75%).
The probability that the first two will have galactosemia and the second two will not is (1/4)^2 x (3/4)^2 = 0.140625 (14.0625%).
The probability that two of the children will have galactosemia and one will not, regardless of order, is 3 x (1/4)^2 x (3/4) = 0.140625 (14.0625%).
The probability that their next child will have galactosemia is 1/4 (25%).
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Value: 3
Water exists in the atmosphere in the form of
O a. ice
O b. vapor
O c. water
O d. snowflakes
1/4
that eventually condense into clouds
what is the answer of this one?
The property of water most likely caused the weathering in picture is hydrogen bonds in the water grew outward and moves the rock apart.
What are the properties of water?Water (H 2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue.
Three specific properties of water include adhesion, cohesion and surface tension. Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to other substances, such as glass.
The four unique properties of water that make it unique are high specific heat, high polarity, adhesion cohesion, and a lower density as a solid. Water having a high specific heat allows it to absorb heat energy without a subsequent change in temperature.
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If a family currently eats 3 pounds of beef and 7 pounds of chicken per week, how much water would they save by switching to 2 pounds of beef and 8 pounds of chicken per week?
The family would have saved a total of 4,426 gallons of water.
Dimensional analysisInitially:
3 pounds of beef = 1851 x 3 = 5553 gallons of water
7 pounds of chicken = 519 x 7 = 3633 gallons of water
Total gallons of water = 5533 + 3633 = 9,166 gallons
After cutting down:
2 pounds of beed = 1851 x 2 = 3702 gallons of water
8 pounds of chicken = 519 x 8 = 1038 gallons of water
Total gallons of water = 3702 + 1038 = 4,740 gallons
Difference = 9,166 - 4,740 = 4,426 gallons
In other words, a total of 4,426 gallons of water would have been saved if the family cuts down from 3 pounds of beef and 7 pounds of chicken to 2 pounds of beef and 8 pounds of chicken.
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2
Which of the following best describes the graph above?
A.
relation only
B.
both a relation and a function
C.
function only
D.
neither a relation nor a function
A relation between two sets is a group of ordered pairs that each include one item from both sets. If item x comes from the first set and item y comes from the second set
How can you recognize ordered pairs?One point's coordinates from the coordinate system are included in an ordered pair. A point's ordered pair of the form of is used to identify it (x, y). The x-coordinate of the first number is the same as the y-coordinate of the second.
What indicators exist that an ordered pair is a one to one?Applying the horizontal line test to the function's graph is a simple technique to see if it is a one-to-one function. To do this, doodle horizontal lines.
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How did growing wheat and grazing cattle contribute to the Dust Bowl?
Answer:
How did growing wheat and grazing cattle contribute to the Dust Bowl? Both contributed to erosion by removing the grasses that had conserved the soil and by breaking down the soil structure.
Answer:
Growing wheat and grazing cattle are two of the main farming activities that contributed to the Dust Bowl. The soil in the Great Plains had been over-farmed and over-grazed, leaving it vulnerable to strong winds that picked up the topsoil and caused massive dust storms. Wheat and cattle farming significantly depleted the grasses that used to grow naturally in the area, leaving the soil unprotected and vulnerable to erosion. The depletion of natural grasses was a key factor in the Dust Bowl, and the over-farming of wheat and cattle grazing contributed significantly to this environmental disaster
Explanation:
Lesson 3:3 activity 4 model a lunar eclipse by showing how the moon is illuminated . Top view and view from earth
The model of a lunar eclipse showing how the moon is illuminated is found in the attachment.
What is a lunar eclipse?A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, causing the Earth's shadow to fall on the Moon. Lunar eclipses can only occur during a full moon when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are in a straight line.
During a lunar eclipse, the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, which has two distinct parts: the penumbra (outer shadow) and the umbra (inner shadow). When the Moon moves into the penumbra, it appears slightly dimmer, but the change is not very noticeable. When the Moon moves into the umbra, it appears to turn red, orange, or brownish-red.
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What causes a populations’ gene pool to change?
There are several factors that can cause a population's gene pool to change over time Mutation, Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow.
What are the factors for the gene pool ?Mutation: Random changes in DNA can create new alleles, or variants of genes, that may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral to the organism.
Natural Selection: Differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain traits in a particular environment can lead to changes in the frequency of those traits in the population over time. This can result in adaptations that increase the fitness, or reproductive success, of individuals with those traits.
Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in the frequency of alleles can occur in small populations due to chance events such as deaths or migrations, leading to changes in the gene pool.
Gene Flow: Movement of individuals or their genes between populations can introduce new alleles or change the frequency of existing ones.
Non-random mating: When individuals choose their mates based on certain traits, or when mating is constrained by geographical or social factors, it can lead to changes in the frequency of certain alleles in the population.
These factors can act independently or in combination to alter the genetic makeup of a population over time, leading to evolution.
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SOMEONE PLEASE HELP!!!! Draw a diagram a neuron in the midst of conducting a nerve impulse. Your diagram should show changes in ion movement, and changes in internal and external net charge (+ or -) as the impulse is propagated.
During a nerve impulse, neuron undergoes changes in ion movement across its cell membrane.
What is nerve impulse?Sudden reversal of the electrical charge across membrane of resting neuron is called nerve impulse.
Initially, neuron has a resting membrane potential of approximately -70 millivolts (mV) with more negatively charged ions inside the neuron compared to outside. When stimulus is received, ion channels open in response, allowing for influx of positively charged sodium ions into neuron. This influx of Na+ ions depolarizes membrane potential, causing internal net charge to become more positive.
Once the membrane potential reaches certain threshold , voltage-gated ion channels open, causing larger influx of Na+ ions into neuron. This creates an action potential, rapid and transient change in membrane potential where internal net charge becomes more positive and external net charge becomes more negative.
As action potential moves down the axon of neuron, voltage-gated ion channels continue to open and close, causing wave of depolarization followed by repolarization. During repolarization phase, voltage-gated ion channels for K+ open, allowing efflux of K+ ions out of the neuron.
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In a rain forest in Indonesia, the bornean orangutans, the saltwater crocodile, and the rivers make up which of the following? Population part of a community or part of an ecosystem
This is an example of an ecosystem, in which all of these species interact with each other and their environment in order to survive.
What is ecosystem?An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. It can be as small as a puddle or as large as the entire planet. Ecosystems are dynamic, constantly changing and adapting to the forces of nature. They include both living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and soil. All of the components of an ecosystem are connected, and changes to one element can affect the entire system.
The rain forest provides a habitat for these species, and the rivers act as a source of food and water for them. The interaction between these species and the environment is what makes an ecosystem so unique and important. In addition, the abundance of biodiversity found in this ecosystem helps to maintain balance in the entire region. All of these species rely on each other in order to thrive, making this a true example of an ecosystem.
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Why does the world need to grow more food? Why do the methods need to be sustainable.
Answer:
They need to grow more food to provide for the growing population. The methods need to be sustainable because if it isn't you won't be able to produce more food
Explanation:
Answer: Sustainable food production is important because of the increasing threats from climate change, environmental degradation caused by food production, and rising food insecurity.
HELP PLEASE
Brady has a group he works with at work. He feels they all work well together, they feel connected and
committed to completing tasks. This is an example of:
A. Rules
B. Norms
C. Roles
D. Cohesiveness
E. Motivation
Project: Global Temperature Change please help me
In the project, we must mention that global temperature change is one of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world today. It is the result of human activities and has numerous impacts on the planet and its inhabitants.
What does Changes in Global Temperature mean?Global temperature change refers to the long-term increase or decrease in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Since the Industrial Revolution in the mid-19th century, the Earth's average surface temperature has increased by approximately 1°C, primarily due to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, which have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
This increase in temperature has led to numerous impacts, including sea-level rise, more frequent and intense heatwaves, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent and intense extreme weather events such as hurricanes and floods. These impacts have significant consequences for human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and the economy.
In conclusion, it is essential that we take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change to ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.
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Which of the following is true about natural selection?
A. Natural selection is the only cause of changes in a species.
B. Natural selection usually causes a species to change suddenly.
C. Natural selection does not cause a species to change.
D. Natural selection usually causes a species to change gradually.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
only the individuals with certain genetic markers and therefore abilities to survive a given threat, can reproduce. which has a changing effect for the species within only very few generations. which is on the timescale of evolution a sudden change.
but it depends on the nature of the threat.
if the threat itself develops slowly, then natural selection will also cause a slow change.
if the threat appears suddenly in full force, so will the change by natural selection.
immunization by vaccination turns the threat into slow mode, as it continues to being a threat by mutations.
What part is indicated by "A" and "B" in the image attached?
The part indicated by "A" and "B" in the image attached are:
A is the epicondyleB is the fossaeWhat are the epicondyle and fossae?Epicondyles and fossae are anatomical terms that describe bony features of the human skeleton, specifically in the upper limbs.
Epicondyles are bony projections located on the distal end of the humerus bone, which is the bone in the upper arm. There are two epicondyles on the humerus, called the medial epicondyle and the lateral epicondyle. These projections serve as attachment points for various muscles and ligaments that are involved in movement of the forearm and hand.
Fossae, on the other hand, are shallow depressions or grooves in bone. In the context of the upper limb, there are several fossae in the humerus bone that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments. For example, the coronoid fossa is a depression in the anterior surface of the distal end of the humerus that accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna bone in the forearm.
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Natural selection relies on which two factors to occur?
-individual organisms in a population are genetically identical
-differences between in individual organisms in a population
-inheritance of existing genetic traits
-learned traits are passed from parents to offspring
-individual organisms can change their genetic traits to better suit their environment
A trait must have heritable variation in order for natural selection to occur, and the ownership of the trait must be associated with differential survival and reproduction.
Provide a case study of natural selection:Origin of giraffes' long necks is a classic example of natural selection at action. Animals resembling deer or antelope with necks of average length were the progenitors of current giraffes.
What causes the process of natural selection?Natural selection happens when people with a certain genotype have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than those with a different genotype, and as a result, are more likely to pass on their alleles to the following generation.
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Match the letter of each lens or mirror shown in Figure 19-1 with the correct description below. Answers may be used more than once.
A. Convex mirror: This type of mirror is curved outward like a dome and produces an upright, magnified image.
What is Convex mirror?A Convex mirror is a curved mirror which has a reflecting surface that bulges outward, away from the viewer. It is also known as a diverging mirror, as it causes light rays to diverge away from the mirror's surface. Convex mirrors are often used in security, to help see around corners, as well as in vehicles, to provide a wider field of view. The image formed by a convex mirror is always smaller and upright compared to the object it is reflecting, making it useful for applications such as rear-view mirrors.
B. Concave lens: This type of lens is curved inward like a bowl and is used to focus light.
C. Plane mirror: This type of mirror is flat and produces an upright, reversed image.
D. Convex lens: This type of lens is curved outward like a dome and is used to spread out light.
E. Concave mirror: This type of mirror is curved inward like a bowl and produces an upright, magnified image.
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Complete Question:
Match the letter of each lens or mirror shown in Figure 19-1 with the correct description below.Answers may be used more than once.1.__A__convex mirror2.__D__convex lens3.__B__concave lens4.__C__plane mirror5.__E__concave mirror6.___C_produces an upright, reversed image
Describe the function of the lungs.
Answer:
The Lungs are the most important organs that are required to survive:Explanation:
The main function of the lungs is to transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs and carbon dioxide from the body to the atmosphere.It has five lobes that help the inner and outer walls of the lungs to slide over while breathing. The Lungs engage in filtering small blood clots and air bubbles.It can act as a shock absorber for a heart in instances of mild collision.The mucus that covers respiratory passages helps in trapping bacteria and dust particles.The Lungs also act as blood reservoirs which may vary from 500 ml to 1000 ml.The Airflow through the lungs enables speech. The lungs also perform the function of release of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This is the process of gaseous exchange.━━━━━━know more: The lungs are the most important organs that are required to survive. As every cell that is present in the body requires oxygen and to gather oxygen that is present in the atmosphere is done by a process called breathing.The function of the lungs in the respiratory system is to carry oxygen from the atmosphere to the blood vessels and to release the carbon dioxide from the blood vessels into the atmosphere in a process of gas exchange.━━━━━━━The lungs are essential organs responsible for respiration, the process of exchanging gases between the body and the environment. Their primary function is to inhale oxygen from the air and exhale carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of metabolism.
The lungs are composed of a network of small air sacs called alveoli that are surrounded by blood vessels. When air is inhaled through the nose or mouth, it travels through the trachea, or windpipe, and into the lungs. The air then enters the bronchial tubes, which branch out into smaller and smaller tubes until they reach the alveoli.
In the alveoli, oxygen from the air diffuses into the bloodstream and is carried to the body's cells, where it is used to produce energy. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the cells diffuses into the blood and is transported back to the lungs, where it is exhaled out of the body during exhalation.
The lungs also play a vital role in regulating the body's acid-base balance by controlling the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise, the lungs increase the rate and depth of breathing to remove excess carbon dioxide from the body.
Overall, the lungs play a crucial role in the body's respiratory system, which is essential for maintaining the body's overall health and well-being.
How is genetic variation passed down in asexual reproduction
How do beaches affect other
marine ecosystems?
Answer:
Beaches affect other marine ecosystems by: Reducing sedimentation caused by coastal erosion; Acting as a filter the processes compounds entering the sea. Factors that limit the productivity of estuary ecosystems include: The need to survive osmotic stress; The depletion of the oxygen in the sediments.
When a cell divides by mitosis & cytokinesis ________
A. each daughter cell receives the same amount of genetic information that was in the parent cell, but it has been altered.
B. genetic information is randomly parceled out to the daughter cells.
C. each daughter cell receives a nearly perfect copy of the parent cell's genetic information.
D. None of these are true
E. each daughter cell receives exactly half the genetic information in the parent cell.
Answer:
C. each daughter cell receives a nearly perfect copy of the parent cell's genetic information.
Explanation:
During mitosis, the genetic material (DNA) is replicated and then divided equally between the two daughter cells, ensuring that each cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then physically separates the two cells. While some random mutations can occur during DNA replication, the overall amount and content of genetic information in each daughter cell is almost identical to the parent cell. Option A is incorrect because it suggests that the genetic information is altered, which is not necessarily true. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that the division of genetic material is random, which is not the case during mitosis. Option D and E are also incorrect.
Answer:
D. None of these are true
Explanation:
Mitosis and subsequent cytokinesis yields 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information to each other and the parent cell.
SCIENCE PLEASE HELPP FASST PLEASE PLEASE
Answer: Im pretty sure the answer is B because fish dont need oxygen and there is no oxygen tank
Hope this helps!
why anaerobic respiration is to have evolved earlier than aerobic respiration?
Answer:
Life is believed to have started in water, consequently translating to problems bordering around the amount of dissolved gases (especially Oxygen) available. This would in turn influence how organisms find means of survival, one of which is being able to respire in the absence of oxygen. You would also observe that evolution sets in, organisms start adapting to life on land, the need to develop features to allow more atmospheric oxygen sets in.