Answer:
Compounds needed for electron Transport chain are;
NADH
FADH2
NAD+
FAD
O2
H2o
Compounds that are produced are
ADP
ATP
Explanation:
Electron transport chain is a biological process that produced ATP in the body cells which entails building proton motive force that produce ATP.
The main electron transport chain electron donors are succinate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH).
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) fuse with a proton to form NADH at the mitochondrial matrix.
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) plays a similar role as an electron donor.
Molecules such as pyruvate and succinate release energy when they are burned in the oxygen. This oxygen is later reduced to water.
The precursors of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are transported nto the mitochondrial matrix which later bond to form ATP.
Compounds required for the electron transport chain are NADH, oxygen, and FADH2. Compounds produced by the electron transport chain are ATP, water, [tex]NAD^+[/tex], and ADP.
NADH, oxygen, and FADH2 are substances needed for the electron transport chain (ETC). High-energy electrons are provided to the ETC by the electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
Then, a sequence of protein complexes enmeshed in the inner mitochondrial membrane transfer these electrons. Oxygen serves as the last electron acceptor, resulting in the formation of water.
A proton gradient is produced by the pumping of protons ([tex]H^+[/tex]) across the membrane as the electrons pass through the ETC and release energy in the process.
The ATP synthase enzyme is propelled by this gradient to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Thus, the ETC creates the molecules ATP, water, NAD+, and ADP, all of which are crucial for cellular energy production and preserving the electron balance during cellular respiration.
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Label parts A and B in this picture of saprophytes (fungi)
Answer: A- Sporangium
B- Rhizoids
Explanation:
whats 20x20? thank you
Answer:
400 yayyyyyy
Explanation:
yvhjghkkkkhhh
Answer:400
Explanation:
20
x20
_____
00
+400
--------
400
Which of the following is the largest known gravitationally bound structure in the universe?
Which of the following is the largest known gravitationally bound structure in the universe?
Galaxy
Cluster
Solar system
Local Group
Answer:
Cluster
Explanation:
A cluster is the largest gravitationally bound object in the universe.
Answer:
Cluster
Explanation:
A cluster is the largest gravitationally bound object in the universe.
Why were the advent of metagenomics, and the application of molecular techniques such as single-cell and next-generation sequencing, important for defining a microbial relationship
Answer:
Based on novel approaches, it has been seen that symbiotic associations prevails between a host and one to thousands of more microbes, which challenges the previous meaning of symbiotic association as one that takes place between the host and a single microbe. It was considered previously that symbiotic association’s takes place only between the pair of single microbe and host.
However, newer approaches has revealed that such kind of association can take place between one microbe and many other hosts. A symbiotic association can take place between microbe-microbe, plants-plants, microbe-plants, and others. However, symbiotic association has never been found to take place between a bacteria and animal host. The symbiotic associations are always not parasitic.
FIGURE 20.15 Brain structure
The brain is structured in 3 parts: rombencephalon, midbrain and forebrain.
The robencephalon is a little evolved structure and therefore has a very simple and low complexity organization. It is divided into three parts: the medulla oblongata, the annular protuberance and the cerebellum. The robencephalon is responsible for functions that are basic and essential for our organism, in addition, that part of the brain is responsible for our movement. Despite being responsible for basic functions, injuries in any part of the brain can cause serious problems to the body.
The midbrain is responsible for conducting the motor and sensory impulses essential for the full functioning of our body. Its functioning is very important for the full functioning of the organism, without the midbrain, or with the impaired midbrain, the body may present abnormal and strange movements such as inflexibility, spasms and tremors,
The forebrain is the most evolved, developed and complex structure of the brain. It consists of the diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum. Due to its complexity, it is responsible for the most complex functions of the organism, being highly efficient and causing serious damage if it does not work properly.
Name the components that gets digested in stomach and pancreas.
Explanation:
example protein can be digested both in stomach and pancreas
Assume that the following genes are mutated and completely lose their functions.What happens to the blood glucose levels after the affected individuals eat a glucose rich meal? Please explain.
a) The glycogen phosphorylase kinase gene
b) The glycogen synthase kinase 3 gene
Answer:
One of the essential post-translational regulatory mechanisms, which can influence the stability, activity, or localization of a protein is phosphorylation.
a) The phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase takes place by phosphorylase kinase. After phosphorylation, the glycogen phosphorylase gets stimulated and mediates the process of glycogenolysis. In case, if a mutation occurs in the phosphorylase kinase gene, the activation of glycogen phosphorylase cannot take place, and as consequence glycogenolysis will fail to take place.
b) The phosphorylation of glycogen synthase takes place by protein kinase A, also known as glycogen synthase kinase 3. After phosphorylation, the glycogen synthase becomes inactive and thus fails to mediate the process of glycogen biosynthesis. In case, if a mutation takes place in the protein kinase gene, the glycogen synthase enzyme will remain active all the time, and as a consequence, the process of glycogen biosynthesis takes place spontaneously.
How does a catalyst influence a chemical reaction?
Answer: A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction, without being consumed by the reaction. It increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy for a reaction. ... Remember that with a catalyst, the average kinetic energy of the molecules remains the same but the required energy decreases
Explanation:
Emily and Zach are two students working in the lab to improve the stability and activity of the newly discovered transport protein BCM1 in eukaryotic cells. While introducing mutations into the protein sequence that were predicted to improve the stability and activity of BCM1 Zach convinced Emily to mutate some of the amino acids in the N-terminal signal peptide region of the protein sequence. Subsequently, they expressed this mutated BCM1 protein in eukaryotic cells and observed very little transport across the membrane via the mutate BCM1 transporter in comparison to the levels of transport that was observed via the unmutated BCM1 transporter. Upon further analysis Emily determined that the reduction in transport across the mutated BCM1 transporter was due to mutations made in the signal peptide region of the BCM1 sequence. Explain to Zach the importance of this signal peptide region and disrupting it would lead to reductions in the BCM1 transporter activity.
Answer:
A mutation in the N-terminal region may alter protein stability
Explanation:
Transport proteins are proteins capable of transporting substances through biological membranes. These proteins are located within cellular membranes where they form channels that allow the movement of substances between the internal and external sides of the membrane. The N-terminus is the first region in the protein that emerges from the ribosome during its synthesis. This region is usually composed of signal peptides consisting of about 30 amino acids required for protein delivery. Moreover, the N-terminal region is also important because it dictates protein degradation by peptidases. Consequently, mutations in the N-terminal region of transport proteins can alter the properties of these proteins, i.e., either by modifying protein stability or by altering protein signaling.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of:______.
A. Polysaccharides.
B. Proteins.
C. DNA.
D. Lipids.
E. Lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA.
Answer:
E. Lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA.
Explanation:
Hope it helps.
In the wild, various sperm and egg cells must navigate a complex environment to complete fertilization. There are mechanisms in place at the molecular level to guard against interspecies fertilization, even between very closely related species. Some of these mechanisms involve lock and key functions of interacting proteins. These molecules most likely regulate which type of reproductive isolation mechanism? Please explain.
Answer:
pre-zygotic reproductive isolation
Explanation:
The molecules regulate the pre-zygotic reproductive isolation mechanism.
Reproductive isolation generally refers to the variety of biological processes that sustain the formation of new species of biological organisms.
Some of these processes act to prevent fertilization or the formation of zygotes between organisms that are not of the same species (pre-zygotic mechanisms) while others ensure that the product of fertilization is invalid in case the former fails (post-zygotic mechanisms).
Some pre-zygotic mechanisms ensure that there exists no form of mating among organisms that are not of the same species due to incompatible reproductive organs, but where this fails, another pre-zygotic mechanism will act so that that the mating will not lead to fertilization and there will not be formation of zygotes.
The prevention of fertilization between organisms with compatible reproductive organs but of different species is carried out by molecules. These molecules ensure that there are locks and keys in place to prevent the fertilization of the egg by the sperm.
What can happen to freshwater animals if they do not have mechanisms that remove water?why does this happen??
Answer:
Freshwater animals have lower water and higher salt concentrations than the environment in their cells. This means water constantly tries to diffuse into the animals, which can bloat them. They have special cell processes that remove extra water.
Explanation: Penn Foster
A karyotype shows that a child has Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY). If the child is also color-blind (due to a recessive X-linked allele), despite his parents having normal color vision, in which parent and stage of meiosis did nondisjunction occur?
Answer:
It occurred in the mother and in meiosis II stage
Explanation:
A karyotype shows that a child has Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) which involves a male child having an XXY chromosome in which the XX chromosome codes from the mother.
If the child is also color-blind (due to a recessive X-linked allele), despite his parents having normal color vision then the nondisjunction occurred in meiosis II because sister chromatids separate during meiosis II and the non separation is the reason for the Klinefelter syndrome.
Two students performed the same experiment, testing how far iodine will diffuse through starchy tissue, such as potatoes. They cut 5 potato squares each, all of equal sizes, and placed them into small cups with iodine solution for 15 minutes. Then they measured how far from the edge of the potato the iodine diffused into the potatoes, in millimeters
Distance Diffused (mm)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Student 1 3.25 3.17 3.26 3.64 3.44
Student 2 3.14 3.43 3.22 3.37 3.28
What is the range of student 1's results?
A. 3.35
B. 0.29
C.0.47
D. 3.29
Answer:
0.19
Explanation:
3.44-3.25 = 0.19
Is B supposted to be 0.29 or 0.19?
The the range of student 1's results is 0.47. The correct option is C.
What is testing?An experiment is a test in which a system's component is changed to examine how the result is affected.
In order to determine the exact source of the experimental outcomes, tests should ideally involve manipulating as many additional variables as possible.
The process of scientific testing is determining what we would expect to see if a theory were true and contrasting it with what we actually see.
Through testing and experimentation, the scientific method establishes facts in an unbiased manner.
Making an observation, formulating a hypothesis, making a prediction, carrying out an experiment, and then evaluating the findings are the fundamental steps.
The range of student 1’s result is equal to = 3.64 - 3.17 = = 0.47
Thus, the correct option is C.
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What substance are the bacteria (microorganisms) breaking down in the digestive system of cattle? Describe the digestion of this substance.
Answer:
The Bacteria or microorganisms are present in the rumen of cattle that aid in the digestion of cellulose and grains in the digestive system of cattle.
The process of digestion of cellulose by bacteria in cattle is anaerobic digestion and includes two steps – the production of the required enzymes and the fermentation.
In the fisrt step of production of enzyme, the microbes or bacteria are found in the first chamber of the stomach. These bacterias or microbes releases several enzymes that helps in splitting the cellulose into smaller carbs such as glucose.
These smaller carbs are the move to thrd chamber of the stomach and fermented. the required nutrients are absorbed. The digested food then finally reached at fourth chamber (acidic part), where the remained food is digested and passes to the small and large intestines.
If a splinter of wood were to enter the skin and introduce microorganisms to that site, what specific early and late events of inflammation would respond to that newly infected tissue
Answer:
If a splinter of wood enters the skin and introduces microorganisms to the site the body would first release chemical mediators like histamine then cause vasoconstriction. Platelets work to make a blood clot then neutrophils come in and vacillation occurs. This causes redness, warmth, swelling and pain. Edema and pus formation occurs therefore the neutrophils work to rid the area of cell debris and pathogens. Later the lymphocytes and macrophages will finish the job of the neutrophils and scar tissue is formed to repair the damaged tissue.
Explanation:
Write the numbers in the correct order to sequence the food through the digestive tract. 1- Peristalsis begins in the esophagus. 2- Food is pushed into the throat with the tongue. 3- Epiglottis closes to allow food to pass to the esophagus. 4-Chyme mixes with digestive enzymes. 5- Esophageal sphincter allow food to pass to the stomach. 6- Food is mixed with digestive juices forming the chyme that moves to the small intestine. 7- Stool moves to the rectum then to the anus. 8- Digested nutrients move to the blood. 9- Water is absorbed and waste is transformed into the stool. 10- Waste product moves into the large intestine. )
Answer:
2: food is pushed into the throat with the tongue, 3 epiglottis closes to allow food to pass esophagus, 1 peristalsis begins, 5 esophageal sphincter allow food to pass, 6,4,10, 9,7,8
Explanation:
History has demonstrated that the techniques employed in this laboratory exercise often overestimate an individual's actual resting tidal volume. List some reasons why these laboratory techniques might produce abnormally high values for resting tidal volume.
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
One possible reason here could be the fact that since the person is being watched while doing this exercise, they might tend to breather deeper than they normally do. Secondly, it may also be because the person is trying to make up for the spit filter and flow meter by breathing harder/sharper than they normally would.
20. Geneticists creating the "glow in the dark" or fluorescent rabbit, inserted the GFP gene
from a jellyfish that makes it glow. The geneticist studied these rabbits to learn how....
(1 point)
A)to create a new energy source
B)to create interesting looking pets.
C) the florescent cells can help track the movement of cells.
D) to create light in a dark laboratory.
The correct answer is C) the fluorescent cells can help track the movement of cells.
Explanation:
In the last years, geneticists and scientists created animals that glow in the dark by inserting a Green Fluorescent Protein or GFP gene found in some species of jellyfish. This protein was used in animals such as rabbits, rats, and even chickens. One of the key reasons for this is that by inserting fluorescence scientists can better observe the development and movement of cells. This includes analyzing cells reproduction and growing in embryos of "glowing" animals or inserting the protein in specific cells or organs in an organism to observe how these change or move. Thus, the purpose of studying fluorescent rabbits is that "the fluorescent cells can help track the movement of cells".
Human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, have contributed to global
warming and the rise in sea levels. Both of these environmental changes are
threatening ecosystems and human communities worldwide. How could
scientists best cooperate to use scientific research to mitigate this problem?
A. They could look at trends in climate change to predict regions of
concern.
B. They could set regulations in their own countries to protect local
resources.
C. They could make personal choices that help reduce their carbon
footprints.
D. They could study climate change on other planets to predict its
effects on Earth.
Answer:
1 C when carbon footprint are reduced
It will reduce the rate of global warming
They could make personal choices that help reduce their carbon
footprints.
A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane that are generated by actions.What is carbon footprint?Carbon footprint, amount of carbon dioxide emissions associated with all the activities of a person or other entity like building. It includes- Direct emissions, such as those that result from fossil-fuel.
- Heating and transportation.
- Emissions required to produce the electricity.
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How are the current and resistance related when the voltage of a circuit is constant?
The current doubles when the resistance doubles because they are directly proportional.
The current doubles when the resistance doubles because they are inversely proportional.
The current is cut in half when the resistance doubles because they are directly proportional.
O The current is cut in half when the resistance doubles because they are inversely proportional.
Answer:
The current is cut in half when the resistance doubles because they are inversely proportional.
Explanation:
Ohm's law states that the electrical current (I) flowing in a circuit is proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R).
I = V/R
Similarly, increasing the resistance of the circuit will lower the current flow if the voltage is not changed.
HOPE IT HELPS.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
ions but you do not want to increase the volume of the blood by reabsorbing large amounts of water from the filtrate. Assuming the aldosterone and ADH are both present, how would you adjust the hormones to accomplish the task
Answer:
Aldosterone and ADH are part of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, this system is a system regulated by the kidney and lungs to be able to raise blood pressure.
Explanation:
This system is a retainer of liquids and water, to increase the blood volume of our body, in this way arterial hypotension is compensated.
Another mechanism with which blood volume can be increased is with the stimulation of thirst, and the need to ingest a liquid because of the dry mouth that our central nervous system perceives.
Both mechanisms prevent hypotension and dehydration.
The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen
a. True
b. False
Answer:
this is false
Explanation:
The pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon for homeostatic control of ______ levels in the blood. A. Glucose B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Lipids E. Amino Acid
They help control the A. Glucose levels in the blood
active transport occurs in cells for example when Na-k pump is at work.Any process that involves active transport most often involves the
Answer:
Any process that involves active transport most often involves the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis.
Explanation:
Active transport in cells is a form of transport which involves the transport of solute molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy provided from some chemical reaction occuring in the cell.
Active transport is an endergonic (energy-requiring) process and therefore, must proceed only when coupled to an exergonic (energy-releasing) process such as the breakdown of ATP, an oxidation reaction, absorption of sunlight, etc.
In many instances in cell, such as the Na/K pump, ATP hydrolysis is the the common exergonic reaction to which active transport is coupled to.
Which of the following formed in response to the cooling climate of the Archean? a. lava b. rocks c. fossil fuels d. oceans
Answer:
It is oceans I got it wrong on my test
Explanation:
The following is formed in response to the cooling climate of the Archean: rocks that are present in Option B, the Archean eon is a geological period where the earth's climate was cooling and the first continents were beginning to form.
What exactly is the Archean eon?During the Archean eon, the Earth's climate was gradually cooling due to a number of factors, such as a decrease in the amount of volcanic activity, which released greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and helped to maintain a warmer climate, a variety of rocks began to form during this archean eon, such as igneous rocks, which are formed from the solidification of molten rock, and metamorphic rocks, which are formed through the alteration of pre-existing rocks.
Hence, the following is formed in response to the cooling climate of the Archean: rocks that are present in option b.
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the fact that for a given species the amount of purnies in hte dna always matches the number of pyrimidines was first determined by
Answer:
It was given by Chargaff and it is know as chargaff's rule
What is one way to classify mud found in an ecosystem? organism population biotic factor abiotic factor
Answer:
abiotic factor
Explanation:
Mud, while hosting many multicellular and unicellular organisms, simply refers to the combination of water and dirt, neither of which are living.
Answer:
abiotic factor
Explanation:
Dichotomous keys ask open-ended questions about animal behavior. open-ended questions about easily observable characteristics. yes-or-no questions about animal behavior. yes-or-no questions about easily observable characteristics.
Answer:
The correct answer is
D. yes-or-no questions about easily observable characteristics.
Explanation:
just took the test from E D G E and got 100%
hope this helps :D
Yes-or-no questions about easily observable characteristics. So, the correct option is D.
What are Dichotomous keys?A dichotomous key is defined as a device designed by scientists to help its users identify a particular type of object and organism based on physical characteristics.
A dichotomous key is divided into two sections which usually contain specific questions with two options that are yes or no in each step. When a question is answered, the key directs the user to ask the next question until the user is able to correctly identify the name of the unknown organism.
Thus, Yes-or-no questions about easily observable characteristics. So, the correct option is D.
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Why would satellite imagery be more useful than a map in some instances?
Answer:
topography
Explanation:
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
took test