how dose natural selection led to increases and decreases of specific traints in population over times

The structures that increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells are A) microvilli.

The kidney nephrons contain the highly convoluted and coiled proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Most of the beneficial solutes and water in the filtrate that passes through the glomerulus are reabsorbable by the PCT.

Microvilli, which resemble little fingers and significantly increase a cell's surface area, are present on the PCT cells' surface. The solutes and water from the filtrate can be reabsorb more effectively thanks to the expanded surface area. The PCT cells also include a significant number of mitochondria, which provide the energy necessary for the active transport of solutes.

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A myelinated axon appears to have action potentials jump down it. We refer to this as saltatory conduction.

The process of action potentials moving more quickly from one Ranvier node to the next via myelinated axons is known as saltatory conduction in neuroscience (from the Latin saltus, meaning "leap, jump").

As they descend the axon, action potentials "jump" from one node to the next. The term saltatory conduction, which means "to leap," describes this. Traveling in an axon with myelin is slower than travelling along an axon through saltatory conduction.

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There are 12,000 varieties of mosses, which are non-vascular plants, in the Bryophyta phylum. Mosses lack xylem, unlike vascular plants, and primarily receive water and nutrition through their leaves.

Mosses are spore-producing, non-flowering plants that lack real roots but do have stalks and leaves. Mosses are categorised as Bryophyta (bryophytes) in the plant world, along with their relatives the liverworts and hornworts.
The most primordial seedless vascular plants are club mosses, followed by horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns, which underwent reductive evolution and shed their leaves and roots.
Small and lacking seeds, vascular plants are dominated by the gametophyte stage of their life cycle. They take up water and minerals on all of their exposed areas because they lack roots and a vascular system. The liverworts, hornworts, and mosses make up the three major categories, which are collectively referred to as bryophytes.
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The hormones that regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct are aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

The correct option is A and C.

A steroid hormone generated by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps to maintain the right balance between the water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body. An excess of aldosterone can lead to high blood pressure and an accumulation of fluid in body tissues.

Potential drawbacks. Very high blood pressure from primary hyperaldosteronism can harm a number of organs, such as the eyes, kidneys, heart, and brain. Long-term usage of medicines to prevent the effects of hyperaldosteronism may result in erection issues and gynecomastia (expanded breast tissue in males).

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The element present in protein that is used to form bridges that can link together the protein chains is sulfur. Option d.

Proteins are large molecules that are made up of long chains of amino acids linked together. Proteins are important biological macromolecules that help in a wide range of cellular functions. Proteins can be used for energy, cellular signaling, structural support, immune defense, and many other functions in the body.There are 20 different types of amino acids that are used to make proteins.

These amino acids are linked together in a specific sequence to form a polypeptide chain. Polypeptide chains can then fold into complex shapes, and multiple polypeptide chains can combine to form a functional protein. The shape of a protein is critical to its function, and the shape is determined by the sequence of amino acids and how the polypeptide chain folds.

One important aspect of protein structure is the presence of sulfur-containing amino acids. These amino acids, such as cysteine and methionine, have sulfur atoms in their side chains. The sulfur atoms in cysteine can form disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues, creating bridges that link different parts of the protein together. These disulfide bonds are strong and can help to stabilize the protein structure.

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The upper portion of a graft that generally becomes the desired cultivar is called the scion. Grafting is a horticultural method that involves taking a section of one plant (scion) and attaching it to another plant (rootstock or stock).

The plants should be closely related for grafting to work because their vascular tissues must be compatible. The scion contains the desired characteristics, while the rootstock provides the foundation or base on which the scion grows. The aim of grafting is to combine the best qualities of two different plants, resulting in a plant with superior characteristics.

Combining characteristics from various plants by grafting enables gardeners to create new cultivars, save money and space by planting multiple cultivars on one tree, or to produce fruit trees that have both early- and late-season fruits on the same tree.

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Answer: D. Children who drank the water are likely to become violent within a year or two.

Population is a term used to refer to the total number of people living in a particular area. It is usually measured by counting the number of people within a given area, either through census or other surveys. Population density is the number of people per unit area, usually expressed as the number of people per square kilometer. Population growth is the change in population size over time, typically measured as a percentage. Population dynamics is the study of how populations change over time, including factors such as birth and death rates, migration, and other factors.

The graph indicates that as the average lead level in the water supply increases, the rate of violent crime in the local population also increases. This suggests that the Flint water supply could be contributing to an increase in violent crime in the area, and that the effect could be seen within a year or two of exposure. Therefore, the most accurate answer is D. Children who drank the water are likely to become violent within a year or two.

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The statements that describes Australopithecus platyops include:

Statements that does not describe Australopithecus platyops:

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Answer:

Explanation Sycamore seeds have a “wing.” When they fall from a tree, they spin in circles. This helps them stay in the air longer than if they fell straight down. A breeze or wind can blow the seeds. They will land far from the parent tree.:

The statement about people who have color vision deficiency typically lack one or more of the three cones that are sensitive to a particular wavelength is true (T).

Color vision deficiency is а condition in which аn individuаl is unаble to recognize specific colors correctly. It is аlso known аs color blindness. It hаppens when the color-sensing cones in the eyes fаil to work аppropriаtely or when their number is insufficient. Color vision deficiency cаn be cаused by genetic аnd non-genetic fаctors.

The cone cells аre situаted in the retinа of the humаn eye. The cones help to distinguish the color of light we observe. They plаy аn essentiаl role in color vision, but they аre not equаlly sensitive to аll colors. In the humаn eye, there аre three types of cones: S-cones (sensitive to short wаvelengths), M-cones (sensitive to medium wаvelengths), аnd L-cones (sensitive to long wаvelengths).

The perception of vаrious colors аnd shаdes occurs due to the collаborаtion of these three types of cones in vаrious wаys. Therefore, it cаn be concluded thаt people who hаve color vision deficiency typicаlly lаck one or more of the three cones thаt аre sensitive to а pаrticulаr wаvelength.

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The rhesus D (RhD) antigen is what determines whether a person is RhD positive or RhD negative. It's a chemical that's present on the outside of red blood cells. RhD positive individuals are those who have the RhD antigen, while RhD negative individuals do not.

The autosomal codominant inheritance pattern for the ABO blood type. The O allele is recessive, whereas the A and B alleles are codominant.

Even when combined with a Rh-negative gene, the Rh-positive gene prevails because it is dominant (stronger). The blood's Rh factor will be positive if a person possesses the + + gene combination.

The numerous blood types are created by various combinations of these three alleles.

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The fluid mosaic model would have to be modified to account for the presence of cholesterol in the membrane, as previously it was assumed that only phospholipids, proteins, and polysaccharides were found in the membrane.

Phospholipids are a type of lipid (a class of molecules that includes fats, waxes, and sterols) that are an important component of cellular membranes. They are composed of two parts: a hydrophilic head group and a hydrophobic tail group. The head group is made up of a phosphate group and a hydrophilic group such as choline, ethanolamine, serine, or inositol. The hydrophobic tail group is made up of two long-chain fatty acids. These hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends allow phospholipids to spontaneously form into membrane bilayers, which are an important structure in biological cells.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of hundreds or thousands of interconnected monosaccharide (simple sugar) molecules. They are used as energy storage by plants, fungi and bacteria and serve many other important functions in the body, such as providing structure and acting as hormones. They can also be used as dietary fibers to maintain gut health, and are important in the food industry as thickening, gelling and emulsifying agents.

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Plants can sense all of the above-mentioned environmental factors: i. gravity, ii. pathogens, iii. wind, and iv. light. Plants have specialized cells and tissues called sensory cells that enable them to perceive and respond to changes in their environment.

For instance, plant roots have specialized cells called statocytes that can sense gravity and direct the growth of roots towards the direction of gravity. Similarly, plants can sense pathogens and initiate defense mechanisms, such as the production of defensive chemicals, in response to a pathogen attack. Plants can also sense wind and adjust their growth and structure accordingly to reduce wind damage. Finally, plants can sense light and use it for photosynthesis, which is essential for their survival.

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Answer: C. ee

Explanation: Since the attached earlobe is a recessive trait, both the e's must be lowercase. Recessive traits must be in pairs to show. The dominant pairs can be represented by EE or Ee. Since the individual being shown is a female with the recessive trait, c is the correct answer.

Studies of the mechanism of action of the amphetamines have focused mainly on the release of norepinephrine and dopamine.

Amphetamines are a class of synthetic stimulant drugs that increase the activity of the brain's central nervous system. It is commonly prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.Based on the question, the mechanism of action of the amphetamines has focused mainly on the release of norepinephrine and dopamine.

When amphetamines are ingested, they cause an increased release of these neurotransmitters. They are stored in vesicles and released into the synaptic space to transmit signals to the next neuron.Thus, amphetamines are often used to treat conditions that affect attention and energy levels, such as ADHD and narcolepsy. Amphetamines are also used to treat some cases of obesity because they have the ability to suppress appetite.

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The receptive field is the area on the retina that influences the firing rate of a neuron. It is made up of light-sensitive cells and is located within the central fovea. The receptive field is composed of two distinct parts: the center and the surround.

The center is the area of the retina where light-sensitive cells are most densely packed, and it is responsible for detecting small changes in light intensity. The surround is the area outside of the center, and it is responsible for detecting larger changes in light intensity.

The receptive field also contains neurons that receive signals from neighboring areas of the retina, allowing it to detect changes in light intensity that extend beyond its immediate area. The receptive field is essential for the processing of visual information, as it allows the neuron to respond to a wide range of light intensities.

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1. Restriction enzyme cuts out a piece of DNA in bacteria. 2.gene for insulin is inserted into bacteria. 4. Bacteria reproduces rapidly and make more insulin. 3.Insulin is filtered out and bottled.

DNA that precisely encodes a protein is known as recombinant DNA. A restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA at particular locations along the chain from genomic DNA produces this. After analysis, the DNA necessary to produce the protein is isolated and purified from these fragments. Two DNA fragments are taken out of insulin because it has two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide connections. The insulin gene and the plasmid are then given the opportunity to replicate millions of times by being added to two distinct plasmids and allowing the bacteria to grow and multiply. It is then possible to generate and purify insulin that is exactly like that found in humans by signalling the bacteria to produce the required protein. Type I diabetes is treated with this insulin, also known as humulin.

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The given statement "tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium" is true because bacterium primarily affects the lungs but can also infect other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.

TB is spread through the air when a person with an active TB infection in their lungs coughs, sneezes, or talks, and releases tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air. Another person can become infected by inhaling these droplets into their lungs.

Once the bacteria enter the body, they can take two different paths. In most cases, the body's  isimmune system able to contain the bacteria and prevent them from causing disease. This is called latent TB infection, and the person does not have any symptoms and cannot spread the infection to others.

TB is a contagious disease that spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. TB can be a serious and life-threatening disease if left untreated, but it can usually be cured with proper treatment using antibiotics.

Therefore, the given statement is true.

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Answer:

B. Spermarche

Explanation:

Spermarche is known as semenarche-is the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty. It is the counterpart of menarche in girls. Depending on their upbringing, cultural differences, and prior sexual knowledge, boys may have different reactions to spermarche, ranging from fear to excitement. Spermarche is one of the first events in the life of a male leading to sexual maturity. It occurs at the time when the secondary sex characteristics are just beginning to develop.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They both contain their own DNA, are involved in energy production, and arose from endosymbiosis.

Endosymbiosis is a process in which a smaller cell is engulfed by a larger cell, and instead of being destroyed, it forms a mutually beneficial relationship with its host. It can result in the formation of a new organism or the creation of new organelles within an existing organism.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are expected to contain the following features:

1. Their own DNA: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is different from the DNA present in the cell nucleus. This is because they originated from free-living organisms, and the DNA was retained when they became endosymbionts.

2. Double membranes: Both organelles have a double membrane system, which is thought to be a result of their endosymbiotic origin. The inner membrane is where the enzymes responsible for energy production are located.

3. Energy production: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are involved in energy production. Mitochondria produce ATP via the process of cellular respiration, while chloroplasts produce ATP via photosynthesis.

4. Endosymbiotic origin: Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by larger eukaryotic cells. This is known as endosymbiosis.

5. Size: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are generally smaller than the cells in which they reside.

6. Reproduction: Both organelles can replicate themselves independently of the cell. This is because they contain their own DNA and have their own protein synthesis machinery.

7. Membrane-bound: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles. This means that they are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer, which separates their internal environment from the cytoplasm of the cell.

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The scenario where two populations of penguins live in the same ecosystem and exchange stones or dance as a mating ritual leading to the isolation of the population is an example of behavioral isolation.

Behavioral isolation is a type of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation that occurs when two populations develop differences in courtship behaviors or rituals that prevent them from mating with each other. These differences can include changes in behavior, vocalizations, or pheromones, and they can be influenced by environmental factors, genetic differences, or social factors.In this scenario, the population of penguins has developed different mating rituals, either exchanging stones or dancing, to attract potential mates.

This results in individuals from each population only mating with individuals that display the appropriate mating ritual. Therefore, this is an example of behavioral isolation as the behavioral differences isolate the two populations and prevent interbreeding. Therefore, the correct option is behavioral isolation.

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The trachea, or windpipe, is part of the lower respiratory system, which also includes the bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. Here option D is the correct answer.

The upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, and associated structures, which are involved in the intake and conditioning of air before it reaches the lower respiratory system.

The upper respiratory system is responsible for the initial processing of inhaled air before it enters the lower respiratory system. It includes several structures, such as the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea, that work together to warm, humidify, and filter air as it moves into the lungs.

The upper respiratory system includes the nose, which filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air, the pharynx, which is a muscular tube that connects the nose and mouth to the larynx, and the larynx, which contains the vocal cords and is involved in speech production. The bronchi are also part of the lower respiratory system, and they branch off from the trachea to deliver air to the lungs.

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Complete question:

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

A. Nose

B. Pharynx

C. Larynx

D. Trachea

E. Bronchi

In the Riftia worm-endosymbiotic bacteria association, the bacteria are chemoautotrophic, using sulfide as an electron donor and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.

Chemoautotrophic refers to organisms that use chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

They do not need light to live, but rather derive their energy from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals or the conversion of inorganic carbon to organic carbon.

They are primary producers who produce food by photosynthesis, but they do it chemically rather than with the help of sunlight.

Therefore, in the Riftia worm-endosymbiotic bacteria association, the bacteria are chemoautotrophic, using sulfide as an electron donor and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.

Sulfide is used as the energy source and carbon dioxide as the carbon source. Bacteria's cells use oxygen to make ATP in the electron transport chain, which provides the energy they need to grow and reproduce.

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Answer:

Sports drinks are advertised to replenish glucose, fluids, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) lost during strenuous exercise as well as to enhance endurance.

Explanation:

The burning of fossil fuels, logging of forests, and raising of livestock all have a rising impact on the climate and temperature of the planet. This increases the greenhouse effect it causes global warming atmosphere.

When you go outside on every given day, you encounter the weather. In those other words, it refers to the short-term atmosphere at a certain region. The average of a place's weather patterns over a longer time frame, typically 30 years or more, is called the climate.

The amount of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), or cloudiness in the Earth's atmosphere change as a result of human activities, which also contribute to climate change. Burning fossil fuels, which emits carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, is the largest known contributor.

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The term that best classifies the role of a bracket fungus in this ecosystem is "decomposer"

An organism known as a decomposer converts dead organic matter, such as dead trees, into simpler chemical compounds so that other organisms in the ecosystem can use them. When a bracket fungus grows on a dead tree, it decomposes the tree into chemical components like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus so that other creatures in the ecosystem, like plants, can use them again.

Due to their assistance in recycling nutrients and mitigating the accumulation of decomposing organic matter, decomposers are crucial to the health and balance of ecosystems. Without decomposers, nutrients would lock up and accumulate as dead organic matter, unavailable to other species in the environment.

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The superior and inferior vena cava are two large veins that supply blood to the right atrium. Blood can flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle thanks to the tricuspid valve.

The tricuspid valve (right AV valve), the pulmonary valve, the mitral valve, and then the aortic valve will all be accessed by blood (left semilunar valve).

Right atrium of the heart receives blood, which is then pumped to right ventricle, which then pumps blood to lungs. The oxygen-poor blood is subsequently transported from your heart to your lungs by the pulmonary artery. Your lungs saturate your blood with oxygen.

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The suggested course of action is to interact with those in our immediate vicinity in order to advance the common good. This entails determining the issues and demands of our neighborhood and acting to resolve them.

We can bring about significant change that is advantageous to everyone by working with neighborhood businesses and people. This could involve activities like volunteering, fund-raising, supporting laws that advance fairness and social justice, and promoting environmentally friendly habits. Together, we can improve our neighborhood and have a beneficial influence on the globe. It's vital to follow the steps below in order to propose an action plan for the common good to those closest to our environment:

Identifying the needs and issues facing the community: Pay attention to and engage in conversation with the people in your immediate area to learn about their needs and issues. Determine the issues that the majority of people find essential and that demand attention.

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It is predicted that itaconate would be a competitive inhibitor. Itaconate, a compound that modulates inflammation and metabolism, has been found to inhibit the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the Krebs cycle.

Its inhibitory action on the enzyme is predicted to be competitive in nature. Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate for binding.

Thus, it is expected that itaconate binds to the active site of succinate dehydrogenase, blocking the substrate from binding and preventing the enzyme from carrying out its normal function.

This inhibition can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the substrate, which would displace the inhibitor from the active site.

Therefore, itaconate is predicted to act as a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

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Cold winters and mild, rainy summers are characteristics of temperate grasslands. Every year, grasses wither to their roots, and the soil and sod shield the roots and young buds from the winter cold or dry circumstances.

The world's most productive agricultural environments are grasslands, which can be found in the savanna, steppe, prairie, or pampas.

Mild to warm summers and cool to cold winters are characteristics of temperate climates, which are typically described as having moderate annual or seasonal rainfall.

Grasslands with a temperate climate can be found in regions like Eastern Europe and North America. The grassland biome has been drastically impacted by humans. The majority of the grasslands in the United States have been turned into fields for crops or grazing pasture for cattle because temperate grasslands have fertile soil.

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Complete question: What is the Temperate grassland?