The best description of ribosomes and membranes is option 2: "Ribosomes are molecular aggregates of two kinds of macromolecules; membranes are macromolecules of two kinds of molecular aggregates."
Ribosomes are made up of two types of macromolecules, namely ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. They are responsible for protein synthesis in cells.
Membranes, on the other hand, are composed of two types of molecular aggregates, namely phospholipids and proteins. The phospholipids form a bilayer that serves as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, while the proteins perform various functions such as transport of molecules and communication with other cells.
Therefore, option 2 accurately describes the composition and function of both ribosomes and membranes.
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this could occur with hypoxia, intravenous infusion, ventilation, or pneumothorax (lung collapse), capillary rupture could occur; brain anoxia then occurs distal to the rupture.
It is important to understand the potential causes of capillary rupture and the effects that they can have on the body. By understanding these factors, we can better identify and treat potential issues before they lead to serious complications.
Hypoxia, intravenous infusion, ventilation, and pneumothorax (lung collapse) are all potential causes of capillary rupture. When a capillary ruptures, it can lead to brain anoxia, which is a lack of oxygen in the brain. This can occur distal to the rupture, meaning that the area of the brain that is affected is located further away from the site of the rupture.
It is important to note that each of these potential causes of capillary rupture can have different effects on the body. For example, hypoxia can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood, which can in turn lead to brain anoxia. Intravenous infusion can cause an increase in blood volume, which can put pressure on the capillaries and potentially lead to rupture. Ventilation can also affect capillary rupture by changing the pressure within the lungs, which can affect the blood flow to the brain. Finally, pneumothorax (lung collapse) can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood, which can also lead to brain anoxia.
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What is the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase.
Draw the synthesis of both strands of DNA, show the role of DNA A (ori-binding), DNA B
(Helicase), FIS, histone, HU, IHF, SSB, Gyrase (topoisomerase), Dam (Ori GATC methylase)
The enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase is the process by which a strand of DNA is replicated and/or repaired.
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA, to a single-stranded DNA template in a process known as polymerization. The synthesis of both strands of DNA involves several enzymes, including DNA A (ori-binding), DNA B (helicase), FIS, histone, HU, IHF, SSB, Gyrase (topoisomerase), and Dam (Ori GATC methylase).
DNA A binds to the origin of replication (ori) and opens up the double helix to allow access to the strands of DNA. DNA B, a helicase, then unwinds the DNA and separates the two strands of the double helix. FIS, histone, HU, IHF, and SSB all help maintain the stability of the open single-stranded DNA.
Gyrase (topoisomerase) helps relieve the torsional stress that results from the unwinding of the double helix, and Dam (Ori GATC methylase) helps protect the replication machinery from damage. Finally, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the template strands to synthesize the new strands of DNA.
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if the number changes the____ changes?
Explanation:
answer or the sequence has to change
explain the overall chemical reaction for the enzymatic reactions involving catalase called is ?
The overall chemical reaction for the enzymatic reactions involving catalase is a two-step process:
The overall chemical reaction for the enzymatic reactions involving catalase is a two-step process. The first step involves the enzyme catalase breaking down the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, into two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen. This is represented as follows:Learn more about enzymatic reactions at brainly.com/question/29411240
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Trying to understand the concept of ionization . . . an electron
becomes electrically charged with another unstable atom "steal"
it's electron in an ionic bong?
The concept of ionization is when an atom loses or gains an electron, becoming an ion. This can happen when an electron is "stolen" from an atom, as in an ionic bond, creating a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
Ionization is the process of adding or removing electrons from an atom or molecule, which gives it a net positive or negative charge. An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that is formed when one atom "steals" an electron from another atom, creating two ions with opposite charges that are attracted to each other. The atom that loses an electron becomes a positive ion, and the atom that gains an electron becomes a negative ion. This creates an electrostatic attraction between the two ions, which is the basis of an ionic bond.
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What is the role of the tricuspid valve?
Answer:
The tricuspid valve is one of the four heart valves in the human heart, and it is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The valve has three leaflets or cusps that allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle during the cardiac cycle.
The main role of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular systole. It accomplishes this by opening during ventricular diastole (when the ventricle is relaxed and filling with blood) to allow blood to flow into the ventricle, and then closing during ventricular systole (when the ventricle contracts to pump blood to the lungs) to prevent the backflow of blood.
Overall, the tricuspid valve plays a crucial role in ensuring proper blood flow through the heart and preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Explanation:
In Maine, a decrease in the gene pool was observed when disease killed off a large portion of the moose population. This is an illustration of
A. Natural selection
B. Genetic bottleneck
C. The Founder Effect
D. Genetic isolation
E. All of the above are correct
The situation stated in the problem illustrates genetic bottleneck. The correct answer is B. Genetic bottleneck.
A genetic bottleneck occurs when a population experiences a drastic reduction in size, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity. This can happen due to natural disasters, disease, or human activities. In the case of the moose population in Maine, the disease that killed off a large portion of the population caused a genetic bottleneck, leading to a decrease in the gene pool.
Natural selection (A) is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population due to their impact on an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. The Founder Effect (C) occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity. Genetic isolation (D) occurs when a population becomes separated from other populations, preventing gene flow. While all of these processes can impact genetic diversity, the specific scenario described in the question is an example of a genetic bottleneck.
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I have possibly an odd question that I hope can be answered. So I had to centrifuge a leaf of a plant to isolate the chloroplasts. After about 4 rounds of centrifugation, I had more pellet than supernatant (and most of the class got more supernatant which is what I needed more of). Is there reasoning on why I got more pellet than supernatant? Did I do something wrong like maybe needed more chloroplast isolation buffer or maybe I did something else wrong...?
The process of using a centrifuge to isolate chloroplasts from a plant leaf is a delicate one, and there are several factors that could potentially affect the outcome of the experiment.
It is possible that you did something wrong, such as not using enough chloroplast isolation buffer, or not properly preparing the leaf before beginning the centrifugation process. Another potential factor could be the speed at which the centrifuge was operating, as different speeds can affect the amount of pellet and supernatant that is produced.
It is also possible that there were differences in the plant leaves that were used in the experiment, such as differences in size or density, which could have affected the amount of pellet and supernatant produced. Ultimately, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact reason for the difference in results without further investigation, but these are some potential factors that could have played a role.
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A student is investigating the process of mitosis with a microscope. The hazard warning label on the chromosome stain they use states: may cause skin irritation, may cause eye irritation and may be harmful if swallowed
Suggest three safety precautions the student should take.
Three safety (3) precautions the student should take:
Safety Precaution 1:
The student should wear gloves to prevent skin irritation from the chromosome stain.
Safety Precaution 2:
The student should wear safety goggles to protect their eyes from irritation caused by the chromosome stain.
Safety Precaution 3:
The student should avoid eating or drinking in the lab to prevent accidentally ingesting the chromosome stain, which could be harmful.
About safety precautions in labLaboratory safety precautions help prevent or avoid accidents and advise what to do in an emergency. As the Boy Scout motto says: Be prepared.
Lists of rules and procedures are common tools for explaining laboratory safety measures. They should be taught to all employees before they start work and reviewed regularly during short refresher days such as safety moments.
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Discuss how we might test whether a university experimental design module has been successful. For information, all students enrolled on a particular degree course have taken this module for the previous six years; previously there was no formal training in experimental design.
To test whether a university experimental design module has been successful, we could compare the performance of students on a particular degree course before and after the implementation of the module.
For example, we could compare the grades of students on experimental design assignments before and after the module was introduced. If there is a significant improvement in grades after the module was introduced, this would suggest that the module has been successful in improving students' understanding and skills in experimental design. Another way to test the success of the module would be to survey the students about their confidence and ability in experimental design before and after taking the module. If there is a significant increase in students' confidence and ability after taking the module, this would also suggest that the module has been successful.
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if 9% of the population exhibit signs and symptoms of the disease what percent of the population is a carrier
Answer:
Without additional information about the disease and its mode of inheritance, it is not possible to determine the percentage of the population that is a carrier. The carrier frequency is dependent on the specific genetics of the disease.
Explanation:
If a plant were growing in an atmosphere with abundant CO2 but with only25%
of the sunlight that it has evolved to use, then how would a sudden doubling of available sunlight impact the Calvin cycle? a. The Calvin cycle would produce less sugar and G3P b. The Calvin cycle would energize fewer electron acceptors c. The Calvin cycle would produce more sugar and G3P d. The Calvin cycle would be unaffected e. The Calvin cycle would energize more electron acceptors
If a plant were growing in an atmosphere with abundant CO₂ but with only 25% of the sunlight that it has evolved to use, then a sudden doubling of available sunlight would impact the Calvin cycle in the following way: The Calvin cycle would produce more sugar and G3P. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
The Calvin cycle is a process that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and is responsible for converting carbon dioxide into sugar and G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). The Calvin cycle requires energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are produced by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
If a plant is receiving less sunlight than it has evolved to use, then the light-dependent reactions will produce less ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle will be limited in its ability to produce sugar and G3P. However, if the available sunlight suddenly doubles, then the light-dependent reactions will produce more ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle will be able to produce more sugar and G3P.
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"Can you please help me answer the following questions
please.
9. _______________ is the measurement of antibodies, and other
immunological properties, in the blood serum.
Serology is the measurement of antibodies, and other immunological properties, in the blood serum.
The measurement of antibodies, and other immunological properties, in the blood serum is known as serology. Serology is an important tool in diagnosing and monitoring diseases, as it can help determine the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a person's blood.
It is also used in the study of immune responses to vaccines and other treatments. Serology is typically performed through laboratory tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and agglutination tests. These tests measure the number of specific antibodies or antigens in the blood, which can provide valuable information about a person's immune status and potential risk for certain diseases.
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What might be an environmental factor in control of gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms?
An environmental factor that can control gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms is nutrition.
Nutrition can affect epigenetic mechanisms by influencing DNA methylation and histone modifications. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are influenced by environmental factors such as diet, pollution, and toxins. Nutrition is one of the main factors that influence epigenetic mechanisms. The dietary intake of nutrients can change the methylation state of DNA and histone proteins, thereby altering gene expression.
It has been shown that maternal nutrition during pregnancy can influence the epigenome of the developing fetus, leading to lifelong changes in gene expression. The amount and type of food we consume can have a profound effect on our health and well-being. In addition to providing the necessary nutrients for our cells to function properly, the food we eat can also influence the epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression.
By understanding how nutrition affects epigenetic mechanisms, we may be able to develop new strategies for preventing and treating disease.
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If
I have a negative that is contaminated, how can I avoid that
contamination?
ELECTROFORESIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PREPARATION OF AGAROSA
GEL
To avoid the contamination of a negative, there are a few precautions that can be taken. One way to prevent contamination of a negative is to avoid contact with the positive.
It is a standard practice to use separate pipettes, tips, and buffers for negative and positive samples during the process of electrophoresis of nucleic acids. In agarose gel electrophoresis, the separation of nucleic acid molecules is based on size. The molecules are separated using an electric field, and the smaller molecules move more quickly through the gel matrix, while the larger molecules move more slowly through the matrix. Agarose gel electrophoresis is widely used to separate DNA fragments, and it is also useful for separating RNA and other nucleic acids. The agarose gel is a matrix made up of a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed.
The matrix is formed by heating the agarose powder in a buffer solution, and then the matrix is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify. Once the gel is solidified, the samples can be loaded into the wells, and the electric current is applied. The samples are loaded into the wells using a pipette, and the buffer solution is poured into the gel chamber. The buffer solution is used to conduct the electric current, and it also helps to maintain the pH of the gel. The gel is then covered with a lid, and the current is applied using electrodes. The smaller nucleic acid molecules move more quickly through the gel matrix and are separated from the larger molecules.
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What are the steps of DNA replication? Include all relevant
enzymes within your answer.
The steps of DNA replication are initiation, primer binding, elongation, termination, and proofreading.
1. Initiation: The DNA double helix is unwound by the enzyme helicase, creating a replication fork.
2. Primer binding: The enzyme primase creates a short RNA primer that is complementary to the DNA strand, allowing DNA polymerase to begin adding nucleotides.
3. Elongation: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer, creating a new strand of DNA. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.
4. Termination: The RNA primers are removed by the enzyme RNase H and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase. The enzyme ligase then seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments, creating a continuous DNA strand.
5. Proofreading: DNA polymerase checks for any errors and corrects them to ensure accurate replication.
These steps are carried out by a complex of enzymes and proteins called the replisome, which includes helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, RNase H, and ligase.
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What are three factors that are essential for the optimal
functional lay out of a cell culture room.
The most efficient and effective design of a cell culture chamber depends on a number of elements. Here are the three most crucial considerations:
Cell cultures must be kept clean to avoid contamination. To avoid cross-contamination, the room should have smooth, easy-to-clean surfaces and designated work areas.
Cell cultures need carefully controlled temperature and humidity. This requires a reliable HVAC system, humidifiers, and regular temperature and humidity monitoring.
Cell culture rooms should be organized for efficient workflow and easy access to equipment and supplies. This means there should be designated areas for different types of work, and the layout should be designed with researchers in mind.
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i've had a stubborn cough for weeks that just won't go away. The doctor takes a throat sample and results come back all blue when viewed in the microscope during an acid-fast stain. is this good or bad news? explain uour answer
This is bad news. The acid-fast stain is a test done to check for the presence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria, called acid-fast bacilli, which can cause illnesses such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and other infections.
When the sample is viewed under a microscope, the bacteria will appear blue. This indicates that the bacteria are present and that the infection is resistant to antibiotics.
Treatment for these infections can be difficult and time consuming, often requiring long courses of antibiotics and other medications. It is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible for treatment and to prevent the spread of the infection.
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PLS HELP XOXO GIVING POINTS
Answer:
A BOY LYING DOWN WITH HIS EAR TO THE GROUND
One student mentioned to another that the fluidity of a cell membrane can be changed by changing the membrane’s lipid composition. The second student expressed doubt about this claim. What evidence could the first student find in a research journal to support his claim?
a. A comparison of lipid compositions of membranes in different cells within the same organism
b. An analysis of the change in fatty acid compositions of liver cell membranes in juvenile fish as they mature into adults
c. Results from cell fusion experiments between the same two cells that measure diffusion rates of different membrane proteins
d. Measurement of diffusion rates of the same protein in cell membranes containing different percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
e. An analysis of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content in membranes of skin cells from a single population of cane toads
The correct answer is (d) Measurement of diffusion rates of the same protein in cell membranes containing different percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
What is fluidity of cell membrane?The fluidity of cell membranes can be influenced by the types of fatty acids that make up the membrane's lipids. Unsaturated fatty acids, for example, introduce kinks in the fatty acid chain, preventing the fatty acids from packing together tightly and making the membrane more fluid.
The best way to test this hypothesis is to measure the diffusion rates of the same protein in cell membranes containing different percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
This experiment would control for differences in cell type and provide a direct test of the hypothesis that lipid composition affects membrane fluidity.
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what function in plant cells is comparable to an animal eating food
Similar to a creature eating food, chloroplasts in plant cells collect sun energy for cellular functions. The right answer is option a).
What roles do plant cells play?Plant cells' primary job is to perform photosynthesis. In the chlorophylls of the plant cell, photosynthesis takes place. It is the process through which plants use freshwater, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to make food. ATP is created throughout the process, which releases energy.
What kind of cells are plants?Eukaryotic cells with centrally located vacuoles, cellulose-containing cell walls, and plastids such chloroplasts and chromoplasts are all present in plants. Parenchymal, collenchymal, & sclerenchymal cells are three different kinds of plant cells. The structure and function of the three categories vary.
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The Complete Question :
What function in plant cells is comparable to an animal eating
food?
a. Chloroplasts absorbing solar energy for cellular activities
b. Nuclei directing cellular activity from information held in DNA
c. Vacuoles storing waste, protecting the rest of the cell from contamination
d. Cell walls providing rigidity and support for the cell
structure
Which cycle is represented in the image?
Cellular
respiration
ht
Animals
Death and
decay
OA. Water cycle
OB. Carbon cycle
C. Nitrogen cycle
OD. Oxygen cycle
Plants
Fossil fuels
Photosynthesis
Ml
Industry and Home
Answer: Carbon cycle
Explanation: when animals die, they bring carbon out in the atmosphere.
Observe the effect of mulching by filling two deep jars with soil to within 3 inches of the top. Carefully moisten the soil in each jar with the same amount of water. Mulch the top of one jar, leave the other bare, and compare the drying. Weighing each jar before and after a period drying may also provide interesting results.
The experiment described above can be used to compare the effect of mulching on soil moisture retention.
Mulching is a process of covering the soil surface with organic or inorganic materials to conserve soil moisture, regulate soil temperature, and prevent soil erosion. To observe the effect of mulching, you can conduct an experiment by filling two deep jars with soil to within 3 inches of the top. Carefully moisten the soil in each jar with the same amount of water. Mulch the top of one jar with organic materials such as straw, leaves, or grass clippings, and leave the other jar bare.
After a period of drying, you can compare the moisture level of the soil in each jar by observing the soil surface or by weighing each jar before and after the drying period. The jar with the mulch should have a higher moisture level and should weigh more than the jar without the mulch.
This is because the mulch helps to conserve soil moisture by reducing evaporation from the soil surface. The mulch also helps to regulate soil temperature by insulating the soil from extreme temperature changes. By conducting an experiment with two jars of soil, you can observe the effect of mulching on soil moisture and soil temperature.
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Three patterns of genetic diversity were seen, a loss in variability, a gain in variability, or an insignificant change in variability. Describe how selection could lead to each of those patterns in evolution.
Selection is the process of choosing individuals that are better adapted to their environment to produce offspring. This can lead to different patterns of genetic diversity in a population.
1. Loss in variability: This can occur when there is strong selection for a particular trait or allele. If one allele or trait is strongly favored, then individuals with that trait will be more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity as the favored allele becomes more common in the population.
2. Gain in variability: This can occur when there is selection for diversity, such as in the case of balancing selection. Balancing selection occurs when there are two or more alleles that are favored in different environments or situations. This can lead to an increase in genetic diversity as different alleles are favored in different situations.
3. Insignificant change in variability: This can occur when there is no strong selection for or against any particular trait or allele. In this case, the genetic diversity of the population will remain relatively constant over time.
In summary, selection can lead to different patterns of genetic diversity depending on the strength and direction of selection. Strong selection for a particular trait can lead to a loss in variability, while selection for diversity can lead to a gain in variability. If there is no strong selection, then the genetic diversity of the population will remain relatively constant.
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What is the expected value for each cell in the contingency table for chi-square test to be effective?
In order for the chi-square test to be effective, the expected value for each cell in the contingency table should be at least 5. This is because the chi-square test assumes a normal distribution of data and if the expected value for each cell is too small, the chi-square test will not be able to accurately detect any significant associations or differences.
If the expected value for each cell is too small, the chi-square test will not be able to accurately detect any significant associations or differences. Therefore, it is important that the expected value for each cell in the contingency table is at least 5 for the chi-square test to be effective.
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What is the general global pattern of species richness?
Multiple Choice
O Decreasing from temperate forests into tropical seas
O Decreasing from organic soils to clay soil types
O Decreasing from polar areas towards the tropics
O Decreasing from west to east across continental land masses
O Decreasing from the tropics towards polar areas
The general global pattern of species richness is O Decreasing from the tropics towards polar areas. This means that the species get more varied as you get closer to the equator.
The number of species decreases as you move away from the equator and towards the poles. This is because the tropics have better weather, like higher temperatures and more rain, which makes it possible for a wider range of species to thrive.
In contrast, the polar regions have harsher conditions, like colder temperatures and less rain, that make it hard for many species to live there. So, the number of species decreases as you move from the tropics to the poles. This is called the global pattern of species richness.
Therefore, the correct answer is the general global pattern of species richness is O Decreasing from the tropics towards polar areas.
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as a forensic analyst/investigator write a policy for drug cases that contain currency. answer the following in your policy
- how will this type of case be worked?
- what are the limitations
- what defines if examiners will process dollar bills or not?
1. Cases will be investigated using scientific analysis to identify drug residue and currency handling.
2. Limitations include the inability to determine the source of currency and the possibility of false positives.
3. Examiners will process dollar bills if there is reasonable suspicion of drug activity or if requested by law enforcement.
As a forensic analyst/investigator, it is important to have a clear policy for handling drug cases that contain currency.
This policy will ensure that all cases are handled in a consistent and thorough manner, and that evidence is collected and preserved in a way that is legally admissible in court.
The policy for handling drug cases that contain currency should include the following guidelines:
- All drug cases that contain currency will be handled by a team of trained forensic investigators who will follow a standardized protocol for evidence collection, analysis, and preservation.
- The team will document all evidence, including the currency, and take photographs of the scene and the evidence.
- The currency will be collected and placed in an evidence bag, labeled, and sealed. The bag will be signed by the investigator who collected it and transferred to the evidence room for storage.
- The limitations of this type of case include the potential for contamination of the currency, the difficulty of linking the currency to the drug crime, and the potential for the currency to be used as evidence in other cases.
- The team will take precautions to prevent contamination, including wearing gloves and using clean evidence bags.
- The team will also carefully document the chain of custody of the currency to ensure that it can be used as evidence in court.
- The decision to process dollar bills will be based on the potential value of the evidence and the likelihood of obtaining useful information from the bills.
- If the currency is believed to be directly related to the drug crime, or if it is believed to contain trace evidence such as fingerprints or DNA, then the examiners will process the bills.
- If the currency is not believed to be directly related to the crime, or if it is unlikely to yield useful evidence, then the examiners may choose not to process the bills.
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1. Increased expression of RNA methyltransferase BCDIN3D will result in
A. Increased expression of miR-21
B. Increased expression of miR-145
C. Decreased expression of miR-145
D. Decreased expression of miR-21
Increased expression of RNA methyltransferase BCDIN3D will result in C. Decreased expression of miR-145.
This is because BCDIN3D is a negative regulator of miR-145 expression. Therefore, when there is increased expression of BCDIN3D, there will be a decrease in the expression of miR-145.
This is because BCDIN3D is a negative regulator of miR-145 expression. When there is increased expression of BCDIN3D, the expression of miR-145 is decreased, which can be seen in studies that have examined this phenomenon.
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Fill out 2 the empty columns based off of the rest of the table, please show work on how it was done.
Hint: activity assayed = convert the absorbance value into activity units measured in the assay (mmoles PNP produced per min)
total activity = convert the activity assayed (column 6) to total enzyme activity in the entire 2 ml fraction collected.
Fraction #
A410nm /min
e (M-1)
Assay volume (ml)
Activity assayed
mmol PNP /min
Vol added to assay (ml)
Total Fraction Volume (ml)
Total Activity
7
y = 0.1514x + 0.1018
18300
3.1
0.1
2
8
y = 0.0335x + 0.0291
18300
3.1
0.1
2
9
y = 0.0069x - 0.0005
18300
3.1
0.1
2
Given the table Fraction #A410nm /min (−1)Assay volume (ml)Activity assayed /Vol added to assay (ml)Total Fraction Volume (ml)Total Activity7
100.1514+0.1018183003.10.120.128.11188.116 800.0335+0.0291183003.10.060.128.1164.180 900.0069−0.0005183003.10.020.128.1164.174
The first empty column is the Vol added to assay (ml), and the second empty column is the Total Activity. =Fraction volume x 0.1
For example, in fraction 7: =28.1 x 0.1=2.81.We will repeat this calculation for each fraction to find the Vol added to assay (ml). Total Activity=Activity Assayed (mmol PNP/min) x Total Fraction Volume (ml)
For example, in fraction 7:Total Activity=0.12 x 28.1=3.372
We will repeat this calculation for each fraction to find the Total Activity. The final table after filling the two empty columns looks like Fraction #A410nm /min (−1)Assay volume (ml)Activity assayed /Vol added to assay (ml)Total Fraction Volume (ml)Total Activity7100.1514+0.1018183003.10.122.813.3728.116 800.0335+0.0291183003.10.061.622.9454.180 900.0069−0.0005183003.10.020.582.9876.174
Therefore, Vol added to assay (ml) and Total Activity are filled based on the formulae described above.
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Neuron X has a glutamatergic synapse one length constant (the distance it takes for a signal to decay to 37% - or 1/e in size) from the AIS. The resting potential of the neuron is -70 mV, and threshold is -50 mV (to simplify this problem, just assume threshold is fixed). When activated, the synapse produces an EPSP (Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential) with an initial amplitude of 35 mV that decays with a time constant of 10 ms (meaning in 10 ms the signal will be 37% or 1/e of its original size).
A. If the presynaptic neuron innervating this synapse starts to fire at 100 Hz (once every 10 ms), how many stimulations will it take to make Neuron X fire an action potential? Assume there is no time delay between EPSP initiation at the synapse and the signal reaching the AIS. First figure out how big would the depolarization at the synapse have to be to make Neuron X fire. Then try to figure out how many EPSPs coming 10 ms apart would give you more than that level of depolarization.
B. If you decreased the presynaptic firing rate to 10 Hz, do you think the synapse could make Neuron X fire?
C. Let’s go back to 100 Hz stimulation of the synapse. If you doubled the size of Neuron X, but kept the input resistance the same, would it take more or fewer synapse activations to make the Neuron X fire an action potential? Answer qualitatively and explain your reasoning.
It would take 8 stimulations of the synapse at 100 Hz for Neuron X to fire an action potential. To figure this out, first you need to determine the threshold depolarization that Neuron X needs to reach to fire an action potential. Since the resting potential is -70 mV and the threshold is -50 mV, the neuron needs a depolarization of 20 mV to reach threshold. The EPSP initial amplitude is 35 mV, so it would take 8 stimulations of the synapse at 100 Hz, with no time delay, for the depolarization to reach 20 mV and fire an action potential.
If you doubled the size of Neuron X while keeping the input resistance the same, it would take fewer synapse activations to make Neuron X fire an action potential. This is because the threshold depolarization to reach firing remains the same, but the larger neuron would be more sensitive to the EPSPs coming from the synapse. Therefore, fewer stimulations of the synapse would be required to reach a threshold.
Learn more about the synapse at https://brainly.com/question/27381250
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