authority based on written rules as opposed to customs is known as __________ authority.

Investigators unearth physical evidence to assist establish what happened and who was involved by conducting a systematic examination of the crime scene. This process must be carried out carefully and extensively to ensure that critical evidence is captured while fragile evidence is not destroyed.

The case investigator and crime scene employees collaborate to define and secure locations that may contain evidence, investigate and document the scene, gather physical evidence, and preserve, package, and submit the evidence to the laboratory for processing at a crime scene.

The investigator can attempt to reconstruct the aspects of the crime using these important pieces of evidence. The more thorough the crime scene crew is in its work, the more probable it is to get it right.

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The modern concept of strict liability traces its origins, in part, to the famous English case Rylands v. Fletcher (1868).

Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) is a landmark English case that established the principle of strict liability for certain activities. In this case, the plaintiff, Fletcher, sued Rylands, the defendant, for damages caused by the flooding of Fletcher's coal mine, resulting from a reservoir built by Rylands. The court held Rylands liable, even though he had not been negligent in constructing the reservoir, because the activity was considered "non-natural" and had the potential to cause harm. This decision laid the foundation for the modern concept of strict liability, which holds that a person can be held liable for damages resulting from certain activities, even if they were not negligent if those activities pose a risk to others.

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The Texas Senate has "calendars" to control the flow of bills from standing committees to the floor. These calendars help organize and prioritize the legislation that has been reviewed and approved by various Senate committees.

The Texas Senate has rules and procedures in place to control the flow of bills from standing committees to the floor. These rules and procedures are established to ensure that bills receive proper consideration and debate before being voted on by the full Senate. Additionally, the Senate may assign bills to specific committees based on their subject matter to ensure that they are thoroughly vetted and evaluated by experts in the field.

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Corporate crime refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

This type of crime can involve a wide range of unlawful activities, such as fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, environmental violations, and more. Corporate crime is often committed by high-ranking executives within a company to increase profits, evade regulations, or gain a competitive advantage.

One of the key characteristics of corporate crime is that it typically harms a large number of people or the environment, while the direct perpetrators often remain unknown. For example, illegal dumping of toxic waste can cause severe harm to public health and the environment, but identifying the specific individuals responsible for the crime can be challenging.

To combat corporate crime, governments have enacted various laws and regulations aimed at holding corporations and their executives accountable. These laws often include financial penalties, mandatory compliance programs, and even imprisonment for those found guilty of committing corporate crimes. Additionally, whistleblowers who report corporate wrongdoing may be eligible for protection and financial rewards.

It is crucial to recognize the negative impact of corporate crime on society, as it can erode public trust in businesses, create economic imbalances, and harm the environment. To ensure corporate accountability and maintain ethical business practices, society must continue to enforce regulations and encourage transparency within the corporate sector.

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Answer:

None of the above

Explanation:

None of the conditions listed would permit a court to invalidate a contract on the grounds of unilateral mistake. The conditions that could permit a court to invalidate a contract on grounds of unilateral mistake are:

a. One party made a mistake about a material fact, and the other party knew or had reason to know about the mistake.

b. The mistake was so serious that the contract is unconscionable, that is, so unreasonable that it is outrageous.

This eliminates answer choices A and B. Option C is not correct because it states that only one party made a mistake about a material fact, and the other party knew about the mistake. In a situation of unilateral mistake, only one party makes a mistake, and the other party is not aware of the mistake or does not have reason to know about it. If the other party knew or had reason to know about the mistake, then it may not be a case of unilateral mistake and the contract may not be invalidated on those grounds.

Option D is not correct because the mistake resulting from gross negligence is not typically considered a valid ground for a court to invalidate a contract on the grounds of unilateral mistake. In general, the courts will only permit the invalidation of a contract for unilateral mistake where the mistake was caused by a serious error or misunderstanding of a material fact that was not within the reasonable knowledge or contemplation of the mistaken party at the time of contracting. Mistakes resulting from gross negligence or carelessness, on the other hand, are generally viewed as the responsibility of the mistaken party, and will not typically provide grounds for contract invalidation.

Acceptance is a commitment with certain terms made to another party.

Bilateral contracts are those where each party makes a promise in exchange for the other's promise, whereas unilateral contracts are those where one party makes a promise and the other executes an act. These verbal or written promises must be binding under law.

The need for informed consent may be waived voluntarily, in cases of life-threatening emergency, when the patient is incapable, or when there is insufficient time to do so. Territorial borders are a distinguishing feature of statehood because they represent a means of controlling the people, things, and physical space that are located there. Power is the capacity of a government to exercise control over an individual or a business.

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The United States will employ persistent presence, global reach, and operational flexibility to accomplish its strategic imperatives. The answer is D.

The United States' military strategy involves several key imperatives, including deterring aggression, projecting power and influence abroad, and defending the homeland and American interests.

To accomplish these imperatives, the U.S. employs a range of strategies and tactics, including a persistent presence in key regions around the world, global reach to rapidly deploy forces anywhere they are needed, and operational flexibility to adapt to changing circumstances and respond to emerging threats.

Each of these approaches is essential to the U.S.'s overall military strategy and helps to ensure that the country can protect its interests and advance its strategic goals both now and in the future. Therefore, the correct answer is D. All the answers are correct.

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These cases are related to the criminal justice system of United States. The founding's of the supreme court in the form of constitutional arguments is highlighted.

Furman v. Georgia 1972 - The main constitutional question in this case was whether the death penalty was being applied in a way that violated the eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment by being applied in a discriminatory manner. The Supreme Court ruled that all current death penalty laws are unconstitutional after concluding that the death penalty is being used arbitrarily and capriciously.

Gregg v. Georgia 1976 - Whether the death penalty, as modified by the state of Georgia was constitutional was at issue in this case. The Supreme Court ruled that the revised death penalty statute was constitutional and did not contravene the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment because it provided for a segmented trial process with specific aggravating and mitigating factors.

The constitutional question in Coker v. Georgia (1977) was whether the death penalty was an appropriate sentence. The death penalty was deemed to be an excessive punishment for serious crimes by the Supreme Court, and it also violated the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

The main constitutional question in McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) was whether statistical proof of racial bias in the execution of death sentences was sufficient to establish an Eighth Amendment violation. The Supreme Court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prove a constitutional violation.

Arizona v. Ring (2002) - In this case, the legal issue was whether the fact based determinations required to impose the death penalty must be made by a jury rather than a judge. The Supreme Court ruled that in order to impose the death penalty, factual findings must be made by a jury, not a judge, in accordance with the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of a jury trial.

In 2002 Atkins v. Virginia The Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment was at issue in this case's constitutionality which involved the execution of defendants who had intellectual disabilities. Such executions, according to the Supreme Court, violated the Eighth Amendment and were therefore unconstitutional.

The main constitutional query raised in Roper v. Simmons 2005 was whether the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment applied to defendants who were under the age of 18 when they committed the crimes. According to the Supreme Court it is unconstitutional to execute defendants who were under the age of 18 when they committed the crimes.

The legal question in Witherspoon v. Illinois 1968 was whether potential jurors who expressed opposition to the death penalty could be barred from a capital trial. According to the Supreme Court, such jurors cannot be automatically disqualified rather, they can only be disqualified if their stance on the death penalty would prevent them from upholding the law and applying the death penalty when necessary.

Florida v. Hurst (2016) - The Sixth Amendment guarantee of a jury trial was at stake in this case and it was unclear whether Florida's death penalty sentencing policy was constitutional. The Supreme Court ruled that the plan was unconstitutional because it gave a judge the authority to determine the facts necessary to impose the death penalty rather than a jury.

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Answer:

a) loss of job

Explanation:

Loss of job is not a criminal penalty that a court can impose. The other options listed (community service, arrest, and jail time) are all possible criminal penalties for impaired driving, depending on the severity of the offense and other factors.

A hold is one tactic to signal the leadership that a Senate member may have objections to a bill.

Senates are another kind of one of the two houses, or legislatures, of a divided government is referred to as the "upper house" and is known as the senate. Most senates' major responsibility is to review legislation again after the lower house has approved it.

Senators are the members or lawmakers of a senate. The English language absorbed the Latin word a senator without altering its spelling. Its meaning comes from a very old societal structure in which the oldest males are given advisory or decision-making roles.

This allows the member to delay or block the bill from moving forward until their concerns are addressed. It is a tool of leadership within the Senate.

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Phrases such as "future plans," "refer back," and "basic fundamentals" are all considered redundant expressions or tautologies. This is because each phrase contains words that essentially repeat the same meaning.

Phrases such as "future plans," "refer back," and "basic fundamentals" are considered examples of tautologies. A tautology is a statement or phrase that repeats itself or is redundant, often by using words that have the same meaning or conveying the same idea.

For example, "future plans" is a tautology because the word "future" already implies that the plans are for a time ahead. "Refer back" is also a tautology because the word "refer" means to look back or to consult, so the word "back" is redundant. "Basic fundamentals" is a tautology because both "basic" and "fundamentals" convey the idea of something that is fundamental or essential.

Using tautologies can make language sound repetitive and can also reduce the clarity of a statement. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using tautologies and to strive for clear and concise language.

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The given statement " it is illegal to drive as fast as the posted speed limit if conditions make that speed unsafe" is true.

It is prohibited to exceed the posted speed limit if the conditions render that speed unsafe. While speed limits are imposed to help maintain road safety, drivers must adjust their pace to the conditions at hand.

For example, if there is heavy rain, snow, ice, or fog, or if there is road construction or traffic congestion, travelling at the official speed limit may not be safe.

Drivers are obliged to use their discretion and reduce their speed as needed to ensure their own and others' safety on the road. Failure to do so can lead to a traffic citation and, in certain situations, a serious accident.

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Based on the U.S. Constitution, the part of government that was intended to hold the least power is the judicial branch.

The framers designed the Constitution to create a system of checks and balances, and they believed that the judicial branch should have a more limited role compared to the executive and legislative branches. The judicial branch, which includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, is primarily responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring they are in line with the Constitution.

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The majority of the $193 billion annually drained from the U.S. economy by drug use is spent on healthcare costs, law enforcement, and lost productivity.

Healthcare costs arise from drug-related emergencies, hospitalizations, and treatments, as well as the prevention and rehabilitation services required to combat addiction.

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A "horserace narrative" in media coverage of elections refers to a reporting approach that focuses primarily on the competition between candidates, rather than on their policy positions or qualifications.

This narrative emphasizes poll numbers, leads, and shifts in momentum, treating the election like a race with constant updates on who is ahead and who is trailing.

It often prioritizes sensationalism and entertainment over substantive analysis, which can result in an overly simplistic view of complex political issues.

This narrative can influence public perception and voter behavior, as it highlights the competitive aspect of elections, rather than encouraging a deeper understanding of the candidates and their proposals.

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Offering an impartial perspective on copyright regulations, it is widely understood that such legislation bears upon all types of media and looks to preserve the privileges of those who author creative material.

To callously exploit copyrighted creations without prior consent or recompense, yet expect remuneration for your own works, would be sheer duplicity.

Unapproved utilization of copyrighted snaps, regardless of the user objectives or end-user, remains a severe contravention of the photo artist's entitlements.

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Once the plaintiff in an ADEA case has demonstrated the prima facie case, the employer has the burden of producing evidence to rebut the presumption of discrimination.

The employer must provide evidence that there was a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employment action taken against the plaintiff, such as termination or failure to promote. If the employer successfully produces such evidence, the burden then shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the employer's reason was merely a pretext for discrimination.

The prima facie case under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) requires the plaintiff to show that he or she was a member of a protected class (40 years or older), was qualified for the job, was subjected to an adverse employment action, and that the employer replaced them with someone outside the protected class or treated younger employees more favorably.

If the plaintiff can establish these elements, then a presumption of discrimination arises, and the burden shifts to the employer to produce evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employment action taken.

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Answer: interstate

Explanation:

Formal agreements between states that must be approved by Congress are called interstate compacts.

Formal agreements are agreements that are legally binding between people or parties.

A formal agreement describes exactly what every party to the agreement must do and have the right to do.

They help people work together, set rules, and solve problems in a fair and organized way that the law supports.

Interstate compacts are made through a formal process where states negotiate and agree on the terms and decide on the rules and conditions they will follow to achieve a certain goal.

Congress is required to sign instate compacts in the U.S.

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True, A right to receive damages on a breach of a contract for a sale of goods can be assigned to another party.

This means that the party who is entitled to receive damages as a result of a breach of contract can transfer that right to someone else, who can then enforce the right to receive damages on their own behalf. This is known as an assignment of rights, and it is a common practice in business and commercial transactions.

However, it is important to note that the assignee (the party to whom the right to receive damages has been assigned) will only be able to recover damages up to the amount that the assignor (the original party entitled to receive damages) would have been able to recover. In other words, the assignee does not have greater rights than the assignor.

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The variable that is NOT included in the Model of Collaborative Governance by Ansell and Gash (2007) is A. competition.

The model focuses on the collaborative process and institutional design as the key variables that affect collaborative governance.

The collaborative process involves stakeholders working together to achieve common goals and solve problems through dialogue, negotiation, and compromise. The institutional design refers to the formal and informal structures that support collaborative governance, such as rules, norms, and power relations.

The model also considers the importance of trust, leadership, and learning in facilitating effective collaboration. However, competition, which refers to the rivalry between stakeholders for resources or influence, is not considered a key variable in the model.

Instead, the model emphasizes the need for stakeholders to work together in a mutually beneficial way, rather than competing against each other.

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When you are in a line of traffic that is crossing a railroad track that has no signals or gates, you should look both ways and make sure there is enough clearance to cross the tracks safely.

When crossing a railroad track without signals or gates, it is important to exercise caution and ensure that it is safe to proceed. Drivers should stop the vehicle within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad and look both ways for any approaching trains.

Even if no trains are visible, it is still important to look both ways before crossing the tracks. If there is enough clearance, the driver may proceed across the tracks. If there is not enough clearance, the driver should wait until there is enough space to clear the tracks before proceeding.

It is important to be aware of and obey all posted signs and signals, including those indicating the presence of a railroad crossing ahead.

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Answer:

b. One party made a mistake about a material fact, and the other party knew or had reason to know about the mistake.

d. The mistake was so serious that the contract is unconscionable, that is, so unreasonable that it is outrageous.

Explanation:

Both of these scenarios would allow a court to invalidate a contract on the grounds of unilateral mistake. In option (b), if one party was aware of the other party's mistake but did not correct it, the court may find that the contract was entered into unfairly and therefore unenforceable. In option (d), if the mistake was so serious that it would be unconscionable to enforce the contract, a court may invalidate it. Option (a) would not apply to unilateral mistake, as it requires both parties to make a mistake, and option (c) only applies to mistakes caused by clerical errors.

The FBI needs to be controlled because it is a federal law enforcement agency that has the power to investigate and prosecute crimes, and if it operates without proper oversight, it could potentially abuse its power and violate citizens' rights.

In the context of the Watergate scandal, H.R. Haldeman, who served as President Nixon's Chief of Staff, made the statement "the FBI is not under control" during a conversation with the President.

This statement suggests that Haldeman believed the FBI was acting independently and not following the directives of the Nixon administration. The FBI's power to investigate and prosecute crimes is significant, and without proper oversight and control, it could potentially abuse its power and violate citizens' rights.

This was a concern during the Watergate scandal, as the Nixon administration was accused of using federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI, to spy on and intimidate political opponents. As a result, efforts were made to reform and regulate the FBI's operations to ensure that it operates within the bounds of the law and under proper oversight.

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The statement is completed as: ''Writ of certiorari refers to an official notice that the Supreme Court will review a case.'' Therefore, the correct alternative is option A.

A writ of certiorari is a legal term that refers to an official notice from a higher court, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, indicating that the court has agreed to review a lower court's decision. This writ is issued at the discretion of the higher court, and it is not guaranteed that the court will choose to hear the case.

When a party files a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court, they are essentially asking the court to review the lower court's decision and potentially overturn it. The Supreme Court receives thousands of petitions for writs of certiorari each year, but only a small fraction of them are granted.

The writ of certiorari is an important legal mechanism that allows the Supreme Court to exercise its authority as the highest court in the United States. By reviewing lower court decisions, the court can ensure that the law is being applied fairly and consistently across the country.

In conclusion, the correct alternative is option A. Writ of certiorari.

Complete question is:

______ refers to an official notice that the Supreme Court will review a case. A) Writ of certiorari. B) Stare decisis. C) En banc review. D) Sua sponte.

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Answer: robbery

Explanation: robbery, larceny/theft, drug offenses. A strong and consistent gender gap in political attitudes ...

From 1999-2008, women's arrest rates for violent offenses increased.

According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, between 1999 and 2008, women's arrest rates for violent crimes, such as aggravated assault and robbery, increased by 24%.

This increase in violent offenses committed by women has been attributed to a variety of factors, including changes in law enforcement practices, the growing number of women in gangs, and the increased reporting of domestic violence.

Despite the increase in arrest rates for violent crimes, women still represent a small proportion of the overall number of arrests for these offenses, with men accounting for the majority of arrests.

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When a new president has an important policy goal, the relevant agency is more likely to see increased attention and resources.

This occurs because the president aims to prioritize and implement their policy objectives, and these agencies play a vital role in achieving those goals. By allocating more attention and resources to the relevant agency, the president can effectively push their agenda forward, ensuring the successful execution of their policy initiatives.

This may include increased funding, personnel, or strategic support from the executive branch, all of which contribute to the agency's ability to deliver results. Moreover, the agency's visibility and influence might grow, as it becomes central to the president's agenda. Overall, the prioritization of a policy goal by a new president leads to enhanced focus and support for the corresponding agency, ultimately helping the president achieve their desired outcomes.

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Answer: Veto power is the presidential power to block an act of congress by refusing to sign it.

Explanation:

The statement is completed as: ''Veto power is the presidential power to block an act of Congress by refusing to sign it.'' If the President does not agree with a law, he may use his veto power to reject it.

When the President vetoes a bill, it is sent back to Congress with a veto message explaining the reasons for the veto. Congress can then attempt to override the veto by passing the bill with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The veto power is an important check on the legislative branch, allowing the President to prevent Congress from passing laws that they disagree with. It also provides a mechanism for the President to influence the legislative process by requiring Congress to make changes to a bill to address the President's concerns before it can become law.

However, the veto power can also be controversial, as it can be seen as an obstruction to the democratic process if used excessively or improperly.

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In the U.S. government survey system, the lines that run parallel to the principal base line are the Range lines.

The U.S. government survey system, also known as the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), was developed by the federal government in the late 1700s to survey and divide public lands for sale and settlement.

The system divides land into a series of townships, each six miles square, and these townships are further divided into sections, each one mile square. The principal base line is a designated east-west line, while the range lines are north-south lines that run parallel to it.

Each range is numbered relative to the principal base line, with the ranges to the west being designated as west ranges, and the ranges to the east as east ranges. The PLSS remains an important reference system for land ownership, boundaries, and legal descriptions in the United States today.

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The federal government provides medical care benefits to senior adults through the Medicare program.

Medicare is a national health insurance program in the United States that is primarily designed to provide health insurance coverage to senior adults who are aged 65 or older. The program also provides coverage for certain younger people with disabilities and those with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

The Medicare program is administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which is a federal agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The program is funded through a combination of payroll taxes, premiums paid by beneficiaries, and general revenue.

Medicare covers a wide range of medical services, including hospital stays, doctor visits, preventive care, and prescription drugs. The program is divided into four parts: Part A, which covers hospital insurance; Part B, which covers medical insurance; Part C, which provides an alternative to traditional Medicare through private health plans; and Part D, which covers prescription drug costs.

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The best alternative is option D, a government-funded marriage promotion program. This policy is based on the singular ideal perspective, which assumes that marriage is the ideal family structure and promotes it as a solution to societal issues.

the singular ideal perspective emphasizes the importance of marriage as a social institution and believes that it should be protected and promoted by the government. This perspective also assumes that marriage is the best way to raise children and promote social stability. In contrast, options A, B, and C are not based on the singular ideal perspective. Legal reform to make it easier for couples to file for divorce and a government-funded child-care program for single mothers are policies that recognize the diversity of family structures and aim to support families in various forms. The legal recognition of same-sex marriages is a policy that recognizes the equal rights of all individuals regardless of sexual orientation. In conclusion, a government-funded marriage promotion program is an example of a policy based on the singular ideal perspective, which prioritizes marriage as the ideal family structure and promotes it as a solution to societal issues.

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