17. It needs to be reviewed and reported on in order to identify trends
18. Agendas for and minutes of meetings provide a record of decisions taken, as well as information.
24. to control risk, provide evidences and to know workplace injuries.
25. purpose, the training method, the instructor and cost of training.
26. Name, course of training record of employee performance.
17. Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) statistics need to be reviewed and reported on in order to identify trends in workplace injuries, to evaluate the effectiveness of risk control measures, and to ensure compliance with legal requirements.
18. Agendas for and minutes of meetings provide a record of decisions taken, as well as information about consultation processes and WHS information that has been provided to personnel. Committee members can provide feedback on how well risk controls and safe work practices are being implemented. Diaries of meetings are used to provide an overview of consultation decisions and any follow-up actions that are needed.
24. There is a need for workplaces to establish and maintain records regarding risk assessments including risk control actions that have been implemented for: 1) monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of risk control measures, 2) to provide evidence of compliance with legal requirements, and 3) to identify trends in workplace injuries.
25. Examples of details that need to be maintained regarding WHS training plans developed by an organisation for their employees include: 1) the purpose of the training, 2) the training method (i.e. classroom, online, etc.), 3) the duration of the training, 4) the instructor or provider of the training, and 5) the cost of the training.
26. Examples of details that need to be maintained regarding WHS training undertaken by employees of an organization include: 1) the employee's name, 2) the date and time of the training, 3) the topic or course of the training, 4) the instructor or provider of the training, and 5) a record of the employee's performance in the training.
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A. Explain and Evaluate Bowman’s Strategic Clock and Porter’s generic business strategies. Critically compare the two business strategy tools. (900 words – 50 marks)
B. Apply Bowman’s Strategic Clock to a business of your choice that operates within the UK (the business should be related to your strand of study) and assess their current UK market position. Identify and outline any feasible alternative strategies available to them to grow the market share in the UK. Use a suitable strategic tool to form the basis of the recommendations. (900 words – 50 marks)
A. Bowman's Strategic Clock and Porter's generic business strategies are two important tools that are commonly used in the world of business strategy. Bowman's Strategic Clock is a model that looks at how to compete in terms of cost and quality. Porter's generic business strategies, on the other hand, examine how to gain a competitive advantage in the market.
Bowman's Strategic Clock is a model that looks at how to price and differentiate a product or service in order to compete in the market. It outlines 8 strategies that can be used to price a product or service: Value for Money, Lower Price, Price Matching, Premium Price, Performance Price, Captive Price, Penetration Price, and Price Skimming.
Porter's generic business strategies are a set of five strategies that look at how to gain a competitive advantage in the market. These include Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Focus, Low Cost Provider, and Differentiation Focus. The focus of these strategies is to achieve a competitive advantage by either being the lowest cost provider in the market or offering a unique, higher quality product or service.
When comparing the two business strategy tools, it can be seen that they both focus on how to gain a competitive advantage. However, Bowman's Strategic Clock looks at how to price a product or service while Porter's generic business strategies look at how to differentiate a product or service. Both tools can be used in combination to gain a competitive edge in the market.
B. Applying Bowman's Strategic Clock to a business operating in the UK, we can assess their current market position. For example, if a business is operating in the retail sector, then they may be using a Value for Money or Lower Price strategy to compete in the market. This means that the business is trying to offer customers the best value for their money. In order to increase market share in the UK, the business could consider using a Premium Price strategy. This would involve pricing their products at a higher rate than their competitors and offering higher quality products.
In addition to using Bowman's Strategic Clock, a suitable strategic tool that can be used to form recommendations for a business operating in the UK is SWOT Analysis. This involves identifying and analyzing a company's Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in order to identify areas for improvement. Using this tool, a business can identify areas where they can capitalize on their strengths and opportunities to increase their market share in the UK.
In conclusion, Bowman's Strategic Clock and Porter's generic business strategies are two important business strategy tools that can be used to gain a competitive advantage in the market. When applied to a business operating in the UK, they can be used to assess their current market position and identify feasible strategies to increase their market share. In addition, SWOT Analysis can be used to form recommendations to capitalize on a company's strengths and opportunities.
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Question #2 (45 marks) On January 1, 2019, Lissome Corp. issued $900,000 of 20-year, 11% bonds for $832,290, yielding a market (discount, yield) rate of 12%. Interest is payable semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. Required: a. Prepare journal entries to record the bond issuance. Prepare the 3-column amortization table for 4 periods. b. Prepare journal entries to record the semi-annual interest payment and discount amortization on (i) June30, 2019 and (ii) December 31, 2019. c. Lissome elected to report the bonds in its financial statements at fair market value. On December 31, 2019, these bonds were listed in the bond market at a price of 101 (or 101% of par value). What entry is required to adjust the reported value of these bonds to fair value? d. Determine the income statement effects of (b) and (c) for 2019. That is, the interest expense and any unrealized gain/loss. e. 20 marks A company issued $250,000 of 8%, 15-year bonds at 105 on July 1, 2007. Interest is payable semi-annually on December 31 and June 30. Through June 30, 2014, company amortized $5,186 of the bond premium. July 1, 2014, company retired the bond at 98. Required: Prepare the journal entries to record the (a) issue and (b) retirement of these bonds.
a. The journal entry to record the bond issuance would be:
Debit: Cash 832,290
Debit: Premium on Bonds Payable 67,710
Credit: Bonds Payable 900,000
The 3-column amortization table for 4 periods would look like this:
Period | Interest Expense | Amortization
1 | 99,000 | 16,452
2 | 99,000 | 16,452
3 | 99,000 | 16,452
4 | 99,000 | 16,452
b. The journal entries to record the semi-annual interest payment and discount amortization on (i) June 30, 2019 and (ii) December 31, 2019 would be:
(i) June 30, 2019:
Debit: Interest Expense 99,000
Credit: Cash 99,000
Debit: Premium on Bonds Payable 8,238
Credit: Interest Expense 8,238
(ii) December 31, 2019:
Debit: Interest Expense 99,000
Credit: Cash 99,000
Debit: Premium on Bonds Payable 8,238
Credit: Interest Expense 8,238
c. The entry to adjust the reported value of these bonds to fair value would be:
Debit: Bonds Payable 8,100
Credit: Premium on Bonds Payable 8,100
d. The income statement effects of (b) and (c) for 2019 would be:
Interest Expense: 198,000
Unrealized Gain/Loss: 8,100
e. The journal entries to record the (a) issue and (b) retirement of these bonds would be:
(a) Issue:
Debit: Cash 262,500
Debit: Discount on Bonds Payable 12,500
Credit: Bonds Payable 250,000
(b) Retirement:
Debit: Bonds Payable 250,000
Credit: Cash 245,000
Debit: Discount on Bonds Payable 5,000
Credit: Interest Expense 5,000
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You are going to borrow $550,000 to buy a house. What will your
monthly payment be if the annual interest rate is 4.2 percent, and
you borrow the money for 30 years?
The monthly payment on a $550,000 loan with a 4.2% annual interest rate and a 30-year term would be $2,684.11.
To calculate the monthly payment on a loan, you can use the following formula:
Monthly payment = (loan amount x monthly interest rate) / (1 - (1 + monthly interest rate) ^ (-number of monthly payments))
In this case, the loan amount is $550,000, the annual interest rate is 4.2%, and the number of monthly payments is 30 years x 12 months per year = 360 monthly payments.
First, we need to calculate the monthly interest rate by dividing the annual interest rate by 12:Monthly interest rate = 4.2% / 12 = 0.0035. Next, we can plug these values into the formula to find the monthly payment:
Monthly payment = ($550,000 x 0.0035) / (1 - (1 + 0.0035) ^ (-360))
Monthly payment = $2,684.11.
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Rewrite the following sentence avoiding camouflaged verbs:
We will ask him to bring about a change in his work routine
The sentence without camouflaged verbs is We will request that he alters his work routine.
To rewrite the sentence avoiding camouflaged verbs, we need to identify the camouflaged verb and replace it with a more direct verb. In this case, the camouflaged verb is "bring about" which can be replaced with a more direct verb such as "make" or "create". Here is the rewritten sentence: "We will ask him to make a change in his work routine." Alternatively, you could also write: "We will ask him to create a change in his work routine." Both of these options avoid the use of camouflaged verbs and make the sentence more direct and concise.
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Silver Lake Cabinets is approached by Ms. Jenny Zhang, a new customer, to fulfill a large one-time-only special order for a product similar to one offered to regular customers. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials $100
Direct labour 125
Variable manufacturing support 60
Fixed manufacturing support 75
Total manufacturing costs $360
Markup (60%) 216
Targeted selling price $576
Silver Lake Cabinets has excess capacity. Ms. Zhang wants the cabinets in cherry rather than oak, so direct material costs will increase by $30 per unit.
Required:
a. For Silver Lake Cabinets, what is the minimum acceptable price of this one-time-only special order?
b. Other than price, what other items should Silver Lake Cabinets consider before accepting this one-time-only special order?
c. How would the analysis differ if there was limited capacity?
a. The minimum acceptable price of this one-time-only special order is $660, b. Other than price, Silver Lake Cabinets should consider the amount of labour and other resources required to fulfill the one-time-only special order, as well as any additional costs such as materials, shipping, and taxes.
c. If there was limited capacity, Silver Lake Cabinets would need to assess the opportunity cost of the one-time-only special order against other potential opportunities,
For Silver Lake Cabinets, the minimum acceptable price of this one-time-only special order is $660. This is calculated by adding the additional direct material costs of $30 to the targeted selling price of $576, giving a total of $606. The markup (60%) is then added to this, giving a minimum acceptable price of $660.
If there was limited capacity, Silver Lake Cabinets would need to assess the opportunity cost of the one-time-only special order against other potential opportunities, to determine if it would be profitable for them to take on the order. They would also need to consider how the one-time-only special order would affect the production of regular orders, and the availability of resources to meet customer demand.
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Differentiate between the 2 types of budgets. Provide an example of___
A. Differentiate between the 2 types of budgets.
B. Provide an example of the type of business or company that would benefit from using a flexible budget.
C. Provide support for your business selection and include the advantage for using a flexible budget over a static budget
A. There are two types of budgets, static and flexible.
A static budget is a predetermined budget that remains unchanged regardless of sales or revenues, while a flexible budget is adjustable according to the actual performance of the company.
B. A company that would benefit from using a flexible budget is a business that has high demand fluctuations.
For example, a retail store that experiences seasonal shifts in sales. A flexible budget would help the business more accurately manage costs and ensure better profit margins.
C. Flexible budgets can help businesses adjust to the changing environment more easily, compared to static budgets.
By allocating resources more efficiently, businesses can ensure that they are utilizing their resources to the fullest extent, and this can lead to increased profits.
Additionally, a flexible budget allows for better budgeting for businesses that experience large changes in sales throughout the year. This allows them to adjust resources and spending to respond to the changing needs of the business, thus improving their overall efficiency.
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Suppose that the process for S1 follows equation (25.26) (McDonald, 2013, p.632) with dividends δ = 0: dS1 = α1S1dt +σ1S1dZ1. Consider an asset that follows the process: dS2 = α2S2dt −σ2S2dZ2. Show that (α1 − r)/σ1 = −(α2 − r)/σ2 has to hold, as otherwise an arbitrage opportunity exists. (Hint: Find a zero-investment position in S1 and S2 that eliminates risk.)
The (α1 − r)/σ1 = −(α2 − r)/σ2 has to hold, as otherwise an arbitrage opportunity exists.
To show that (α1 − r)/σ1 = −(α2 − r)/σ2 has to hold, as otherwise an arbitrage opportunity exists, we need to find a zero-investment position in S1 and S2 that eliminates risk. As per the given equation (25.26), S1 follows the process: dS1 = α1S1dt +σ1S1dZ1 and S2 follows the process: dS2 = α2S2dt −σ2S2dZ2.
An arbitrage opportunity exists if the net profit is greater than zero and there is no initial investment, i.e. the portfolio should be self-financing. This means that the change in value of the portfolio should be zero, and any risk should be eliminated.
Let us assume that the portfolio consists of S1 and S2. Then, the change in value of the portfolio should be equal to zero.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as:
ΔS1 + ΔS2 = 0
α1S1dt + σ1S1dZ1 + (α2S2dt − σ2S2dZ2) = 0
Rearranging this equation, we get:
(α1 − r)/σ1 = −(α2 − r)/σ2
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1. Raw data set for variables X and Y are: X:50,43, 45,60,38 For Y we have 23, 30,24, 20, 32. Compute the following a. The mean value of both variables X and Y b. The standard deviations (st.d) for X and Y c. The covariance of X and Y.
The mean value of X is 47.2, the mean value of Y is 25.8, the standard deviation of X is 3.636, the standard deviation of Y is 2.688, and the covariance of X and Y is -7.568.
We will first need to compute the mean values for X and Y, then compute the standard deviations for X and Y, and finally compute the covariance of X and Y.
a. The mean value of both variables X and Y:
The mean value for X can be computed by summing up the values of X and dividing by the number of values. The mean value for Y can be computed in the same way:
Mean value of X = (50 + 43 + 45 + 60 + 38) / 5 = 236 / 5 = 47.2
Mean value of Y = (23 + 30 + 24 + 20 + 32) / 5 = 129 / 5 = 25.8
b. The standard deviations (st.d) for X and Y:
The standard deviation for X can be computed by first finding the variance of X, which is the average of the squared differences between each value of X and the mean value of X. The standard deviation for Y can be computed in the same way:
Variance of X = ((50 - 47.2)^2 + (43 - 47.2)^2 + (45 - 47.2)^2 + (60 - 47.2)^2 + (38 - 47.2)^2) / 5 = 66.16 / 5 = 13.232
Standard deviation of X = sqrt(13.232) = 3.636
Variance of Y = ((23 - 25.8)^2 + (30 - 25.8)^2 + (24 - 25.8)^2 + (20 - 25.8)^2 + (32 - 25.8)^2) / 5 = 36.16 / 5 = 7.232
Standard deviation of Y = sqrt(7.232) = 2.688
c. The covariance of X and Y:
The covariance of X and Y can be computed by finding the average of the product of the differences between each value of X and the mean value of X, and each value of Y and the mean value of Y:
Covariance of X and Y = ((50 - 47.2)(23 - 25.8) + (43 - 47.2)(30 - 25.8) + (45 - 47.2)(24 - 25.8) + (60 - 47.2)(20 - 25.8) + (38 - 47.2)(32 - 25.8)) / 5 = -37.84 / 5 = -7.568
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SUBJECT : Freight Transport Management
(c) With an aid of an example, illustrate containerization’s fundamental issues.
[30 marks] / Please provide list and example from the list.
Freight Transport Management involves the planning, coordination, and execution of the movement of goods from one place to another. One of the key components of Freight Transport Management is containerization, which involves the use of standardized containers to transport goods.
There are several fundamental issues that are associated with containerization, including:
1. Inadequate infrastructure: In some cases, the infrastructure at ports and other transportation hubs may not be able to accommodate the large containers used in containerization. This can lead to delays and other logistical issues.
2. High costs: Containerization can be expensive, particularly for small businesses that may not have the resources to invest in the necessary equipment and infrastructure.
3. Security concerns: Containers are often targets for theft and other security risks, which can result in significant losses for businesses.
4. Environmental impact: The use of large containers can have a negative impact on the environment, particularly in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and other forms of pollution.
An example of one of these issues can be seen in the case of inadequate infrastructure. For example, a small port may not have the necessary equipment or space to accommodate large containers, which can result in delays and other logistical issues. This can have a significant impact on businesses that rely on timely shipments, and can result in lost revenue and other financial losses.
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You are asked to consider three mutual funds. The first is a stock fund, the second is a long- term government and corporate bond fund, and the third is a T-bill money market fund that yields a rate of 8%. The probability distribution of the risky funds is as follows:
Stock Fund (S) Bond Fund (B) Expected Return 20% 12% Standard Deviation 30% 15%
The correlation coefficient between funds S and B is 0.10. What is the most optimum complete portfolio would you recommend? Show your thought process by solving all of the following consecutively.
Draw the opportunity set of funds S and B.
Find the optimal risky portfolio, P, and its expected return and standard deviation.
Find the slope of the CAL supported by T-bills and portfolio P.
How much will an investor with A=5 invest in funds S and B and in T-bills?
An investor with A=5 would invest 5 x 0.39%, which is equal to 1.95%, in funds S and B, and the remaining 98.05% in T-bills.
The most optimum complete portfolio would include a combination of the stock fund (S), the bond fund (B), and the T-bill money market fund.
To determine the best allocation of these funds, we need to consider the expected return and standard deviation of the risky funds (S and B) and their correlation coefficient.
Drawing the opportunity set of funds S and B, we can see that a combination of the two funds has an expected return of 16% and a standard deviation of 20.53%.
Using the expected return and standard deviation of the two funds, we can find the optimal risky portfolio, P, and its expected return and standard deviation. The optimal portfolio, P, would have an expected return of 16% and a standard deviation of 20.53%.
The slope of the CAL (Capital Allocation Line) supported by T-bills and portfolio P would be the risk-free rate divided by the portfolio's standard deviation. Therefore, the slope would be 8% / 20.53%, which is equal to 0.39%.
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What are the different classifications of consumer goods? Give
an example for each in the time of COVID-19. How are they important
in these times?
Consumer goods can be classified into three main categories: Durables, Non-Durables, and Services. Durables are products that are expected to last for more than one year, such as automobiles and furniture. Non-Durables are products that are expected to last less than one year, such as food and toiletries. Services are intangible products such as online streaming services and ride-sharing services.
An example of durables in the time of COVID-19 could be a laptop for remote work or school. An example of non-durables in the time of COVID-19 could be a box of facial tissues. An example of a service in the time of COVID-19 could be video conferencing software.
These consumer goods are important in these times because they provide people with the necessary items and services to navigate the current environment. With services, people can keep in touch with others and stay entertained while with durables and non-durables, people can purchase the items they need to sustain their lives.
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17. Suppose you made a 90-day investment with a maturity value
of $8,000. Find the present value of the note if money is worth
6.27% at the time you sign the papers.
The present value of the note can be calculated by using the following formula:
PV = FV/(1+r)^n
Where PV is the present value, FV is the future value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
For this problem, the present value is:
PV = 8,000/(1+0.0627)^90
PV = $6,930.41
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Janice huffman has decided to start janice cleaning, a residential housecleaning service company. She is able to rent cleaning equipment at a cost of $600 per month. Labor costs are expected to be $50 per house cleaned and supplies are expected to cost $7 per house. Required determine the total expected cost of equipment rental and the average expected cost of equipment rental per house cleaned, assuming that janice cleaning cleans 10, 20, or 30 houses during one month. Is the cost of equipment a fixed or a variable cost? determine the total expected cost of labor and the average expected cost of labor per house cleaned, assuming that janice cleaning cleans 10, 20, or 30 houses during one month. Is the cost of labor a fixed or a variable cost? determine the total expected cost of supplies and the average expected cost of supplies per house cleaned, assuming that janice cleaning cleans 10, 20, or 30 houses during one month. Is the cost of supplies a fixed or a variable cost? determine the total expected cost of cleaning houses, assuming that janice cleaning cleans 10, 20, or 30 houses during one month. Determine the average expected cost per house, assuming that janice cleaning cleans 10, 20, or 30 houses during one month
Average expected cost per house:
If 10 houses are cleaned: $1,150 / 10 houses = $115 per houseIf 20 houses are cleaned: $2,200 / 20 houses = $110 per houseIf 30 houses are cleaned: $3,250 / 30 houses = $108.33 per houseWhat does "average cost per home" mean?"Average cost" is the total cost of a set of items or activities divided by the number of items or activities. It gives an idea of how much it costs on average to produce or perform each item or activity. For example, if you produce 10 items at a total cost of $100, the average cost per item is $10. Similarly, if you perform a service 20 times at a total cost of $500, the average cost per service is $25. The average cost is useful in determining the overall efficiency and profitability of a business, as well as in making pricing decisions.
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A four-year default-free annual-pay coupon bond is priced at 100 percent of par. What is its coupon (in percent of par) if annual spot rates are as follows:
r1 = 1.83%, r2 = 2.24%, r3 = 2.38%, r4 = 2.47%
Carry intermediate calcs. to four decimals. Answer to two decimals.
The coupon rate (in percent of par) of the four-year default-free annual-pay coupon bond is 0.09191168, which when rounded to two decimal places is 0.09.
four-year default-free annual-pay coupon bond is priced at 100% of par. In order to calculate the coupon rate of the bond, we can use the following formula:
Coupon rate = (1 + r1) x (1 + r2) x (1 + r3) x (1 + r4) - 1
Where r1, r2, r3, and r4 are the annual spot rates.
Carrying out the calculation, we get:
Coupon rate = (1.0183) x (1.0224) x (1.0238) x (1.0247) - 1
= (1.09191168) - 1
= 0.09191168
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You work as a logistics director for an international mining equipment company. You coordinate the transportation and deployment of equipment for various mining sites around the world. You are reviewing global mining trends to better anticipate future needs. What is the trend in gold exploration?
As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, gold exploration was experiencing a steady upward trend.
Despite the pandemic-induced market uncertainty and economic downturn, gold prices surged to record levels in 2020 as investors sought safe haven assets amidst the uncertainty. This increase in demand for gold has driven exploration efforts in many parts of the world, with companies seeking to capitalize on the high prices by discovering new gold deposits.
In terms of geographic trends, the majority of gold exploration activity is concentrated in regions known for their gold reserves, such as the Americas, Australia, and Africa. In some cases, companies are exploring new regions or reviving old mines that were previously thought to be unviable due to low gold prices or other factors. In addition to traditional mining methods, companies are also exploring new technologies such as autonomous drilling and data analytics to optimize exploration efforts and increase efficiency. This is especially important given the rising costs of exploration and the need to balance profitability with sustainability.
Overall, while the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mining industry, the trend in gold exploration remains positive as companies seek to meet the demand for this precious metal and capitalize on the high prices.
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You have a loan outstanding. It requires making nine annual payments of $4,000 each at the end of the next nine years. Your bank has offered to allow you to skip making the next eight payments in lieu of making one large payment at the end of theloan's term in nine years. If the interest rate on the loan is 5% , what final payment will the bank require you to make so that it is indifferent to the two forms of payment?
the final payment that the bank will require you to make so that it is indifferent to the two forms of payment is $25,840.
The formula for the present value of an annuity, PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n))/r]
Where:
PV = present value
PMT = payment amount
r = interest rate
n = number of payments
Plugging in the given values:
PV = $4,000 × [(1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-9))/0.05]
PV = $4,000 × [(1 - 0.677)/0.05]
PV = $4,000 × [0.323/0.05]
PV = $4,000 × 6.46
PV = $25,840
Therefore, the final payment that the bank will require you to make so that it is indifferent to the two forms of payment is $25,840.
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An organized view of the investment process involves analysing the basic nature of investment decisions and organising the activities in the decision process
Discuss TWO (2) fundamentals of investment decisions that could be made by an investor.
The two fundamentals of investment decisions that could be made by an investor are:
1. Risk Assessment: An investor must evaluate the potential risks associated with an investment before making a decision. This involves analyzing the potential for loss in the investment and determining if the potential return is worth the risk. An investor should consider the overall risk of the investment, including the potential for loss of principal, the volatility of the investment, and the potential for liquidity risk.
2. Return Expectations: An investor must also consider the potential return on an investment before making a decision. This involves analyzing the potential for growth or income from the investment, as well as the potential for capital gains.
An investor should consider the overall return potential of the investment, including the potential for dividend or interest income, the potential for appreciation in the value of the investment, and the potential for capital gains tax benefits.
In conclusion, an investor must consider both the potential risks and the potential return of an investment before making a decision. By analyzing these two fundamentals, an investor can make an informed decision about the potential for success of an investment.
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Grace is a high performing employee. Based on her performance, it is likely that she will grow with the company. Management has been providing Grace with formal education/training so that in the future, she will be a key employee in the company. This can potentially lead to a higher position for her. What is this an example of? *Training and DevelopmentInternal DevelopmentSuccession ManagementEmployee Management
Training and Development is an important part of any company, as it allows companies to retain and develop their current employees. In the case of Grace, her employer is investing in her by providing her with formal education and training, so that she can reach her full potential and contribute more to the company.
This is an example of Training and Development, as it is an intentional effort to provide employees with the resources and knowledge they need to improve their skills and become more successful in their roles.
Ultimately, this investment in Grace is a way for her employer to ensure that they have a highly skilled and motivated employee in the future. This is beneficial for both the employee and the employer, as the employee will gain a higher position and the employer will receive the most out of their investment.
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briefly explain why company valuation is influenced by capital
structure decisions.
Company valuation is influenced by capital structure decisions because the composition of a company's debt and equity directly affects its risk profile and the cost of capital.
A company's debt-to-equity ratio affects its credit rating, which in turn affects the cost of borrowing and the amount of interest paid on debt. Furthermore, the more debt a company has, the more risk it has in the eyes of investors, which affects its overall valuation.
Ultimately, a company's capital structure decision can have a significant impact on its valuation; if the company chooses to finance operations with more debt, its cost of capital will be lower but the company will carry more risk and its valuation will be lower. Thus, it is important for a company to consider its capital structure decisions carefully in order to maximize its valuation.
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Assume perfect capital markets when solving this problem. Depending on the product in the market, the company estimates they will either have a value of $100 million, $250 million, or $300 million next year (equal probability for all 3 outcomes). Assume the project has a beta of 0 and the risk free rate is equal to cost of capital equity being at 5%. Assume perfect capital markets. If Company A’s assets decrease by 20% (because of bankruptcy) assume the company has a zero-coupon debt with a $150 million face value that must be given the following year. What is the total leverage of Company A today closest to?
Total leverage is the sum of the company's debt and equity divided by its equity. The total leverage of Company A today is closest to 1.66.
In this case, Company A has a zero-coupon debt with a $150 million face value and an estimated value of either $100 million, $250 million, or $300 million next year. To calculate the total leverage of Company A today, we need to first determine the present value of the company's estimated value next year.
Present value of estimated value next year = (100 million + 250 million + 300 million) / 3 = $216.67 million
Next, we need to calculate the present value of the company's debt.
Present value of debt = $150 million / (1 + 5%) = $142.86 million
Finally, we can calculate the total leverage of Company A today.
Total leverage = (Present value of estimated value next year + Present value of debt) / Present value of estimated value next year
Total leverage= ($216.67 million + $142.86 million) / $216.67 million
Total leverage= 1.66
Therefore, the total leverage of Company A today is closest to 1.66.
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Let's discuss the political, economic, and legal systems of some countries around the world. Sharing how other countries approach their politics, handled their economy, and what laws govern them can be interesting in comparison to the United States.Choose a foreign country.Research and discuss the triumvirate of political, economic, and legal systems in the country that you chose.Discuss how these factors can affect economic progress.Include references
The political, economic, and legal systems of a country play a significant role in shaping its economic progress. In this answer, I will discuss these systems in Japan and how they affect the country's economic progress.
Political System: Japan operates under a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The Emperor of Japan is the ceremonial head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Japanese Diet, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, is the country's legislative body.
Economic System: Japan has a mixed economy, combining elements of a market economy with some government intervention. It is the third largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and is known for its highly developed industries, including automobiles, electronics, and robotics.
Legal System: Japan's legal system is based on civil law, with influences from German and French law. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country, and there are also district courts, family courts, and summary courts.
These systems play a significant role in Japan's economic progress. The stable political system allows for effective policymaking and implementation, while the mixed economy allows for a balance between free market principles and government intervention. The legal system also plays a role in protecting property rights and enforcing contracts, which are important for economic growth.
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Calculate the net present value (two-place accuracy) of a project for a firm that has the following characteristics:
WACC 6.9%
Required incremental investment in fixed assets at t = 0 $60,000
Three-year project that will bring in three years of incremental cash flow at t = 1, t = 2, and t = 3
Incremental sales per year starting at t = 1 $80,000
Incremental Operating costs (excl. depreciation) per year $25,000
and the incremental depreciation is straight-line, so three equal amounts per year with zero salvage value after three years
Tax rate 20.0%
The net present value of the project is $21,448.98 (two-place accuracy).
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project, we need to find the present value of each year's cash flow and subtract the initial investment. We can use the formula:
NPV = ∑(CFt / (1 + WACC)^t) - Initial Investment
Where:
CFt = Cash flow at time t
WACC = Weighted average cost of capital
t = Time period
First, let's calculate the incremental cash flow for each year:
Incremental Cash Flow = Incremental Sales - Incremental Operating Costs - Incremental Depreciation - Taxes
For t = 1, 2, and 3:
Incremental Cash Flow = $80,000 - $25,000 - ($60,000 / 3) - ($80,000 - $25,000 - $60,000 / 3) * 20% = $32,000
Now, we can calculate the NPV of the project:
NPV = ($32,000 / (1 + 6.9%)^1) + ($32,000 / (1 + 6.9%)^2) + ($32,000 / (1 + 6.9%)^3) - $60,000 = $21,448.98
Therefore, the net present value of the project is $21,448.98 (two-place accuracy).
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Initial margin is the maintainance margin of 30%. i dont know. but this is the question
b. per share. Assuming you paid the full cost to purchase JAYA company stock at $35 Suppose the brokerage commissions are 2% for purchases and 2% for sales. The interest rate on margin financing is 6.25% per year with maintenance margin of 30%. Calculate the rate of return if you sell the stock at $68 per share a year later and receive a dividend of $0.75 per share. (4 marks)
The initial margin is the amount of money that is required to be deposited in order to open a margin account. The maintenance margin is the amount of equity that must be maintained in the account in order to avoid a margin call. In this case, the maintenance margin is 30% of the value of the account.
To calculate the rate of return, we need to first calculate the total cost of the investment, including the brokerage commissions and interest on the margin financing. The total cost of the investment is:
$35 * (1 + 0.02) + ($35 * 0.30) * 0.0625 = $35.70 + $0.66 = $36.36
Next, we need to calculate the total return on the investment, including the sale of the stock and the dividend received. The total return is:
$68 * (1 - 0.02) + $0.75 = $66.64 + $0.75 = $67.39
Finally, we can calculate the rate of return by dividing the total return by the total cost and multiplying by 100 to get a percentage:
($67.39 / $36.36) * 100 = 185.26%
Therefore, the rate of return on this investment is 185.26%.
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Pelzer Printing Inc. has bonds outstanding with 9 years left to maturity. The bonds have an 9% annual coupon rate and were issued 1 year ago at their par value of $1,000. However, due to changes in interest rates, the bond's market price has fallen to $905.35. The capital gains yield last year was -9.465%.For the coming year, what is the expected current yield? (Hint: Refer to footnote 7 for the definition of the current yield and to Table 7.1.) Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.For the coming year, what is the expected capital gains yield? (Hint: Refer to footnote 7 for the definition of the current yield and to Table 7.1.) Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
The expected current yield for the coming year is 9.94%.
The expected capital gains yield for the coming year is 0%
The expected current yield for the coming year can be calculated as follows:
Current yield = Annual coupon payment / Current market price
= ($1,000 x 9%) / $905.35
= $90 / $905.35
= 0.0994
= 9.94%
Therefore, the expected current yield for the coming year is 9.94%.
The expected capital gains yield for the coming year can be calculated as follows:
Capital gains yield = (Expected price - Current price) / Current price
Since we are not given the expected price for the coming year, we cannot calculate the expected capital gains yield.
However, if we assume that the bond's market price will remain the same for the coming year, then the expected capital gains yield will be zero. This is because there will be no change in the bond's market price, and therefore no capital gain or loss.
Therefore, the expected capital gains yield for the coming year is 0%.
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A company's shareholders received a dividend of 2,5 last year and expect dividend to grow by 4% in the future The expected return of the market is 8%. Estimate the cost of common share for the company. Considering that the share is currently trading at 95, would you buy the share ?
The estimated cost of common share for the company is 65. As for whether you should buy the share, it depends on whether you think the current trading price of 95 is a fair value for the stock. If you think the stock is worth more than 95 based on its future dividend payments and other factors, then you should buy the share. However, if you think the stock is overvalued at 95 and is likely to decrease in value in the future, then you should not buy the share.
The cost of common share for the company can be estimated using the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), which is a method for valuing a company's stock price based on the theory that its stock is worth the sum of all of its future dividend payments, discounted back to their present value.
The formula for DDM is:
P₀ = D₁ / (r - g)
Where:
P₀ = the current stock price
D₁ = the expected dividend payment one year from now
r = the required rate of return for the investment
g = the expected constant growth rate of dividends
In this case, the expected dividend payment one year from now (D₁) is 2,5 * 1,04 = 2,6. The required rate of return (r) is the expected return of the market, which is 8%. The expected constant growth rate of dividends (g) is 4%. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
P₀ = 2,6 / (0,08 - 0,04) = 65
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Consider the following payoff table. States of Nature Alternatives A B
Alternative 1 100 150
Alternative 2 200 100
Probability 0.4 0.6 How much should be paid for a perfect forecast of the state of nature? Select one: a. 10 b. 100 c. 170 d. 30 e. 40
The expected value for a perfect forecast of the state of nature would be 170 (C).
Expected value is a statistical concept that represents the average value of a random variable over an infinite number of trials. It is calculated by multiplying each possible value of the random variable by its corresponding probability and then summing all the values. To calculate this, we need to multiply the payoff from each alternative by the probability of its occurrence. For Alternative 1, we have 100*0.4 = 40. For Alternative 2, we have 200*0.6 = 120. Adding the two together, we have 40 + 120 = 170 (C).
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Q. Product Under costing happens when less resources are
consumed, and high costs are reported _______?
A. True
B. False
B. False
Product under costing happens when fewer resources are consumed but lower costs are reported. This can occur when the cost allocation system does not accurately reflect the actual resources consumed by a product or service.
As a result, the product or service may appear to be less expensive than it actually is, which can lead to incorrect pricing decisions and potentially lower profits.
It is important for companies to have accurate cost allocation systems in order to properly price their products and services and make informed business decisions.
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1) Using the General Journal tab, click Add Transaction to journalize each transaction. Click Post Transaction once you complete the entry, then repeat these steps for each transaction.
2) Click the Reports tab and review the results of recording these transactions on the General Ledger.
3) Under the Reports tab, review the Trial Balance generated as a result of recording these transactions.
4) Using the General Journal tab, click Add Transaction to journalize each adjusting entry needed. Click Post Transaction once you complete the entry, then repeat these steps for each additional adjusting entry.
5) Click the Reports tab and review the adjusted Trial Balance generated as a result of preparing the adjusting entries in Requirement 3.
6) Under the Reports tab, review the Income Statement and Balance Sheet generated as a result of recording these transactions.
7) Based on the adjusted Trial Balance, prepare the necessary closing entries on January 31. Be sure to click the checkbox indicating that each transaction is a closing entry.
8) Click the Reports tab and review the post-closing Trial Balance generated as a result of preparing the closing entries in Requirement 7.
9) Click Submit Work when complete.
By following these steps, you will be able to accurately record transactions, prepare adjusting entries, and generate reports for General Ledger, Trial Balance, Income Statement, and Balance Sheet.
To complete the tasks outlined in the question, you should follow the steps below:
1) On the General Journal tab, click the "Add Transaction" button to journalize each transaction. After you have completed the entry, click the "Post Transaction" button. Repeat these steps for each transaction.
2) Click the "Reports" tab to review the results of recording these transactions on the General Ledger.
3) Under the "Reports" tab, review the Trial Balance generated as a result of recording these transactions.
4) On the General Journal tab, click the "Add Transaction" button to journalize each adjusting entry needed. After you have completed the entry, click the "Post Transaction" button. Repeat these steps for each additional adjusting entry.
5) Click the "Reports" tab to review the adjusted Trial Balance generated as a result of preparing the adjusting entries in Requirement 3.
6) Under the "Reports" tab, review the Income Statement and Balance Sheet generated as a result of recording these transactions.
7) Based on the adjusted Trial Balance, prepare the necessary closing entries on January 31. Be sure to click the checkbox indicating that each transaction is a closing entry.
8) Click the "Reports" tab to review the post-closing Trial Balance generated as a result of preparing the closing entries in Requirement 7.
9) Click the "Submit Work" button when you are finished.
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. An example of a capital market instrument is: a. A long-termcorporate bond. b. A mortgage loan. c. A treasury -bill. d. Acredit- card loan.
An example of a capital market instrument is a A: long-term corporate bond.
Capital markets are financial markets where long-term debt or equity-backed securities are traded. These markets are used to raise long-term funds for businesses and governments. Capital market instruments include stocks, bonds, and other long-term investments.
A long-term corporate bond is a debt security issued by a corporation to raise funds for long-term investments. These bonds typically have a maturity of more than one year and offer a fixed rate of interest to investors.
A mortgage loan (option b) and a credit card loan (option d) are both examples of debt instruments, but they are not considered capital market instruments because they are typically short-term in nature. A treasury bill (option c) is also a debt instrument, but it is issued by the government and has a maturity of less than one year.
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Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that analyzes the differences between generally accepted accounting principles for public and private colleges and universities.
Explain why it is important to identify whether the institution is Public or Private.
Clarify which of the two—public or private—follow the same reporting guidelines as nongovernmental not-for-profit organizations.
Analyze, in general terms, the financial statements that must be prepared by a private college or university and those that must be prepared by a public college or university.
Identify the major format differences in financial reporting for public and private colleges and universities.
Formulate an opinion about which statement provides more transparent information regarding revenues and on the amounts of restricted resources.
It is important to identify whether a college or university is public or private as the two generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for public and private institutions are different. Private colleges and universities must follow the same reporting guidelines as nongovernmental not-for-profit organizations, while public colleges and universities are subject to certain additional standards.
The financial statements that must be prepared by a private college or university include a statement of financial position, statement of activities, statement of cash flows, and a statement of functional expenses. A public college or university must also prepare a statement of net assets, statement of revenue and expense, statement of changes in net assets, and a statement of cash flows.
The major format differences in financial reporting for public and private colleges and universities include the amount of information provided in the statements and the type of classification and presentation of items. For example, public colleges and universities must provide more detailed information on revenues and restricted resources than private colleges and universities. Additionally, public colleges and universities typically classify and present items in a more sophisticated manner than private colleges and universities.
In general, the financial statement of a public college or university provides more transparent information regarding revenues and the amounts of restricted resources than the financial statement of a private college or university. Therefore, public colleges and universities are generally more transparent when it comes to financial reporting.
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