Vestigial structures are important evidence for evolution because they are remnants of structures that were once useful to an organism's ancestors, but have since become functionless or reduced in size and function in the descendants.
These structures imply that rather than being created in their current form, organisms have evolved over time.
The theory of evolution, which holds that organisms change through time through the process of natural selection, is consistent with the existence of vestigial structures. This idea states that organisms with superior environmental adaptation are more likely to live, procreate, and pass on their advantageous features to their offspring. This process can result in the creation of new structures across many generations as well as the destruction or alteration of old buildings.
Vestigial structures, which were formerly beneficial to an organism's progenitors but are now functionless or smaller in size and function in the descendants, serve as proof of this process.
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Duplication of the chromosomes to produce sister chromatids _____.
occurs in both mitosis and meiosis
Yes, the duplication of chromosomes to produce sister chromatids occurs in both mitosis and meiosis.
During the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs, resulting in the duplication of each chromosome. This process results in the formation of two identical sister chromatids joined at a centromere. In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate during anaphase, and each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.
In meiosis, the sister chromatids separate during the second division, resulting in the formation of four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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the liquid portion of blood is called and makes up about (percentage) of the total blood volume:
the cattle egret is a large north american bird that commonly sits on the backs of grazing cattle and eats insects, including pests to cows, that pester the cattle. this is an example of
specifically, commensalism in symbiosis.
One organism benefits from commensalism, a sort of symbiotic connection in which the other is neither assisted nor injured.
In this instance, the cattle egret reaps the rewards by eating the insects that annoy the cattle, with no negative effects on the cattle. As a result, the connection is commensalism.
CommensalismAn example of a symbiotic relationship between two species is commensalism, in which one species gains while the other neither suffers nor gains from the interaction.
In this situation, the cattle egret gains access to a convenient food source (insects that annoy the cattle) without having to exert much effort to obtain them. Contrarily, the egret's presence has no negative or positive effects on the cattle.
Neither does the cattle egret directly benefit the livestock nor does it do any harm to them. However, the egret indirectly assists the cattle by lowering the number of pests around by eating insects that annoy the cattle.
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what method of attempting to reduce alternate bearing in citrus has not produced positive results? why
Pruning has not produced positive results in attempting to reduce alternate bearing in citrus.
Alternate bearing is a phenomenon where a fruit tree produces a large crop of fruit one year, followed by a smaller crop or no fruit at all the next year. This can be a problem for citrus growers, as it can lead to fluctuations in yield and income. Various methods have been tried to reduce alternate bearing in citrus, including pruning, which involves removing some of the fruit and branches from the tree.
However, pruning has not produced consistent positive results in reducing alternate bearing, as it can sometimes stimulate new growth and lead to even more fruit the following year. Other methods such as chemical treatments and cultural practices have shown more promise in reducing alternate bearing in citrus.
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a complex cell located within the striate cortex would be most activated by a group of answer choices
A complex cell located within the striate cortex would most likely be activated by visual stimuli such as a moving object or a pattern of light and dark. This is because the striate cortex is located at the very back of the brain and is responsible for processing visual information.
Complex cells in this area are specialized for detecting movement and recognizing specific patterns. When these cells are activated, they send a signal to other areas of the brain to enable the recognition of an object or action.
Thus, when visual stimuli are presented, these complex cells are likely to be activated, allowing for the recognition of movement and patterns.
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since
Which animal is a vertebrate?
shrimp
octopus
crab
fish
Fish!
A vertebrate is a creature that has a spine, an invertebrate is a creature without a spine. If you look up fish you will see they have spines! May God bless you!
How can a geological features that occur at plate boundaries be used to determine which direction plates are moving
Mapping narrow belts of earthquakes, volcanoes, and young mountain ranges helps define and identify plate borders.
What kind of geologic structure causes a plate border to move?We refer to a diverging plate boundary as two plates that are moving apart. Magma rises from the interior of the Earth and erupts at these borders, creating new lithosphere crust. Oceanic spreading ridges are submerged mountain ranges formed by diverging plate borders, which are the majority of them.Three different types of tectonic boundaries are produced by the movement of the plates: convergent boundaries, where plates move toward one another; divergent boundaries, where plates move apart; and transform boundaries, where plates move laterally with respect to one another. Between one and two inches every second (three to five centimeters).For more information on plate boundaries direction kindly visit to
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in africa, lake victoria is home to many distinct species of cichlid fish that vary in color from blue to red. cichlid fish species that live in shallow water are blue and prefer to mate with other blue fish, whereas cichlid fish species that live in deep water are red and prefer to mate with other red fish. all of the cichlid fish species evolved from a single ancestrial species and live together in the same habitat. the cichlid fish in lake victoria are an example of which type of speciation? sympatric speciation allopatric speciation parapatric speciation adaptive radiation
The cichlid fish in Lake Victoria is an example of Sympatric speciation.
Sympatric speciation refers to a type of speciation that occurs when two different species arise from a single ancestral population that lives in the same geographical area. It happens when the two species coexist in the same geographical area and develop a reproductive barrier, preventing interbreeding.
Sympatric speciation, as the term implies, occurs in populations that occupy the same geographical area. Cichlid fish are freshwater fish belonging to the Cichlidae family. They are a large family of fish that are commonly found in freshwater habitats in Africa, South America, and other regions.
They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they are known for their bright, vibrant colors. The cichlid fish of Lake Victoria are known for their distinct coloration, which ranges from blue to red.
Cichlid fish that live in shallow water is blue and prefer to mate with other blue fish, while cichlid fish that live in deep water is red and prefer to mate with other red fish. These cichlid fish evolved from a single ancestral species and now live together in the same habitat.
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Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the origin and conduction of action potential?
A. SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
B. AV node → SA node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
C. SA node → AV node → Purkinje fibers → Bundle of His
D. Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers → SA node → AV node
The correct sequence of the origin and conduction of action potential is A. SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.
The action potential originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the upper wall of the right atrium of the heart. The electrical impulse travels to the atrioventricular (AV) node, located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. From there, the impulse moves to the Bundle of His, which is located in the interventricular septum. The Bundle of His divides into two branches, the left bundle branch, and the right bundle branch. Finally, the electrical impulse is conducted through the Purkinje fibers, which extend from the Bundle of His to the left and right ventricles.
In summary, the correct sequence of the origin and conduction of action potential is SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers. Therefore the correct option is A
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which event occurs when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply?
When myocardial oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply, it leads to myocardial ischemia, a condition where the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood and oxygen.
This is typically caused by a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for delivering blood to the heart. Myocardial ischemia can cause chest pain or discomfort, known as angina, which is a common symptom of coronary artery disease.
If the blood flow to the heart muscle is not restored promptly, it can result in a heart attack, where the affected portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrients.
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in which habitat should one find snapping shrimp most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat a4?
The habitat should one find snapping shrimp most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A4.
The snapping shrimp should be most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A4, which is described as having lots of algae and plant life but no coral or seaweed. The reason why is that snapping shrimp are found in a variety of marine environments, but they typically prefer shallow-water habitats that have lots of structure and plenty of hiding places.
Algae and plant life provide the ideal conditions for snapping shrimp because they can easily burrow into the sand or mud and create a safe haven where they can rest and hide from predators. Coral and seaweed may provide some structure, but they do not offer the same level of protection as algae and plant life. Therefore, the snapping shrimp should be most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A4.
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Inside the chloroplast, where are organic molecules made?
A. stroma
B. thylakoid membrane
C. between the outer and inner membranes
D. inside the thylakoid
A. The stroma of the chloroplast is where organic compounds are created.
StromaThe thylakoid membranes are enclosed in the fluid-filled stroma in the chloroplasts of plant cells. It is one of the chloroplast's two major compartments; the other is the thylakoid membrane system. The stroma is home to a variety of enzymes and molecular tools needed for the photosynthesis-based production of organic compounds like amino acids and carbohydrates.Pigments found in the thylakoid membranes, such as chlorophyll, collect light energy during photosynthesis. The creation of ATP and NADPH, which are employed in the stroma to change carbon dioxide into organic molecules, is then fueled by this energy.
Ribosomes, DNA, and other elements required for the synthesis of chloroplast proteins are also present in the stroma.
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rough projection that supports body weight when sitting is called?
The rough projection that supports body weight when sitting is called is the ischial tuberosity.
What is the ischial tuberosity?The ischial tuberosity is a vital structure in the pelvic region. It's a bony landmark that's easy to spot, and it's the component that makes up the lowest portion of the pelvis. When seated, this bony area supports the weight of the body. It's likewise an attachment point for various muscles that work to move the legs and hips.
The ischial tuberosity is also known as the "sitting bone." It's an essential part of the body's posture mechanism since it provides a solid base for sitting, and it helps distribute weight evenly throughout the pelvis. Additionally, it connects the pelvic muscles to the lower limbs. The sacrotuberous ligament is also attached to this bone.
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How to avoid injury to a bone muscle or joint?
In order to avoid injury to a bone, muscle, or joint, it is important to practice proper form when performing any type of physical activity.
This means using correct posture and body alignment, as well as using the correct muscles for the activity. Additionally, it is important to warm up thoroughly before any type of physical activity, and to use a gradual progression when increasing the intensity of an activity.
This will help to ensure that muscles, joints, and bones are properly prepared for the physical activity. Additionally, it is important to use proper equipment when engaging in physical activity.
For example, when running, it is important to wear shoes that are designed specifically for running, and to use a surface that is appropriate for the activity. Furthermore, it is important to listen to the body and to stop physical activity if any pain or discomfort is experienced.
If pain persists, it is important to see a medical professional to determine the cause and to ensure proper treatment. By following these guidelines, it is possible to help prevent injury to bones, muscles, and joints.
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Which of the following represents a
population?
Aunt, Uncle, Cousin
mom
Water, Fish, Dog, Cat
Mom, Dad, Brother, Sister, Dog
In terms of statistics, the term "population" refers to a collection of people, things, or occasions that the researcher is interested in and that have something in common.
Of of the available choices, "Mom, Dad, Brother, Sister, Dog" symbolizes a population since it is a collection of people who are related to one another and reside in the same home.
Whereas "Water, Fish, Dog, Cat" indicates a group of objects that do not share any characteristics in common and cannot be regarded as a population in a statistical sense, "Aunt, Uncle, Cousin," and "Mum" represent persons.
Who or what defines a population?a group of people from the same species living together as a community. Density, sex ratio, birth and death rates, emigration, and immigration are some of the variables that affect a population's makeup.
What are the population's influencing factors?Demographers often concentrate on four key variables when attempting to predict changes in population size: fertility rates, death rates (life expectancy), the beginning age profile of the population (whether it is relatively elderly or young, to begin with), and migration.
What are the three terms for the population?Population pyramids can be expanding, constrictive, or stable.
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What are the 3 characteristics of aquatic biomes?
The three characteristics of aquatic biomes are salinity, water depth, and water flow. Aquatic biomes are defined as communities of living organisms that are present in water. They are broadly classified into two groups: marine and freshwater biomes.
The saltwater biome is known as the marine biome, while the freshwater biome is known as the freshwater biome. Salinity, water depth, and water flow are the three characteristics of aquatic biomes. The marine biome covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, while the freshwater biome covers approximately 3% of the Earth's surface.
Both biomes are distinguished by unique characteristics. Salinity is the salt content of seawater, which is measured in parts per thousand. Marine biomes are defined by their saltwater, which includes oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Due to the high salt concentration, life forms that thrive in marine environments have distinct adaptations that allow them to conserve water and survive in high-salt conditions.
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two different species of butterfly were forced into the same habitat due to urban development. the adults were equally effective at feeding on nectar from several kinds of flowers. however, both species of caterpillar larva ate the same type of milkweed, and one species ate faster than the others. one of the adult species is likely to become extinct because
Due to the presence of a limited food resource (milkweed) for caterpillar larva and competition from the other species of butterfly, the species with slower eating is likely to become extinct.
This is because it has less of an advantage in gaining access to the limited food resource and therefore has less of a chance of surviving. In the given scenario, it is observed that two different species of butterfly are forced to share the same habitat. They both have distinct differences in terms of their larvae stage, but they both are similarly good at feeding on the nectar from flowers. It has been found that both species of caterpillar larva eat the same type of milkweed, but one species eats faster than the others.
Based on this, it can be concluded that one of the adult species is likely to become extinct. The species that is likely to become extinct will be the one with the slower eating larva. This is because the faster-eating larva will feed on most of the available milkweed, leaving little or no food for the slower-eating larvae.
The slower-eating larvae will have less access to food and are likely to die before becoming an adult butterfly. Therefore, the adult butterfly species with the slower-eating larvae will become extinct.
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describe the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. explain how the result of meiosis differs from the result of mitosis.
Mitosis and Meiosis are both processes of cellular division, but have some distinct differences. Mitosis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into four daughter cells with half of the genetic material of the original cell.
Similarities between mitosis and meiosis include the fact that both processes result in the division of a single cell into two or four daughter cells and the daughter cells of both processes contain the same genetic material as the parent cell.
Differences between mitosis and meiosis include the number of daughter cells produced, the amount of genetic material present in each daughter cell, and the purpose of each process. Mitosis results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis results in four daughter cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell. The purpose of mitosis is for cell growth and replacement, while the purpose of meiosis is for producing gametes (sex cells) during reproduction.
The Result of Meiosis vs Mitosis differs in that meiosis produces four daughter cells with half of the genetic material of the parent cell, while mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material. This difference is important during reproduction because the two daughter cells created during meiosis can combine with two daughter cells from another parent to form an organism with a unique set of genetic material, while the two daughter cells created during mitosis will remain genetically identical to the parent cell.
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whereas food chains show linear energy transfer between organisms, food webs depict more realistically what occurs in an ecosystem. true or false?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
:)
How does volcanic activity affect climate?
Gas and ash filter out solar radiation, causing the temperature to BLANK (Answer:Decrease)
Water vapor and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere, causing the climate to get BLANK (Answer:Warmer)
The temperature falls as a result of the sun's energy being filtered out by gas and ash. Climate change is brought on by the discharge of water vapour and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
What effect do gas and ash have on the sun radiation that raises temperature?The existence of gases and ash in the atmosphere lowered the temperature in the troposphere and decreased the amount of solar radiation that reached the Earth's surface.
What do they refer to as gases when they raise the amount of solar heat radiation in the atmosphere?Unlike other gas molecules in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases have a more complicated structure that can absorb heat. They either return the, another greenhouse gas molecule, or the surface of the Earth.
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which three properties apply to green fluorescent protein? multiple select question. from the fluorescent mushroom mycena chlorophos easily cloned and expressed in any organism encoded in a two gene operon from the jellyfish aequorea victoria easily cloned but can only fluoresce in bacteria encoded by a single gene
Easily cloned ; Encoded in a two-gene operon ; Fluorescent (except for the GFP variant from jellyfish Aequorea Victoria that can only fluoresce in bacteria).
What is green fluorescent protein?The protein that shows bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in blue to ultraviolet range is called as green fluorescent protein.
The three properties that apply to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) are:
Easily cloned
Encoded in a two-gene operon
Fluorescent (except for the GFP variant from jellyfish Aequorea Victoria that can only fluoresce in bacteria)
Therefore, correct options are as:
Easily cloned
Encoded in a two-gene operon
Fluorescent (except for the GFP variant from jellyfish Aequorea Victoria that can only fluoresce in bacteria)
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how have human activities impacted biogechemical cycles in the last 100 years? nitrogen concentrations in coastal waters mostly increased global nitrogen fixation decreased phosphorus concentrations in lakes and rivers mostly decreased carbon concentration in the atmosphere decreased
Human activities have significantly impacted biogeochemical cycles in the last 100 years, leading to changes in the distribution and cycling of elements in the environment.
Nitrogen cycle: Human actions have increased the amount of reactive nitrogen in the environment, such as the use of synthetic fertilisers and the combustion of fossil fuels.
Cycle of phosphorus: Human activities like the usage of fertilisers and detergents that contain phosphorus have increased the amount of phosphorus that is available in the environment.
Carbon cycle: Human actions including the combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and changes in land use have led to an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. Both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have been impacted by this rise in carbon dioxide concentrations, which has contributed to global warming and climate change.
These are some biogeochemical cycles affected.
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heavy dna ( n15 dna), hybrid dna, and light dna ( n14 dna) can be separated by centrifugation. if cells containing n15 dna are transferred to a medium with only n14 nh4cl as a nitrogen source, what percent of daughter molecules are composed of hybrid dna after 2 generations?
The proportion of hybrid DNA after two generations is 25%.
To create hybrid DNA, a culture of E.coli bacteria was grown on media containing NH3 with nitrogen-15 as the only nitrogen source. After only one generation, this culture was shifted to ([tex]NH_{4} Cl[/tex]) -containing media, allowing the nitrogen-15 to be replaced with nitrogen-14. It takes about two generations for the entire population to have 50% hybrid DNA and 50% light DNA.A 50:50 hybrid DNA/light DNA population of E. coli was produced as a result of the initial culture transfer to the lighter nitrogen source ([tex]NH_{4} Cl[/tex]). Because one parent strand in each daughter strand of a hybrid DNA molecule is light (N14) and the other is heavy ([tex]N_{15}[/tex]) ,hybrid DNA can be distinguished from heavy or light DNA by density gradient centrifugation.
The first generation of bacteria that grows in the ([tex]NH_{4} Cl[/tex]) -containing medium contains one heavy ([tex]N_{15}[/tex]) and one light ([tex]N_{15}[/tex]) DNA strand in each cell, with the heavy strand labeled. The second generation will have hybrid DNA, with half of each double helix containing one ([tex]N_{15}[/tex]) and one ([tex]N_{14}[/tex]) strand and the other half containing two ([tex]N_{14}[/tex]) strands.
Hence, The proportion of ([tex]N_{14}[/tex]) strand DNA at the end of 2nd generation is 75% and that of ([tex]N_{15}[/tex]) is 25%. This means that the proportion of hybrid DNA at the end of 2nd generation is 25%.
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if the m checkpoint is not cleared, what stage of mitosis will be blocked?
If the M checkpoint is not cleared, the cell will be blocked in metaphase stage of mitosis.
The M checkpoint or spindle checkpoint is a phase of mitosis where the cell verifies that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that they are correctly attached to the spindle fibers. Mitosis is the process by which cells divide and replicate. This process is a key step in a range of different functions, including the development of new cells, tissue repair, and growth, and is also necessary for the replication of organisms.
There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Each of these phases is characterized by different stages of cell division, and each is necessary for the process to be successful.The M checkpoint occurs in the middle of mitosis, and ensures that chromosomes have properly replicated and are correctly aligned on the spindle fibers. If this checkpoint is not cleared, the cell will be unable to progress to anaphase, and will remain in metaphase until the issue is resolved.
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he sequence of the pcr product obtained in the his pcr amplification reaction (used for yeast transformation) differs from the sequence contained within the original fa6 plasmid used as the template in the pcr reaction. what is this difference and why is it important for the success of the rad1 knockout experiment
The difference between the sequence of the PCR product obtained in the HIS PCR amplification reaction and the sequence contained within the original FA6 plasmid used as the template in the PCR reaction is that the former has a RAD1 deletion whereas the latter does not.
This difference is important for the success of the RAD1 knockout experiment because the RAD1 gene is being replaced by the HIS gene through a process known as gene targeting.
The RAD1 gene, on the other hand, is the recipient of the replacement. In the PCR amplification reaction, primers are used to amplify the HIS gene along with a sequence from RAD1 to provide the recombination substrate.
As a result, the sequence between the HIS and RAD1 regions is deleted, leaving only the HIS gene sequence flanked by the RAD1 sequences.
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Why is fermentation a required pathway for providing cellular energy when oxygen is unavailable or in insufficient supply?
- NAD is not regenerated by the electron transport chain. - ATP production requires oxygen.
- NADH cannot be reduced to NAD+
- Cells need either lactic acid or ethanol when oxygen is low
- Lactic acid or ethanol can be used to generate oxygen.
Fermentation is a required pathway for providing cellular energy when oxygen is unavailable or in insufficient supply due to the fact that ATP production requires oxygen.
Fermentation refers to the process by which organisms break down carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen, which is known as anaerobic respiration. This process is also known as cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells generate energy by breaking down food molecules.
Fermentation is a way for cells to make ATP without using oxygen. Fermentation results in the conversion of NADH to NAD+, allowing the glycolytic pathway to continue and ATP to be produced. Glycolysis, on the other hand, only generates a small amount of ATP, which is why fermentation is required. Lactic acid or ethanol can be used to generate oxygen is a false statement.
NAD is not regenerated by the electron transport chain and NADH cannot be reduced to NAD+ under anaerobic conditions. Cells need either lactic acid or ethanol when oxygen is low in order to generate ATP. Therefore, the answer is cells need either lactic acid or ethanol when oxygen is low.
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Main idea about WWI ( in your own words)
Answer:World War 1 was known as the Great War and was a global war that started in Europe and would eventually take in many nations throughout the world. It lasted from July 29, 1914, to November 11, 1918, and led to more than 70 million military personnel being deployed throughout the world.
Explanation:
the cell membrane protects and regulates what enters and leaves the cell. which organ system is most similar to the cell membrane?
The organ system that is most similar to the cell membrane in terms of function is the integumentary system.
Just as the cell membrane serves as a barrier between the cell and its environment, the skin of the integumentary system serves as a barrier between the body and the external environment. The skin also regulates the exchange of substances between the body and the environment, just as the cell membrane regulates the exchange of substances between the cell and its surroundings.
Additionally, the skin plays a role in sensory perception, temperature regulation, and immune defense, which are all functions that are related to the cell membrane's role in cellular communication and signaling.
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if you were to examine a mature ecosystem over the course of 30 years at the same time each year, would you expect the number of species and the population size of each species to be the same from year to year? why or why not?
Answer: An ecosystem is constantly changing so the number species and the population size of each would change too.
Explanation: There is a delicate balance in an ecosystem. There are many factors that can change the number of species in the area such as natural disasters which in turn can change any effected species population sizes.
an unknown mineral breaks along smooth planes when hit with a hammer. which mineral property does this show?Streak fracture cleavage luster
When a mineral is sharply struck with a hammer, cleavage, a feature of the material, causes the mineral to break cleanly along particular internal planes (known as cleavage planes).
Does a material have the capacity to fracture when struck along particular planes?If the mineral is hit with a hard object in this situation, it will typically break along these planes. The term "cleavage" refers to this ability to split along particular planes. due to the crystal lattice's cleavage occurring along planes.
Which kind of a property is cleavage?An object's ability to be divided into two main portions or smaller bits is known as cleavage. Solids have the ability to be divided into straightforward parts.
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