which solution is a buffer? which solution is a buffer? a solution that is 0.100 m in hno2 and 0.100 m in hcl a solution that is 0.100 m in hno3 and 0.100 m in nano3 a solution that is 0.100 m in hno2 and 0.100 m in nano2 a solution that is 0.100 m in hno2 and 0.100 m in nacl

The central atom in the following species can be described as having sp2 hybridization:
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Ethylene (C2H4)
3. Formaldehyde (CH2O)
4. Acetone (CH3COCH3)
5. Acetonitrile (CH3CN)
6. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
7. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
8. Dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3)

Note: The hybridization of an atom depends on the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs present on it. In sp2 hybridization, the central atom has three sigma bonds and one lone pair.
In species with sp2 hybridization, the central atom is typically surrounded by three electron groups, which can include bonds or lone pairs.

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I'm sorry, I cannot provide a specific answer without knowing the specific reactants involved in the reaction. Please provide more information.

26.18 g of NH₄Cl would require 122.56 mL of 3.99 M NH₄Cl solution.

To solve this problem, we need to use the formula:

moles of solute = mass of solute / molar mass

moles of solute = concentration x volume / 1000

We can rearrange the second formula to solve for the volume:

volume = (moles of solute x 1000) / concentration

First, let's calculate the moles of NH₄Cl:

moles of NH₄Cl = 26.18 g / 53.49 g/mol (molar mass of NH₄Cl)

moles of NH₄Cl = 0.489 mol

Now we can use the second formula to calculate the volume:

volume = (0.489 mol x 1000) / 3.99 M

volume = 122.56 mL

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All chemical activities can be viewed as a series of interactions or reactions between molecules.

What is Molecules?

A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains all of the chemical and physical properties of that substance. It is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. Molecules can be made up of atoms of the same element, such as two oxygen atoms bonded together to form O2, or they can be made up of different elements, such as a water molecule (H2O) made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

These interactions involve the exchange or sharing of electrons between atoms to form new chemical bonds or break existing ones. Some common types of molecular interactions include acid-base reactions, redox reactions, precipitation reactions, and complexation reactions. These interactions ultimately determine the properties and behavior of chemical substances and are fundamental to our understanding of chemistry.

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Yes, the reaction will provide the indicated product in high yield.This is a classic Williamson ether synthesis reaction, in which the hydroxide ion deprotonates the alcohol, creating an alkoxide ion that is then attacked by the methyl halide to form the ether product.

The reaction is usually performed under reflux conditions to ensure complete reaction and high yield of product. The only potential issue with this reaction is if there is any competing elimination reaction that could occur under the basic conditions, but since the reactants are well-suited to the ether synthesis mechanism and there are no obvious leaving groups on the reactants, we can assume that the reaction will proceed as expected with good yield.

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An atom that contains a full second energy level has a full outermost energy level.

In chemistry, energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found.

When an atom contains a full second energy level, it means that its outermost energy level is full. This makes the atom very stable.

For example, carbon is in the second period, so it has electrons in its second energy level, and it is in the fourth group in the second energy level, so it has 4 electrons.

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Without more information about the specific reaction in question, it is difficult to make a definitive statement about its spontaneity at room temperature.

However, I can explain the concept of spontaneity and how it relates to chemical reactions.

Spontaneity refers to whether a reaction will occur without any external intervention, such as the addition of energy or a catalyst. It is determined by the change in free energy ([tex]ΔG[/tex]) of the system, which is calculated using the equation:

[tex]ΔG = ΔH - TΔS[/tex]

where [tex]ΔH[/tex] is the change in enthalpy (heat content) of the system, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and [tex]ΔS[/tex]is the change in entropy (degree of disorder) of the system.

If [tex]ΔG[/tex] is negative, the reaction is spontaneous and will occur without any external intervention. If [tex]ΔG[/tex] is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and will not occur without the addition of energy or a catalyst. If [tex]ΔG[/tex] is zero, the reaction is at equilibrium and there is no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.

In general, the spontaneity of a reaction depends on the balance between the enthalpy and entropy changes. If the enthalpy change is negative (i.e., the reaction releases heat), the reaction will tend to be spontaneous at low temperatures. If the entropy change is positive (i.e., the reaction increases disorder), the reaction will tend to be spontaneous at high temperatures.

Without knowing the specific values of [tex]ΔH[/tex], ΔS, and T for the reaction in question, it is difficult to say whether it will be spontaneous at room temperature. However, in general, reactions that involve the breaking of strong bonds (such as [tex]C-H[/tex] bonds in alkanes) and the formation of weaker bonds (such as [tex]C-B[/tex]r bonds in alkyl bromides) tend to have positive enthalpy changes, which makes them less likely to be spontaneous. Additionally, the formation of a gas or an aqueous solution (both of which have high entropy) can increase the entropy change and make a reaction more likely to be spontaneous.

In conclusion, the spontaneity of a chemical reaction depends on a complex interplay between enthalpy and entropy changes, as well as the temperature and other factors.

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You will need 20 ml of the 3M NaCl solution to make a 0.1M solution that totals 0.6L (or 600 ml).

To make a 0.1M solution of NaCl that totals 0.6L (or 600ml), you will need to use the formula:
moles of solute = Molarity x volume of solution in liters
First, we need to calculate how many moles of NaCl we need for this solution:
moles of NaCl = 0.1M x 0.6L
moles of NaCl = 0.06 moles
Next, we need to calculate how much 3M NaCl solution we need to make this 0.1M solution:
moles of solute = Molarity x volume of solution in liters
0.06 moles = 3M x volume of solution in liters
volume of solution in liters = 0.02 L or 20 ml
So, you will need 20 ml of the 3M NaCl solution to make a 0.1M solution that totals 0.6L (or 600 ml).

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The radium present after 900 years is 34.56 g

The half-life of radium is 1690 years, which means that the amount of radium present will be reduced to half of its initial value every 1690 years.

Let's calculate how many half-lives occur in 900 years:

number of half-lives = 900 years / 1690 years per half-life

number of half-lives = 0.5325

This means that in 900 years, the amount of radium will be reduced to half its current value of 0.5325 times.

Final amount of radium = 50 g / 2^(0.5325)

The final amount of radium = 34.56 g (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, after 900 years, there will be approximately 34.56 grams of radium remaining.

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The compound has eight chiral carbon atoms, numbered 2 through 9. The configurations of each chiral carbon atom can be indicated by the stereochemical designations (R) or (S).

Using the numbering system provided, the configurations of the chiral carbon atoms are as follows:

- Carbon atom number 2: (2S)
- Carbon atom number 3: (3S) in configurations (1), (3), (5), and (7), and (3R) in configurations (2), (4), (6), and (8).
- Carbon atom number 4: (4R) in configurations (1), (3), (5), and (7), and (4S) in configurations (2), (4), (6), and (8).
- Carbon atom number 5: (5S) in configurations (1), (2), (5), and (6), and (5R) in configurations (3), (4), (7), and (8).
- Carbon atom number 6: (6R) in configurations (1), (2), (5), and (6), and (6S) in configurations (3), (4), (7), and (8).
- Carbon atom number 7: (7S) in configurations (1), (4), (5), and (8), and (7R) in configurations (2), (3), (6), and (7).
- Carbon atom number 8: (8R) in configurations (1), (4), (5), and (8), and (8S) in configurations (2), (3), (6), and (7).
- Carbon atom number 9: (9S) in configurations (1), (2), (3), and (4), and (9R) in configurations (5), (6), (7), and (8).

Therefore, the configurations of the chiral carbon atoms in this compound are:

(2S,3S,4R,5S,6R,7S,8R,9S) in configuration (1)
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,7R,8S,9R) in configuration (2)
(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S,7S,8R,9S) in configuration (3)
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R,7R,8S,9R) in configuration (4)
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S,7R,8R,9S) in configuration (5)
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R,7S,8S,9R) in configuration (6)
(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R,7R,8R,9S) in configuration (7)
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8S,9R) in configuration (8)

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The most cases, one product will be formed in greater amounts than the others and will be considered the major product.

However, I can explain the general reaction and the expected product.

When an alkane, such as methane or ethane, is heated with bromine, a substitution reaction can occur in which one of the hydrogen atoms in the alkane is replaced by a bromine atom. This is called monobromination.

For example, let's consider the reaction between methane and bromine:

[tex]CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr[/tex]

In this reaction, one of the hydrogen atoms in methane is replaced by a bromine atom, forming methyl bromide ([tex]CH3Br[/tex]) as the major monobromination product.

The same reaction can occur with other alkanes, such as ethane, propane, and butane, but the specific product formed will depend on the structure of the alkane and the reaction conditions.

It is worth noting that the reaction between alkanes and halogens (such as bromine) is typically not very selective, meaning that multiple substitution products can be formed.

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The empirical formula for this compound is C4H10O and molecular weight is 74.14 g/mol

The empirical formula for this compound can be determined by converting the percentages to grams and then to moles.

Assuming a 100 g sample, we have:

64.80 g carbon = 5.4 moles

13.62 g hydrogen = 13.5 moles

21.58 g oxygen = 1.35 moles

To find the simplest whole-number ratio of these elements, we divide by the smallest number of moles (1.35):

Carbon: 5.4 / 1.35 = 4

Hydrogen: 13.5 / 1.35 = 10

Oxygen: 1.35 / 1.35 = 1

Therefore, the empirical formula for this compound is C4H10O.

The empirical formula has a molecular weight of (4x12.01 + 10x1.01 + 1x16.00) = 74.14 g/mol, which is the same as the given molecular weight. This means the empirical formula is also the molecular formula.

So the compound is C4H10O.

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To answer your question, it is important to note that there are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma decay.

1. Alpha decay: Alpha particles have low penetration power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or clothing. They are less harmful if external exposure occurs.

2. Beta decay: Beta particles have higher penetration power compared to alpha particles but can be stopped by a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum. They are moderately harmful for external exposure.

3. Gamma decay: Gamma rays have the highest penetration power and can only be stopped by thick lead or concrete. They are the most harmful for a person sitting near the test tube due to their ability to penetrate human tissue and cause significant damage.

In conclusion, gamma decay would be the most harmful type of radioactive decay for a person sitting near a test tube containing a radioactive substance, as it has the highest penetration power and can cause significant damage to human tissue.

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The least soluble salt in the list is PbCl2 .

The Pb2+ cation repels water molecules less forcibly than smaller or less charged cations due to its size and high charge density. PbCl2 is hence less soluble in water.

The strength of the ionic bonds between Pb2+ and Cl- ions should also be taken into account. Within the lattice structure of PbCl2, the Pb2+ and Cl- ions are arranged in a regular way to form a crystalline solid.

The strength of the ionic bonds between Pb2+ and Cl- ions accounts for the low solubility

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The student should add 4.03 mL of 0.800 M H2O2 solution to excess NaOCl(aq) to produce 40.0 mL of O2(g) at 0.988 atm and 298K.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is:

2 NaOCl + 2 H2O2 → O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O

From the equation, we see that 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide produce 1 mole of oxygen gas. We can use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume of oxygen gas produced:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure (0.988 atm), V is the volume (40.0 mL = 0.0400 L), n is the number of moles of gas produced, R is the gas constant (0.08206 L·atm/mol·K), and T is the temperature (298 K). Solving for n, we get:

n = PV/RT = (0.988 atm)(0.0400 L)/(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(298 K) = 0.00161 mol

Since 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide produce 1 mole of oxygen gas, we need 2 × 0.00161 = 0.00322 moles of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution is 0.800 M, so we can calculate the volume of solution needed:

V = n/C = 0.00322 mol/0.800 mol/L = 0.00403 L or 4.03 mL

Therefore, the student should add 4.03 mL of 0.800 M H2O2 solution to excess NaOCl(aq) to produce 40.0 mL of O2(g) at 0.988 atm and 298K.

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The standard cell potential at 25°C for the given redox reaction is 0.47V.

The standard cell potential, Eo, for the given redox reaction can be calculated using the formula:

Eo = Eo(cathode) - Eo(anode)

where

Eo(cathode) is the standard reduction potential of the cathode (Cu2+ in this case) and

Eo(anode) is the standard oxidation potential of the anode (Pb in this case).

Given Eo for Cu2+(aq) + 2e ⇒ Cu(s) is 0.34V, and Eo for Pb2+(aq) + 2e- --> Pb(s) is -0.13V.

Substituting these values in the formula, we get:

Eo = Eo(cathode) - Eo(anode)

= 0.34V - (-0.13V)

= 0.47V

Therefore, the standard cell potential at 25°C for the given redox reaction is 0.47V.

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the standard cell potential at 25 oC, Eo or Eocell, for the given reaction is 0.47 V

For the above reaction, the standard cell potential, Eo or Eocell, can be computed using the following formula:

Eocell is defined as Eored(cathode) - Eored(anode)

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- --> Cu(s) is the standard reduction potential of the cathode, while Pb2+(aq) + 2e- --> Pb(s) is the standard reduction potential of the anode.

Inputting the values provided yields:

Eocell is defined as Eored(cathode) - Eored(anode)

Eocell = 0.34 V − (-0.13 V)

Eocell = 0.47 V

Therefore, 0.47 V at 25 oC is the standard cell potential, also known as Eo or Eocell, for the reaction in question.

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Based on the experimental data, the empirical formula of copper chloride is CuCl2.

The formula CuCl3 is not reasonable because copper chloride typically forms compounds with a 1:1 or 1:2 ratio of copper to chlorine.

To determine the empirical formula of copper chloride based on the experimental data, you'll need to follow these steps:

1. Obtain the mass or percentage composition of each element in the compound, which are copper (Cu) and chlorine (Cl).
2. Convert the mass or percentage composition to moles by dividing each value by their respective atomic masses (Cu: 63.55 g/mol, Cl: 35.45 g/mol).
3. Divide the moles of each element by the smallest mole value obtained in step 2.
4. Round the resulting ratios to the nearest whole number to obtain the mole ratio of each element in the empirical formula.

After performing these steps with your experimental data, you'll arrive at the empirical formula of copper chloride. If the formula CuCl3 is reasonable, the empirical formula you obtain should be CuCl3.

However, without specific data, I cannot confirm if CuCl3 is indeed reasonable.

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3,500 grams of O2 are required to react with 1000 grams of octane.

To answer this question, we need to use stoichiometry. First, we need to balance the equation:

C8H18(l) + 12.5 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l)

Now we can see that for every 12.5 moles of O2, we can produce 8 moles of CO2. We can use this ratio to find out how many moles of O2 are needed to react with 1 mole of octane:

12.5 mol O2 / 1 mol octane

To find out how many grams of O2 are needed to react with 1000 g of octane, we need to convert 1000 g of octane to moles:

1000 g octane x (1 mol octane / 114.23 g octane) = 8.75 mol octane

Now we can use the ratio above to find out how many moles of O2 are needed:

12.5 mol O2 / 1 mol octane x 8.75 mol octane = 109.4 mol O2

Finally, we can convert moles of O2 to grams:

109.4 mol O2 x (32.00 g O2 / 1 mol O2) = 3,500 g O2

Therefore, 3,500 grams of O2 are required to react with 1000 grams of octane.

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3,500 grams of O2 are required to react with 1000 g of octane.

To answer this question, we need to use stoichiometry to find the mole ratio of octane and oxygen and then use the molar mass of oxygen to calculate the mass of oxygen needed to react with 1000 g of octane.

The balanced chemical equation is:

C8H18(l) + 12.5 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O(l)

The mole ratio between octane and oxygen is 1:12.5, meaning that for every 1 mole of octane, we need 12.5 moles of oxygen to react completely.

To find the number of moles of octane in 1000 g, we need to divide the mass by the molar mass:

Number of moles octane = 1000 g / 114.23 g/mol = 8.75 mol

Using the mole ratio, we can calculate the number of moles of oxygen required:

Number of moles of o2 = 8.75 mol octane × 12.5 mol O2 / 1 mol octane = 109.38 mol O2

Finally, we can calculate the mass of oxygen needed using its molar mass:

Mass of oxygen = 109.38 mol O2 × 32.00 g/mol = 3,500 g

Therefore, 3,500 grams of O2 are required to react with 1000 g of octane.

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Answer:26.6

Explanation:.

When a piece of paper undergoes combustion (burning) in the presence of sufficient oxygen, it produces carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) gas and water vapor ([tex]H_{2}O[/tex]).

This is due to the chemical reactions that occur between the paper and the oxygen. The paper contains carbon and hydrogen atoms, which combine with oxygen from the air to form [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]H_{2}O[/tex].

It is important to note that the exact amounts of each product formed depend on the amount of oxygen present during combustion.

If there is not enough oxygen, incomplete combustion can occur and produce carbon monoxide (CO) instead of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex].

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A litmus test for cult organizations is that strict hierarchy and control mechanisms are part of the structure.

A litmus test for cult organizations is that charismatic leaders are often central to the structure. Cults are typically defined by a hierarchical structure with a charismatic leader at the top who has complete authority over their followers. This leader is often seen as having divine or special powers and is considered infallible. The leader's followers are expected to unquestioningly obey their commands and are often subjected to psychological manipulation and isolation from outside influences. In many cases, the cult leader will also be involved in the day-to-day operations of the organization, including the financial and legal aspects. This emphasis on a charismatic leader as a central figure in the organization is a defining feature of many cults.

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The average rate of the reaction is 0.00352 M/s. To calculate the average rate of the reaction, we need to use the formula: Average rate = (change in concentration)/(time interval).

In this case, we are given the initial concentration of HBr as 0.600 M and the concentration after 25.0 seconds as 0.512 M. Therefore, the change in concentration is: 0.600 M - 0.512 M = 0.088 M The time interval is also given as 25.0 seconds.

Now we can plug these values into the formula to get: Average rate = (0.088 M)/(25.0 s) Average rate = 0.00352 M/s Therefore, the average rate of the reaction during the first 25.0 seconds is 0.00352 M/s.

The average rate of the reaction is calculated as 0.00352 M/s.

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Note: The question given is incomplete. Here is the complete question.

Question: Consider the reaction: 2 HBr( g) ¡ H2( g) + Br2( g) b. In the first 25.0 s of this reaction, the concentration of HBr dropped from 0.600 M to 0.512 M. Calculate the average rate of the reaction during this time interval.

Label each conjugate acid-base pair:
- Conjugate acid-base pair 1: NH₄⁺ (conjugate acid) and NH₃ (conjugate base)
- Conjugate acid-base pair 2: H₂O (conjugate base) and H₃O⁺ (conjugate acid)

To write the acid dissociation (ionization) reaction for NH₄⁺ in water, follow these steps:

1. Write the reactants: NH₄⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l)
2. Identify that NH₄⁺ will donate a proton (H⁺) to H₂O.
3. Write the products: NH₃ (aq) + H₃O⁺ (aq)

The complete balanced equation is:
NH₄⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l) ⇌ NH₃ (aq) + H₃O⁺ (aq)

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Answer:

Explanation:

Enthalpy formation can be either positive or negative .The positive enthalpy formation indicates the compound is endothermic.

Negative enthalpy formation indicates the formation of the compound is exothermic.It means that it has highest thermal stability.Therefore they are very stable

So, the concentration of [OH⁻] is approximately 3.77 × 10⁻¹¹ M. To find [oh¯],

we can use the equation for the ion product constant of water (Kw): Kw = [H3O+][OH¯], At 25°C, Kw is equal to 1.0 × 10^-14. So, if [H3O+] = 2.65 × 10^-4 M,

we can rearrange the equation to solve for [OH¯]: [OH¯] = Kw/[H3O+]
[OH¯] = 1.0 × 10^-14/2.65 × 10^-4
[OH¯] = 3.77 × 10^-11 M

Therefore, [OH¯] is 3.77 × 10^-11 M.

To find the concentration of [OH⁻] when given the concentration of [H₃O⁺], we can use the ion product constant of water (Kw) formula. The Kw formula is: Kw = [H₃O⁺] × [OH⁻]

Kw is always equal to 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C. We are given [H₃O⁺] = 2.65 × 10⁻⁴ M. Now, we can solve for [OH⁻]: 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ = (2.65 × 10⁻⁴) × [OH⁻]
To find [OH⁻], divide both sides by (2.65 × 10⁻⁴): [OH⁻] = (1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴) / (2.65 × 10⁻⁴), [OH⁻] ≈ 3.77 × 10⁻¹¹ M

So, the concentration of [OH⁻] is approximately 3.77 × 10⁻¹¹ M.

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The molar solubility of the copper azide (CuN₃) in the solution with the pH of the 2.690 is the  4.1 × 10⁻⁹ M.

The pH = 2.690

[H⁺ ] = 0.0020 M

The equation is as :

HN₃ ⇄ H⁺ + N₃⁻

Ka = [H⁺][N₃⁻]/ [HN₃] = 2.2 × 10⁻⁵

The Ksp value is :

Ksp = [Cu⁺][N₃⁻] = 4.9 × 10⁻⁹

CuN₃(s) + H⁺ --> Cu⁺ + HN₃

Keq = [Cu⁺][HN₃] / [H⁺ ]

Ka = [H⁺][N₃⁻]/ [HN₃]

[H⁺][N₃⁻]/ [HN₃]  = 1/Ka  

Keq = Ksp x 1/Ka

Keq = [Cu⁺][N₃⁻] x [HN₃] /[H+][N₃⁻]

Keq = [Cu⁺][HN₃] / [H⁺]

Keq = 4.9 × 10⁻⁹  / 2.2 × 10⁻⁵

Keq  = 2.23 × 10⁻⁴

Y = molar solubility of CuN₃

Y = [Cu⁺] = [HN₃]

Keq = 2.23 × 10⁻⁴

Keq = Y(Y) / [H⁺]

2.23 × 10⁻⁴ = (Y)(Y) / 7.6 × 10⁻¹⁴

Molar solubility of CuN₃ = 4.1 × 10⁻⁹ M.

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The ph of a solution is 8.48.


To find the pH of the solution, we need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])

where pKa is the acid dissociation constant (-log(Ka)), [A⁻] is the concentration of the conjugate base, and [HA] is the concentration of the acid.

First, we need to find the pKa from the ionization constant (Ka):

Ka = [H+][A⁻]/[HA]
5.55 x 10⁻⁹ = x² / (0.33 - x)

where x is the concentration of H+ ions formed by the dissociation of the acid.

Simplifying the equation using the quadratic formula, we get:

x = 7.45 x 10⁻⁵ M

Therefore, the pKa is:

pKa = -log(5.55 x 10⁻⁹)
pKa = 8.255

Now we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = 8.255 + log(0.55/0.33)
pH = 8.48

So the pH of the solution is 8.48.

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The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, and this process also results in the release of oxygen.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of how this occurs:

1. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms.

2. When light photons are absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll, they excite electrons to a higher energy state.

3. These high-energy electrons are transferred through a series of proteins called the electron transport chain (ETC).

4. As electrons move through the ETC, they release energy, which is used to pump protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane, creating a proton gradient.

5. This proton gradient drives the enzyme ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

6. Meanwhile, the electrons are ultimately passed to NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) along with a proton (H+), reducing it to NADPH.

7. The loss of electrons from chlorophyll is replenished by splitting water molecules, a process called photolysis. This results in the release of oxygen gas (O2) as a byproduct.

In summary, the light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, and the process results in the release of oxygen.

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The free energy change for the reaction where alcohol dehydrogenase reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol in yeast under standard conditions is -18,686 J/mol.

To calculate the free energy change for the reaction where alcohol dehydrogenase reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol in yeast under standard conditions, we can use the formula:

ΔG° = -RT ln K

Where:
- ΔG° is the standard free energy change
- R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol K)
- T is the temperature in Kelvin (298 K)
- K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ → Ethanol + NAD+

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 2100 M^-1. Therefore, we can plug these values into the equation to obtain:

ΔG° = -8.314 J/mol K x 298 K x ln 2100 M^-1
ΔG° = -8.314 J/mol K x 298 K x 7.65
ΔG° = -18,686 J/mol

Therefore, the free energy change for this reaction under standard conditions is -18,686 J/mol.

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