Which of the following statements about thermodynamic systems and state functions is CORRECT?

The symbol that is a measure of the favorability of a reaction, considering both the enthalpy and entropy, is Gibbs free energy (ΔG).

The Gibbs free energy change of a reaction takes into account the change in enthalpy (ΔH) and the change in entropy (ΔS) of the system, and is given by the equation:

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

where T is the temperature in Kelvin.

A negative value of ΔG indicates that the reaction is spontaneous and favors the formation of products, while a positive value of ΔG indicates that the reaction is non-spontaneous and favors the formation of reactants. At equilibrium, ΔG is zero, indicating that the reaction is in a state of balance between the reactants and products.

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a. CaCO₃ effectively neutralizes excess stomach acid via the reaction: CaCO₃ + 2H⁺ → Ca²⁺ + H₂O + CO₂(g), making it a suitable source for chronic heartburn sufferers.

b. Marble statues erode from acidic precipitation due to a reaction between CaCO₃ and acid: CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂(g).

c. Mg(OH)₂ antacids are preferred over CaCO₃ antacids due to better neutralization of stomach acid and faster relief of heartburn symptoms from higher solubility.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) can neutralize excess stomach acid and thus provide relief from heartburn symptoms. When calcium carbonate reacts with stomach acid (hydrochloric acid, HCl), it forms calcium chloride (CaCl₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water (H₂O). The net ionic equation for the reaction is:

CaCO₃(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Ca²⁺(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

The calcium ions can also be absorbed into the bloodstream and contribute to overall calcium intake.

Marble is composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). When exposed to acidic precipitation (such as acid rain), the carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) formed in the reaction between carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) reacts with calcium carbonate, producing calcium ions (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), and water. The bicarbonate ions are then washed away by the rainwater, leaving behind calcium-deficient marble that is more prone to erosion. The chemical reaction can be represented as, CaCO₃(s) + H₂CO₃(aq) → Ca²⁺(aq) + 2HCO₃⁻(aq)

Many people prefer antacids in which magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is the active ingredient over those that use calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) because Mg(OH)₂ has a higher solubility and is more readily absorbed by the body, which means it can neutralize stomach acid more effectively. Additionally, Mg(OH)₂ has a mild laxative effect, which can help relieve constipation, a common side effect of taking calcium carbonate antacids.

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The length of the carbon chain and the types of bonds that connect the carbon atoms in fatty acids are used to categorize them.

A fatty acid is an aliphatic carboxylic acid having a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain.

Different fatty acids have different carbon chains (number of carbons in the fatty acid). From 4 and 24 carbon atoms make up the majority of fatty acids, with even numbers (i.e., 8, 18) occuring more commonly than odd ones (i.e. 9, 19).

No carbon-carbon double bonds can be found in saturated fatty acids, while one can be found in monounsaturated fatty acids and two or more can be found in polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The length of the C chain affects how soluble fatty acids are in water. The fatty acid will be harder to dissolve in water the longer the C chain, resulting in a lower solubility rating.

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The new volume of the balloon outside is approximately 41.8 L.

What is Temperature?

Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or a system. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles (such as atoms and molecules) that make up the object or system. The higher the temperature, the greater the average kinetic energy of the particles, and the hotter the object or system feels.

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. The equation is:

(P1 × V1) ÷ T1 = (P2 × V2) ÷ T2

where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature.

In this case, we can assume that the pressure on the balloon stays constant at exactly 1 ATM. So we can simplify the equation to:

V1 ÷ T1 = V2 ÷ T2

We can now substitute the given values into the equation:

V1 = 45.5 L (initial volume inside the prep shed)

T1 = 9°C + 273.15 = 282.15 K (initial temperature inside the prep shed)

T2 = -14°C + 273.15 = 259.15 K (final temperature outside)

V2 = ?

Now we can solve for V2:

V2 = (V1 × T2) ÷ T1

V2 = (45.5 L × 259.15 K) ÷ 282.15 K

V2 = 41.8 L

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Changes in color, texture, and appearance can also serve as visual evidence of a chemical transformation in addition to the melting range.

In addition to the melting range, other visual evidence that the starting materials have undergone a transformation may include changes in color, texture, or appearance. For example, if the starting materials were colorless liquids and the product is a solid with a distinct color, this could indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred.

Similarly, if the starting materials were clear and the product is cloudy or has a different texture, this could also suggest that a reaction has taken place. Other forms of evidence could include changes in mass, boiling point, or refractive index, among others. Ultimately, a combination of analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy or chromatography, may be required to confirm the identity and purity of the product.

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The pH after addition of 0.0400 mole of HNO3 is 4.13

First, determine the pKa using the provided Ka.:

pKa = -log Ka

pKa = -log 1.3 x 10-5 pKa = 4.8861

Then, determine how many moles of propionic acid HA and propionate A were present in the initial solution.

NHA= (0.300 M) (1.00 L) = 0.300 mol HA

NA- = (0.100 M) (1.00 L) = 0.100 mol A

Calculate the acid and base amounts again after 0.0400 mol of acid has been added. By doing this, the amount of acid will rise while the amount of base will fall:

nHA= 0.300 mol + 0.0400 mol = 0.340

nA = 0.100 mol-0.0400 mol = 0.060

Put the parameters into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation at the end. Keep in mind that the ratio of concentrations and the ratio of moles are the same:

pH = pKa + log [A]/ [HA]

pH = pKa + log (nA-/V) / (nHA/ V)

pH = pKa + log nA- / nHA

pH 4.8861+ log = 0.060 /0.340

pH = 4.1328

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The answer to the number of ions present in the aqueous solution is option (c) 4.30 x 10^21 magnesium ions and 8.60 x 10^21 chloride ions.

The number of ions in the aqueous solution can be calculated using the following formula:

Number of moles = molarity x volume of solution (in liters)

Number of ions = Avogadro's number x number of moles of substance

Since magnesium chloride dissociates into two ions (Mg2+ and 2Cl-), the number of ions can be doubled to calculate the number of chloride ions.The number of moles of magnesium chloride can be calculated as follows:

Number of moles = Molarity x Volume (in liters)

Number of moles = 1.88 M x 3.8 x 10^-6 L = 7.184 x 10^-6 mol

The total number of ions in the solution is:

Number of ions = 2 x Avogadro's number x number of moles of substance

Number of ions = 2 x 6.022 x 10^23 x 7.184 x 10^-6

Number of ions = 8.60 x 10^21 ions

The number of magnesium ions can be calculated by dividing the total number of ions by 2.Number of Mg2+ ions = 8.60 x 10^21 ions ÷ 2 = 4.30 x 10^21 ions

Therefore, the correct answer is option (c) 4.30 x 10^21 magnesium ions and 8.60 x 10^21 chloride ions.

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The concentration (molarity) of the solution that contains 38.3 grams of NaCl in 1.5 L of solution is 0.437 M

First, we shall obtain the mole of NaCl. Details below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Mole of NaCl = 38.3 / 58.5

Mole of NaCl = 0.655 mole

Finally, we shall determine the molarity of the solution. Details below:

Molarity of solution = mole / volume

Molarity of solution = 0.655 / 1.5

Molarity of solution = 0.437 M

Thus, the molarity of the solution is 0.437 M

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Based on the solubility rules, the compound D. BaSO4 is insoluble in water.

This is because barium sulfate is one of the exceptions to the general solubility rule for sulfates (SO4^2-). While most sulfates are soluble in water, those containing barium (Ba^2+), along with lead (Pb^2+), and calcium (Ca^2+) are not soluble.

In contrast, the other compounds listed are soluble:
A. Rb2SO4 - Rubidium sulfate is soluble because alkali metal salts (like rubidium) are generally soluble in water.
B. Na2SO4 - Sodium sulfate is soluble for the same reason as rubidium sulfate - sodium is an alkali metal.
C. CuSO4 - Copper sulfate is soluble because most sulfate salts are soluble in water.
E. MgSO4 - Magnesium sulfate is soluble, as it is also a sulfate salt.

In summary, BaSO4 is the only compound among the given choices that is insoluble in water due to the specific solubility rules for sulfate compounds. Therefore the correct option is D

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Total 2 electrons are transferred in this reaction.

Balanced chemical equation for the given reaction under acidic conditions is;

8 H⁺ + 2 Fe²+ + 2HNO₂ → 2NO₃⁻ + 2 Fe₃⁺ + 3H₂O

So the coefficients of the species are;

HNO₂⁺ + Fe₂⁺ → NO₃⁻ + Fe₃⁺

1 + 1 → 1 + 1

Water will appear in the balanced chemical equation as a product having a coefficient of 3.

The number of electrons transferred in this reaction can be calculated by examining the oxidation states of the atoms involved. Iron (Fe) goes from a +2 oxidation state to a +3 oxidation state, which means it has lost one electron per Fe atom. Therefore, 2 electrons are transferred in total.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"When the following equation is balanced properly under acidic conditions, what are the coefficients of the species shown? HNo2+ + Fe2+ --> NO3- + Fe water appears in the balanced equation as a fill in the blank 5 (reactant, product, neither) with a coefficient of . (enter 0 for neither.) how many electrons are transferred in this reaction?"--

This is incomplete question, here is the question.

Most metals used by society are obtained from which group of options: base metals, ore minerals, precious metals, or native metals?

Most metals used are obtained from base metals ore minerals due to their abundance and ease of extraction through mining.

Most metals utilized by society are acquired from base metals mineral minerals. These minerals incorporate copper, zinc, lead, nickel, and tin, which are tracked down in enormous amounts in the World's hull. The extraction interaction includes mining these metals from underground or open-pit mines, trailed by pounding and crushing to set the metal free from the mineral grid.

Synthetic or actual division procedures are then used to confine and refine the metal. Valuable metals, like gold and silver, are additionally acquired from metal minerals, however they are somewhat intriguing and more hard to extricate. Local metals, then again, are tracked down in their unadulterated metallic structure and don't need extraction from mineral minerals.

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The entropy change of a sample of 26.7g of Sn in J/K when it melts at 232°C is 0.055 J/K.

We can use the formula ΔS = ΔHfus/T to calculate the entropy change of a sample of Sn as it melts at 232°C, where ΔHfus is the heat of fusion and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15 to it;

T = 232°C + 273.15

= 505.15 K

Next, we need to calculate the number of moles of Sn in the sample. We can do this using the molar mass of Sn;

n = m/M = 26.7 g / 118.71 g/mol

= 0.2246 mol

Now we can use the formula to calculate the entropy change:

ΔS = ΔHfus/T = (7.03 kJ/mol) / (0.2246 mol × 505.15 K)

= 0.055 J/K

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Tin (Sn, MM = 118.71G/mol) is a soft metal that is used in alloys such as bronze. Sn melts at ,232 degree C, and has a heat of fusion of  Δ Hf = 7.03 KJ/mol. what is the entropy change of a sample of 26.7g of Sn in J/K when it melts at 232 degree C?"--

The base ionization constant is defined as the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium of the reaction between a conjugate base and its parent acid. Option (A) is correct.

The ionization constant of the reaction can be defined as a constant that depends upon the equilibrium between the ions and the molecules of the reaction that are not ionized in a solution or in the liquid. It is expressed as the symbol as K. It is also called as the dissociation constant. The base ionization constant is generally calculated by the multiplication of the concentrations of the hydrogen ions of the reaction and the concentration of the conjugate base of the reaction. Then the value is divided by the concentration of the acid of the reaction.

A base ionization constant is defined as the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base of the reaction. It can be expressed as [tex]K_{b}[/tex]. We can take an example of ammonia, This is the expressed in the form of,

                [tex]K_{b}[/tex] = [[tex]NH_4^{+} }[/tex]][[tex]OH^{-}[/tex]][[tex]NH_{3}[/tex]]

[tex]K_{b}[/tex] is a reflection of the strength of the base of the reaction. It is evident that weak bases with relatively high [tex]K_{b}[/tex] values are generally stronger than bases of the reaction with relatively low [tex]K_{b}[/tex] values of the base of the reaction.

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The base ionization constant is described by which of the following?

select the correct answer below:

A. the base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium between a conjugate base and its parent acid.

B.  the base ionization constant is the ratio of the concentration of the ionized base to the initial base concentration times 100%.

C. the base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base.

D.  none of the above

Answer:

The base ionization constant is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base.

Explanation:

The base ionization constant is denoted by the symbol Kb and is defined as the equilibrium constant for the ionization of a base in water.

Recall that a base, B, will undergo base ionization in water according to the following equation.

B(aq)+H2O(l)↽−−⇀BH+(aq)+OH−(aq)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:

Kb=[BH+][OH−][B]

Generally, we only discuss the equilibrium constants for weak bases, as strong bases dissociate completely in water.

The equilibrium partial pressure of [tex]$NH_3$[/tex] is 0.0106 atm. [tex]$K_c=\frac{[NH_3]^2}{[N_2][H_2]^3},$[/tex] and [tex]$[NH_3]=1.32\times10^{-4}\frac{mol}{L}.$[/tex]

To decide the harmony halfway strain of [tex]$NH_3$[/tex] in the response vessel, we really want to think about the decent condition for the response:

[tex]$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g)[/tex] rightleftharpoons [tex]2NH_3(g)$[/tex].

At harmony, the paces of the forward and invert responses are equivalent, and the centralizations of the reactants and items never again change. The harmony steady articulation for this response is:

[tex]$K_c = \frac{[NH_3]^2}{[N_2][H_2]^3}$[/tex]

We can utilize the underlying tensions of [tex]$N_2$[/tex] and [tex]$H_2$[/tex] to ascertain their fixations utilizing the best gas regulation:

[tex]$[N_2] = \frac{P_{N_2}}{RT} = \frac{0.900 atm}{0.08206 \frac{L\cdot atm}{mol\cdot K} \times 648 K} = 0.0149 \frac{mol}{L}$[/tex]

[tex]$[H_2] = \frac{P_{H_2}}{RT} = \frac{0.500 atm}{0.08206 \frac{L\cdot atm}{mol\cdot K} \times 648 K} = 0.0083 \frac{mol}{L}$[/tex]

Subbing these fixations and the harmony steady articulation into the articulation for [tex]$K_c$[/tex], we get:

[tex]$K_c = \frac{[NH_3]^2}{[N_2][H_2]^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$K_c = \frac{([NH_3]/0.0149 \frac{mol}{L})^2}{0.0149 \frac{mol}{L} \times (0.0083 \frac{mol}{L})^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$K_c = \frac{[NH_3]^2}{1.05\times10^{-10}}$[/tex]

Addressing for [tex]$[NH_3]$[/tex], we get:

[tex]$[NH_3] = \sqrt{K_c \times [N_2] \times [H_2]^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$[NH_3] = \sqrt{1.05\times10^{-10} \times 0.0149 \frac{mol}{L} \times (0.0083 \frac{mol}{L})^3}$[/tex]

[tex]$[NH_3] = 1.32\times10^{-4} \frac{mol}{L}$[/tex]

At long last, we can switch this fixation over completely to a halfway tension utilizing the best gas regulation:

[tex]$P_{NH_3} = [NH_3] \times \frac{RT}{P}$[/tex]

[tex]$P_{NH_3} = (1.32\times10^{-4} \frac{mol}{L}) \times \frac{0.08206 \frac{L\cdot atm}{mol\cdot K} \times 648 K}{1 atm}$[/tex]

[tex]$P_{NH_3} = 0.0106 atm$[/tex]

Consequently, the harmony halfway tension of [tex]$NH_3$[/tex] in the response vessel is 0.0106 atm.

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Answer:

2 is the rate of chemistry reaction

Boyle's Law-

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}\\[/tex]

(Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume)

Where-

As per question, we are given that -

Now that we have all the required values and we are asked to find out the final volume, so we can put the values and solve for the final volume -

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf 11.5 \times 36= 9.3\times V_2\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \dfrac{11.5 \times 36 }{9.3}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \cancel{\dfrac{ 414}{9.3}}\\[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 =44.5161.....\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf \underline{V_2 = 44.52 \:L }\\[/tex]

Therefore, the volume of the ammonia will become 44.52 L if its pressure is changed to 9.3 kPa while its temperature remains constant.

To select the most favorable eluent, which is the best solvent system to elute compound A and B TLC (Thin layer chromatography)  separation technique is used.

It is used to isolate and identify substances from mixtures. It works on the same principle as column chromatography, but it is carried out on a smaller scale. TLC is a simple and quick technique for separating components from a mixture. It is based on the differential adsorption of components onto the adsorbent surface.The most favorable solvent system to elute compound A and B is given as follows;Hexane/ethyl acetate mixture is used to elute the compound A from the mixture, and a solvent system consisting of a higher amount of ethyl acetate and lower amount of hexanes is used to elute compound B.Both components, A and B, have different polarities, and hence, their solubilities are different in various solvents.

The chromatographic separation occurs when one component has higher polarity and adsorbs more readily to the polar adsorbent than another compound with lower polarity. Thus, the ideal solvent system is dependent on the properties of the components that you are separating.

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The function of a buffer is to maintain the pH of a solution. The correct answer is maintain the pH of a solution.

Buffers are important in many chemical processes and biological systems, as they help maintain a stable pH environment, allowing for the proper functioning of chemical reactions and enzymes.

A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. It does this by absorbing or releasing H+ ions as necessary. The buffering capacity of a solution is determined by the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base, which together form a buffer system.

Buffers are important in many biological processes because they help to maintain the pH of body fluids and prevent them from becoming too acidic or basic. They are also used in many laboratory experiments and industrial processes where pH control is important.

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The per cent ionization of the solution is 0.017%. The steps involved are;

Write the reaction equation

Setup the ICE table

make the necessary calculation

The equation of the reaction is as follows;

CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH(aq)  ⇄ [tex]H^{aq}[/tex]  + CH₃CH₂CH₂COO[tex]^{-aq}[/tex]

I       0.0075                               0                0.085

C    -x                                        +x             + x

E     0.0075 - x                               x               0.085 + x

The Ka of the acid = 1.5 x 10⁻⁵

Hence;

1.5 x 10⁻⁵ = x(0.085 + x)/0.0075 - x

1.5 x 10⁻⁵ (0.0075 - x ) =  x(0.085 + x)

1.1 x 10⁻⁷ - 1.5 x 10⁻⁵ˣ = 0.085x + x²

x² + 0.085x - 1.1 x 10⁻⁷ = 0

x = 0.0000013 M

Percent ionization=  0.0000013 M/0.0075 × 100/1

= 0.017%

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The correct options are AB+CD →AD+CB, Oxygen, HF, Ba(OH)₂, Na₂SO₄+H₂O, They are double displacement reactions.

When pieces of two ionic compounds are exchanged, two new compounds are created. These reactions are known as double displacement reactions. Chemical reactions known as double displacement reactions occur when the reactant ions move around to create new products. Precipitate production often happens as a result of a double displacement process. Covalent or ionic chemical bonds may be present between the reactants. Iron sulphate is produced as a result of the interaction between iron and copper sulphate. Because iron is more reactive than copper in this situation, copper is replaced. Zinc and iron sulphate react, producing zinc sulphate as a byproduct.

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Agriculture: Copper (II) sulfate is used as a fungicide to control plant diseases, while iron metal is used as a nutrient for plants.

Fe + CuSO4 Reaction.

Reactant and state: Copper (II) sulphate, solid (CuSO4.5H2O)

Product and state: Iron (II) sulphate, solid

(FeSO4) and Copper metal, solid (Cu)

Word equation: Iron metal + Copper (II) sulphate sulphate - Copper metal + Iron (II)

Balanced formula: Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4

Type of reaction: This is a single displacement or substitution reaction, where iron replaces copper in the copper sulfate compound.

ChatGPT

Answer:  1. The chemical formula of the negative polyatomic ion present in an aqueous nitric acid solution is nitrate, which has a chemical formula of NO3-.

2. The solubility of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in water is negatively affected by an increase in water temperature. This means that as the temperature of water increases, the solubility of SO2 in water decreases. This is because the solubility of gases in water generally decreases with increasing temperature, due to the decrease in gas molecules' ability to dissolve in water. Therefore, when water temperature increases, the amount of SO2 that can dissolve in the water decreases, resulting in less acidic rainfall.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Use the given solubility to set up a proportion:

61.8 g / 100.0 g water = x g / 142.1 g water

Cross-multiply to solve for x:

x = (61.8 g / 100.0 g water) * 142.1 g water

Simplify and solve:

x = 87.76 g

Round the answer to an appropriate number of significant figures:

The answer should be rounded to three significant figures, since the given solubility has three significant figures. Therefore, the final answer is:

x = 87.8 g

Therefore, 87.8 g of the unknown solute can dissolve in 142.1 g of water at 70 °C.

At 70°C, the solubility of the unknown solute is 61.8 g/100.0 g of water. 87.9 g of the solute can dissolve in 142.1 g of water at 70°C.

(61.8 g solute / 100.0 g water) = (x g solute / 142.1 g water)
To solve for x, cross-multiply:
61.8 * 142.1 = 100 * x
8791.38 = 100x
x = 87.9138
Thus, 87.9 g of the solute can dissolve in 142.1 g of water at 70°C.

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Answer:

The relationship between salinity and light transmittance is that an increase in salinity leads to a decrease in light transmittance. This is because the dissolved salts in water absorb and scatter light, reducing the amount of light that can pass through.

Explanation:

Answer: The density of pure water is 1 gram per 1 milliliter or one cubic cm. By knowing the density of water we can use it in dilution equations or to calculate the specific gravity of other solutions.

The mixture is placed in an ice-bath during the addition of the concentrated sulfuric acid for multiple reasons. Firstly, the concentrated sulfuric acid is highly reactive and exothermic.

When added to the mixture, it can cause a sudden rise in temperature, leading to undesired side reactions. Placing the mixture in an ice-bath helps to control the reaction temperature and avoid any unwanted reactions.

Secondly, the ice-bath helps to reduce the sulfonation of the 1,4-dimethoxybenzene. Sulfonation can lead to the formation of undesired products and reduce the yield of the desired product.

Finally, placing the mixture in an ice-bath can also help to reduce the formation of butene, which is an undesired byproduct that can form at higher temperatures. The cooling effect of the ice-bath helps to prevent the formation of butene and favor the formation of the FC alkylation product.

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Full Question ;

Why is the mixture placed in an ice-bath during the addition of the concentrated sulfuric acid? (Check all that apply.) MULTIPLE ANSWER A. To avoid the evaporation of the concentrated sulfuric acid. B. To increase the rate of the reaction. C. To favor the formation of the FC alkylation product. D. To reduce the sulfonation of the 1,4-dimethoxybenzene E. To reduce the formation of butene

The white solid could be silver chloride (AgCl) which is insoluble in water, insoluble in excess ammonia solution and soluble in dilute HCl.

AgCl is insoluble in water, and when it reacts with excess ammonia solution, it forms a complex with the formula [Ag(NH₃)²⁺]. Therefore, AgCl is insoluble in excess ammonia solution. When AgCl is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl), it dissolves to form a solution containing silver ions (Ag⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻). AgCl is a white crystalline solid with a high melting point (455°C) and boiling point (1,155°C). It is sparingly soluble in water, and its solubility decreases as the temperature decreases. AgCl is also insoluble in organic solvents.

AgCl is used in various applications, such as in the production of silver electrodes, in electroplating, and as a reagent in chemical analysis. AgCl is considered to be relatively non-toxic, but it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. It is also considered an environmental hazard and should be handled and disposed of with care.

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Butanoic acid has an adjacent carboxyl group that withdraws electron density, making it more readily protonated than butanone.

Both butanoic corrosive and butanone contain a carbonyl gathering, which is an electron-insufficient carbon particle twofold clung to an oxygen molecule. This makes the carbonyl carbon more helpless to nucleophilic assault, including protonation by a solid corrosive.

Nonetheless, butanoic corrosive is more promptly protonated than butanone because of the presence of the neighboring carboxyl gathering. The electronegative oxygen molecule in the carboxyl gathering pulls out electron thickness from the carbonyl oxygen, making it more electron-lacking and subsequently more defenseless to protonation by a solid corrosive. Conversely, butanone misses the mark on extra electron-pulling out bunch, so its carbonyl oxygen is less electron-insufficient and less inclined to be protonated by a solid corrosive.

Generally speaking, the presence of contiguous electron-pulling out gatherings can build the reactivity of carbonyl mixtures towards protonation.

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