The route of blood through the crocodilian, bird, and mammal heart and circulation involves the blood being pumped from the heart to the body through arteries, returning to the heart through veins, and then being pumped to the lungs (in the case of mammals and birds) or to the lungs and stomach (in the case of crocodilians) before returning to the heart again.
In mammals, the heart consists of four chambers: the right and left atria, and the right and left ventricles. Blood flows into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava, then into the right ventricle, which pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein and then into the left ventricle, which pumps it out to the rest of the body through the aorta.
In birds, the heart is also four-chambered, but the right ventricle is larger and more muscular than in mammals to help pump blood to the lungs more efficiently.
In crocodilians, the heart has four chambers as well, but there is a valve between the right atrium and ventricle that can divert blood to the stomach instead of the lungs, allowing them to remain submerged underwater for extended periods of time.
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In response to viral or intracellular bacterial infection, the afflicted cell can signal immune action to prevent spread of the infection to other cells. In this process where is antigen presented?
a.Proteosome
b.Phagolysosome
c.Phagosome
d.Nucleus
e.Cytoplasm
f.Endoplasmic reticulum
g.Transport vesicle
The correct answer to the question related to immune response is option f, Endoplasmic reticulum, In response to viral or intracellular bacterial infection, a cell can signal immune action to prevent the spread of the infection to other cells.
This immune response is triggered by the presentation of antigens on the cell surface.
The Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that plays a crucial role in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins.
The Endoplasmic reticulum also processes and presents antigens on the cell surface to trigger immune action.
This process is called antigen presentation and is essential for the activation of the immune response.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question related to immune response is option f, Endoplasmic reticulum.
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Many nutritionists recommend eating a low-fat diet. why do they not recommend eating a no-fat diet?
Many nutritionists recommend eating a low-fat diet because fats are essential to our health and bodily functions. Wherease, nutritionists do not recommend a no-fat diet because it can be detrimental to one's health.
Fats play a crucial role in providing energy, supporting cell growth, protecting organs, and aiding in the absorption of nutrients. However, it is important to consume fats in moderation, as excess fat can lead to obesity and other health problems.
A no-fat diet, on the other hand, is not recommended because it deprives the body of essential fatty acids and can lead to deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are fat-soluble. Additionally, a no-fat diet can result in decreased brain function, hormonal imbalances, and an increased risk of heart disease.
In conclusion, while a low-fat diet is recommended for overall health and weight management, a no-fat diet can be detrimental to one's health and is not recommended by nutritionists.
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Summarize the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's winnable battles of the 21st century.
What term refers to the factors that drive health behaviors and environmental conditions?
a. risks
b. precedents
c. cognitive patterns
d. antecedents
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's winnable battles of the 21st century. The term that refers to the factors that drive health behaviors and environmental conditions is d. antecedents. These are the factors that come before a behavior or condition and can influence or predict it.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified several "winnable battles" for the 21st century, which are public health priorities that have a large impact on health and can be addressed through evidence-based interventions. These include reducing tobacco use, improving nutrition and physical activity, preventing healthcare-associated infections, reducing motor vehicle injuries, preventing teen pregnancy, and reducing HIV infections.
Each of these winnable battles is influenced by a variety of antecedents, including individual behaviors, social and environmental factors, and access to healthcare. By understanding and addressing these antecedents, the CDC aims to make progress in improving public health and preventing disease in the 21st century. So the answer is d. antecedents
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Does the continued cellular reproduction result in an overabundance
of body cell?
The single parent cell divides into two daughter cells during cytokinesis, which is the last process. Cells divide to create new cells with similar, if not identical, contents after duplicating their own contents during the process of cellular reproduction.
What is body cell?Cells give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform specific tasks. They produce copies of themselves and include DNA, the body's genetic material. The simplest functional unit of the human body is the cell.The body's somatic cells are those that are neither sperm or egg cells (which are called germ cells). Somatic cells in humans are diploid, which means they have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. In reality, red blood cells make up the majority of the cells in our body. Despite making up more than 80% of our body, they only make up about 4% of our entire body mass.To learn more about body cell, refer to:
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Question 5. As you are about to sneak out of lab early to prepare for your own Valentine's Day plans the following day, another friend rushes in confessing that he is desperate to impress this girl he met in the Biotechnology club. She is meeting him at the library tomorrow and he has racked his brain for a special Valentine's Day treat with no luck. As his crush is a huge Biotechnology fan, your friend begs for your help in creating a functional nucleic acid or protein Valentine for her. What do you help him create? (Design a molecule, expression system, epigenetic system or form of regulation to that will help woo his crush. You don't have to be as specific as including sequence information but describe the concept of your design and suggest how you might make it if possible) (4 marks)
The best Valentine's Day treat your friend can create for his crush is a functional protein or nucleic acid.
He can design a molecule that has a specific structure, such as a single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule with a 3D model.
He could also create an expression system that expresses a specific gene or set of genes, such as a recombinant protein or enzyme. He could also create an epigenetic system, where he modifies the expression of a gene without changing the sequence.
Finally, he could design a form of regulation such as an activator or repressor that will control the expression of a gene. If your friend has access to the necessary equipment, he can make his Valentine's Day gift in a lab or home setting.
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how
does genome instability contribute to 'evading growth suppressors'
and cancer progression.
Genome instability is the phenomenon of genetic changes occurring at a higher rate than normal. These changes can contribute to cancer progression by evading growth suppressors, which are typically part of the cellular signaling pathways that control cell growth and proliferation.
Genome instability causes cells to accumulate multiple genetic alterations, leading to genetic heterogeneity, which is the ability of cells to evade growth suppressors and acquire new traits which allow them to proliferate and become cancerous.
1. Genome instability is the phenomenon of genetic changes occurring at a higher rate than normal.
2. These changes can lead to genetic heterogeneity, which is the ability of cells to acquire new traits.
3. Genetically heterogenous cells are able to evade growth suppressors and proliferate, leading to cancer progression.
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In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the following genes and mutations are known:
Wing size: recessive allele for tiny wings t;; dominant allele for normal wings T
Eye shape: recessive allele for narrow eyes n dominant allele for normal (oval) eyes N
For each of the four following crosses, give the genotypes of each of the parents.
For each of the four crosses, the genotypes of the parents will depend on the particular alleles that are present.
Cross 1:
In Drosophila melanogaster, two genes are given: eye shape and wing size. Both the genes have two alleles each, with one being dominant and the other being recessive. Thus, the phenotypes of the offspring will depend upon the genotypes of their parents.
Dominant allele is an allele that will cover the nature of its partner to be expressed in the physical form of living things.
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The silver fox domestication experiment provides a valuable test for the nature vs. nurture debate in which:
a. selection for behavioral traits also selected for linked phenotypic traits
b. an extremely uncommon trait in the general population (all foxes) became very common in the target population (domesticated foxes).
c. rapid behavioral change was observed in as few as 8 generations
d. researchers could isolate the importance of genetics on behavior, rather than upbringing.
e. All of the above
Answer: Your welcome!
Explanation:
E. All of the above.
The silver fox domestication experiment provides a valuable test for the nature vs. nurture debate because it addresses all of the points mentioned above. Selection for behavioral traits also selected for linked phenotypic traits, an extremely uncommon trait in the general population (all foxes) became very common in the target population (domesticated foxes), rapid behavioral change was observed in as few as 8 generations, and researchers could isolate the importance of genetics on behavior, rather than upbringing. All of these factors provide evidence to support the nature vs. nurture debate.
Which TWO of the following are key movements of laryngeal vestibular closure (LVC) achieved via the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, innervated by CN X RLN
The two key movements of laryngeal vestibular closure (LVC) achieved via the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, innervated by CN X RLN are Adduction and Elevation.
1. Adduction of the arytenoid cartilages: This movement is achieved through the contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, which are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) of the tenth cranial nerve (CN X).
2. Elevation of the larynx: This movement is achieved through the contraction of the thyrohyoid muscles, which are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) of the tenth cranial nerve (CN X).
These two movements are crucial for LVC, as they help to close off the larynx during swallowing, preventing food or liquids from entering the airway. The adduction of the arytenoid cartilages brings the vocal folds together, while the elevation of the larynx moves the entire structure upward, further closing off the airway. Both of these movements are controlled by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, which are innervated by the RLN of CN X.
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Correct form of question should be:
Which TWO of the following are key movements of laryngeal vestibular closure (LVC) achieved via the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, innervated by CN X RLN?
A. Elevation
B. Adduction
C. Depression
D. Abduction
Why do you think only 10% of the total energy from one
trophic level is passed to the next? Give practical examples as
seen in everyday life.
Only 10% of the total energy from one trophic level is passed to the next due to the laws of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be transformed or transferred. Therefore, as energy moves through a food chain, some of it is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes, leaving only a small portion available to be transferred to the next trophic level.
For example, when a plant uses the sun's energy to produce glucose through photosynthesis, some of that energy is used for the plant's own metabolic processes and some is lost as heat. As a result, only a small portion of the original energy is available to be passed on to the next trophic level, such as when an herbivore consumes the plant. This pattern continues as energy is transferred up the food chain, with only a small portion of the original energy available at each subsequent trophic level.
In everyday life, this can be seen in the amount of energy required to produce meat. It takes much more energy to produce meat, which is at a higher trophic level, than it does to produce vegetables, which are at a lower trophic level. This is why vegetarian diets are often considered more sustainable and energy efficient.
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10. In addition to consequences and observation, other conditions that facilitate adult learning include all the following except:A) Understanding why learning the new behavior or material is importantB) Being able to apply what is being learnedC) Being able to substitute one’s experience for learningD) Being able to practice what is being learnedE) Being given feedback
10. In addition to consequences and observation, other conditions that facilitate adult learning include all the following except C) Being able to substitute one's experience for learning.
Adult learning is facilitated by several conditions, including understanding why learning the new behavior or material is important (A), being able to apply what is being learned (B), being able to practice what is being learned (D), and being given feedback (E). However, being able to substitute one's experience for learning (C) is not a condition that facilitates adult learning. While experience can be helpful in the learning process, it cannot replace the actual learning of new behavior or material.
In summary, the conditions that facilitate adult learning include understanding the importance of the new behavior or material, being able to apply and practice what is being learned, and receiving feedback. However, substituting one's experience for learning is not a condition that facilitates adult learning.
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Compare the daughter cells produced through mitosis to the
parent cell from which they came. Are the daughter cells
genetically different or identical to the parent cell?
The daughter cells produced through mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell from which they came.
This is because mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs during the growth and repair of tissues in the body, and it results in the production of two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. During mitosis, the DNA of the parent cell is replicated and then equally distributed between the two daughter cells, ensuring that they have the same genetic information as the parent cell. This is important for maintaining the genetic stability of an organism and for ensuring that all of the cells in the body have the same genetic information.
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Defend your selection for Question 2. Why is your choice not scientifically testable?
What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics? How does it
work according to Lamark? What is problematic about it?
Inheritance of acquired characteristics is the concept proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in the early 19th century. He proposed that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited and passed down to its offspring. This means that characteristics such as physical adaptations or changes in behavior would be passed down to future generations.
Lamarck proposed that the environment would cause an organism to make changes in its behavior or physical adaptations that it would pass on to its offspring. For example, if an organism was to develop a longer neck due to stretching it to reach leaves, that organism's offspring would have the same longer neck.
The problem with this concept is that it has been largely disproven by modern genetics. The current scientific consensus is that traits are inherited based on genetic information, not on changes that occur during an organism's lifetime.
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Color-deficient vision is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Parents with
the following genotypes have a child:
XR Xr XR Y
What is the probability that the child will not have color-deficient vision?
A. 0.25
OB. 1.00
OC. 0.50
OD. 0.75
Answer: A
Explanation:
the little r would be given to a male which means rY
The rest of the outcomes would be homozygous or heterozygous
The mother is a carrier of the color-deficient gene, but she does not have color-deficient vision herself. The correct option is D: 0.75.
This means that she has one X chromosome with the normal gene (XR) and one X chromosome with the color-deficient gene (Xr). The father does not have a color-deficient vision, so he has two X chromosomes with the normal gene (XR).
The possible genotypes for the child are:
XRY: The child will not have color-deficient vision.
XrY: The child will be color-deficient.
The probability that the child will not have color-deficient vision is 2/3 or 0.75.
The mother has a 2/3 chance of passing on the XR allele to the child.
The father has a 1/1 chance of passing on the XR allele to the child.
The probability of both of these events happening is 2/3 * 1/1 = 2/3.
Therefore, the probability that the child will not have color-deficient vision is 1 - 1/3 = 0.75.
Therefore, option D) 0.75 is correct.
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To make his fish farm more sustainable, a farmer stops using feed made from wild-caught fish and starts using feed made from grains instead. What is the main reason that the ethics of using grain-based feed are still questionable?
A.
Growing the grain has its own costs to the environment.
B.
It places the fish farmers in competition with grain farmers.
C.
Changing feed sources leads to the overpopulation of wild fish.
D.
It fools consumers into thinking the farmed fish are healthier.
Option A. The main reason that the ethics of using grain-based feed are still questionable is because: Growing the grain has its own costs to the environment.
What is the reason that this is questionable?The main reason that the ethics of using grain-based feed for fish farming are still questionable is that growing the grain has its own costs to the environment (option A). While using grain-based feed can reduce pressure on wild fish populations, it can also contribute to environmental problems such as deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution. Growing crops for animal feed can require large amounts of water, fertilizer, and energy, and can lead to the conversion of natural habitats such as forests and wetlands into agricultural land.
Additionally, some types of feed crops, such as soy and corn, are often genetically modified or grown with the use of pesticides and herbicides, which can have negative environmental and health impacts. Therefore, while using grain-based feed can be a step towards more sustainable fish farming, it is important to consider the broader environmental impacts of the feed production and distribution process.
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You have been taking water samples out in the environment and filtering them with a membrane filter apparatus, using a 0.45 micron filter. The filters are collected and placed on an agar medium plate, to be incubated at the appropriate temperature when you return to the lab. Along the way, you have been camping to save money, but now you find that you are out of clean water to drink. You are thinking about filtering the stream water through the filter apparatus so that you have potable water. Which is the correct answer?
The water is not drinkable because only a few bacterial types, mainly coliforms, get filtered out of the water.
The water is drinkable because it is now sterile.
The water will have viruses in it because they are smaller than the filter pore size, but at least the water is bacterial-free.
You need a much smaller pore size in your filter to remove the bacteria from the water.
The statement "You need a much smaller pore size in your filter to remove the bacteria from the water." is the correct answer for water filtration using a membrane filter apparatus and the 0.45-micron filter.
To ensure that you have drinking water, you can't use the filtered water through the 0.45-micron filter to drink. This is because a filter with a 0.45-micron pore size can filter out bacteria. Nonetheless, viruses, which are smaller than 0.45 microns, may pass through the filter.
In other words, this implies that water filtered using a 0.45-micron filter is not sterilized, and bacteria-free does not imply virus-free. As a result, the water may contain viruses and must be boiled or disinfected by other means before being consumed, even if filtered with a 0.45-micron filter.
In general, the smaller the pore size of the filter, the fewer microorganisms it will let through. Thus, if you want to remove bacteria and viruses from water, a filter with a smaller pore size than 0.45 microns should be used in the filter apparatus. The pore size of the filter should be small enough to filter out bacteria, protozoa, and other pathogens, including viruses.
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MULTIPLE CHOICES. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank provided before each number 1. Kidneys I. are located on the posterior abdominal wall II. are found at the level of the 12th thoracic to the level of 3rd lumbar vertebrae III. are embedded in fat and connective tissue IV. are pear-shaped hollow pouch A. 1 & Il only B. II & Ill only C. I, II & Ill only D. I, II, III & IV
Kidneys (I) are located on the posterior abdominal wall (II) are found at the level of the 12th thoracic to the level of 3rd lumbar vertebrae and (III) are embedded in fat and connective tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is C. I, II, & III only.
The kidneys are located on the posterior abdominal wall, are found at the level of the 12th thoracic to the level of 3rd lumbar vertebrae, and are embedded in fat and connective tissue. However, they are not pear-shaped hollow pouches. Instead, they are bean-shaped organs that play a vital role in filtering waste from the blood and producing urine.
Therefore, the correct answer is C. I, II, & III only.
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a child drank some of his grandmother's potassium supplement. His blood K+ is normal, but the doctor wants to check his blood pH. the doctor expects to see ____ because ____
acidosis, it neutralizes K+
acidosis, cells will be picking up K+ and releasing H+ to the blood
alkalosis, kidneys would be retaining K+ in the blood and excreting the H+ in the urine
A child drank some of his grandmother's potassium supplement. His blood K+ is normal, but the doctor wants to check his blood pH. The doctor expects to see b. acidosis because cells will be picking up K+ and releasing H+ to the blood.
This is because the body will try to maintain the balance of electrolytes, and as the cells take in the excess potassium, they will release hydrogen ions into the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH and the development of acidosis. This is a common response to an increase in blood potassium levels and is the reason why the doctor wants to check the child's blood pH after ingesting the potassium supplement.
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A 10-year-old boy consumes a cheeseburger, fries, and chocolate shake. The meal stimulates the release of several gastrointestinal hormones. The presence of fat, carbohydrate, or protein in the duodenum stimulates the release of which of the following hormones from the duodenal mucosa?
The presence of fat, carbohydrate, or protein in the duodenum stimulates the release of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) from the duodenal mucosa.
CCK is a peptide hormone that is released in response to the presence of nutrients in the small intestine, specifically the duodenum. It is released from the cells of the duodenal mucosa, and its main function is to stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. This helps to break down the nutrients, specifically fat, carbohydrate, and protein, so that they can be absorbed and used by the body.
In addition to CCK, the presence of nutrients in the duodenum also stimulates the release of other gastrointestinal hormones, including secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas, which helps to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach. GIP inhibits gastric acid secretion and stimulates insulin release from the pancreas, which helps to regulate blood sugar levels.
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research design
difference between aggregator and database giving 5 examples
each
Research design is a plan, structure, and strategy that an investigator employs to conduct a scientific research study.
The design of the study helps to ensure that the findings are accurate and reliable. The two terms being discussed in the question are aggregator and database. An aggregator is a tool that gathers information from various sources and organizes it into a single website or application, while a database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, updated, and managed. Differences between an aggregator and a database are: Aggregator is an online tool, whereas a database can be online or offlineAggregator is a data collection tool, whereas a database is a tool that manages dataAggregator collects data from various sources, whereas a database has data that is structured according to a specific format.
Aggregator is primarily used to obtain news and current events, while a database is used to store a wide range of data, such as customer information, financial data, and product detailsAggregators are usually free to use, whereas databases often require a subscription or a purchase to access examples of Aggregators are: Feedly, Digg, Buzzsumo, and PulseExamples of Databases are: Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and IBM DB2.
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Assignment: think like a biologist!
You are becoming scientists and have been studying Biology. This particular Biology course focuses on living organisms and their environments. What we know about Biology has been learned or inferred by using the scientific method. For this assignment, you will say what the scientific method means to you and practice parts of it! You will make an interesting observation about something in our big, bad, beautiful world related to what you have studied recently in this course. It must make you curious! And then proceed with scientific method planning - you don’t have to test it, just do all the thinking!
1. What is an organism? Define ‘organism’ in your own words.
2. Choose an organism (or group of organisms), or a biological phenomenon that has interested you in the course so far, from lectures or lab. Tell me what interested you about what you learned. Then make an observation about this organism/phenomenon (one which could be investigated by researchers, using the scientific method).
3. Pose a specific question based on this observation.
4. Devise a hypothesis about some specific aspect of your question that could be tested using the scientific method.
5. Finally, make a prediction – what specific, measurable results do you expect to observe?
You can either type online in the assignment box or upload a separate document - simply answer the questions in which ever style suits you. There is a 750 word limit.
1. An organism is a living being that has the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to its environment.
2. One organism that has interested me in this course is the honeybee.
3. How does the hierarchy within a honeybee colony affect the behavior and roles of the individual bees?
4. My hypothesis is that the hierarchy within a honeybee colony plays a crucial role in the division of labor and the overall functioning of the colony.
5. My prediction is that if the hierarchy within a honeybee colony is disrupted, it will have a negative impact on the overall functioning of the colony.
1. An organism is a living being that has the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to its environment. It can be a single-celled organism, such as bacteria, or a multi-celled organism, such as plants and animals.
2. One organism that has interested me in this course is the honeybee. I find it fascinating how these insects work together in a colony to produce honey and how they communicate with each other through different pheromones and dances. My observation about honeybees is that they seem to have a specific hierarchy within the colony, with the queen bee at the top and worker bees and drones below her.
3. My specific question based on this observation is: How does the hierarchy within a honeybee colony affect the behavior and roles of the individual bees?
4. My hypothesis is that the hierarchy within a honeybee colony plays a crucial role in the division of labor and the overall functioning of the colony. I believe that the queen bee's role is to reproduce and lay eggs, while the worker bees are responsible for collecting nectar and pollen, and the drones are responsible for mating with the queen.
5. My prediction is that if the hierarchy within a honeybee colony is disrupted, it will have a negative impact on the overall functioning of the colony. For example, if the queen bee is removed from the colony, the worker bees and drones may not be able to perform their specific roles effectively, leading to a decrease in honey production and potentially the collapse of the colony.
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For passive diffusion, when equilibrium is reached that means? A.There are equal amounts of the solute both instead and outside B.The membrane potential will be O mv C.there is no net movement of solutes D.all molecular motion ceases
For passive diffusion, when equilibrium is reached that means there is no net movement of solutes. The correct answer C.
At equilibrium, the concentrations of the solute are equal on both sides of the membrane, so there is no net movement of the solute in either direction. However, this does not mean that all molecular motion ceases, as molecules are still moving randomly, just not in a net direction.
Additionally, the membrane potential is not necessarily 0 mV at equilibrium, as this depends on the specific solute and membrane involved.
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The auxotrophic strain of E. coli that will be used today cannot independently synthesize tryptophan, an amino acid. They possess a ____ mutation that prevents tryptophan synthesis and are thus said to be trp-
The auxotrophic strain of E. coli that will be used today cannot independently synthesize tryptophan, an amino acid. They possess an AUXOTROPHIC mutation that prevents tryptophan synthesis and are thus said to be trp-.
Strains of E. coli are strains of E. coli bacteria that have lost the ability to synthesize or manufacture an essential compound or amino acid required for its growth in a defined medium. This means that the auxotrophic E. coli strains cannot grow on media that lack the essential compound or amino acid that the strain cannot synthesize on its own. The E. coli strain used today is an auxotrophic strain and is unable to synthesize the amino acid tryptophan (Trp) on its own.
Therefore, they possess a Trp mutation that prevents tryptophan synthesis and are thus said to be trp-. The E. coli Trp mutants are grown in a medium containing a complete nutrient base, except for the amino acid tryptophan (Trp-) to avoid competitive inhibition of other amino acids by the tryptophan that is synthesized by the wild-type E. coli bacteria. The growth of the E. coli Trp- mutants can then be tested to see if tryptophan was supplied to the medium.
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QUESTION 4
It is important to use the same gene when comparing molecular barcoding sequences of different species to determine evolutionary relatedness.
True
False
10 points
QUESTION 5
Paraphyletic groups provide an accurate representation of evolutionary relationships.
True
False
QUESTION 8
The gene that was sequenced for the molecular phyolgenetics analysis of the bears was ________________________.
ANSWER 4
True. It is important to use the same gene when comparing molecular barcoding sequences of different species to determine evolutionary relatedness.
This is because different genes may evolve at different rates and may not accurately reflect the evolutionary relationships between species.
ANSWER 5
False. Paraphyletic groups do not provide an accurate representation of evolutionary relationships. This is because paraphyletic groups only include some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor.
In order to accurately represent evolutionary relationships, all descendants of a common ancestor should be included in the group, which is known as a monophyletic group.
ANSWER 8
The gene that was sequenced for the molecular phylogenetics analysis of the bears was the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.
This gene is commonly used in molecular phylogenetics studies because it is highly conserved and evolves at a relatively slow rate, making it a good marker for evolutionary relationships between species.
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The gene c2 in chickens is responsible for a condition known as creeper (chickens walk poorly due to shortened deformed legs). The allele of this gene that is responsible for normal development is c1. Individuals that are homozygous for c1 develop normally, but heterozygous individuals (c1c2) have creeper. Chick embryos that are homozygous for creeper (c2c2) die during incubation and never hatch. If two chickens showing the creeper phenotype are crossed, what phenotypic ratio is expected for the progeny that hatch? 1 normal: 2 creeper 1 creeper: 1 normal 3 creeper: 1 normal 3 normal: 1 creeper 2 normal: 1 creeper
Chick embryos that are homozygous for creeper (c2c2) die during incubation and never hatch. If two chickens showing the creeper phenotype are crossed, the phenotypic ratio is expected for the progeny that hatch is a. 1 normal: 2 creeper.
Creeper is a type of bird that is commonly raised as a source of protein by humans. Chickens walk poorly due to shortened and deformed legs as a result of a genetic mutation that affects a gene known as c2. The allele c1 is responsible for normal development, and homozygous individuals are unaffected by the creeper phenotype. However, heterozygous individuals will have creeper.
Therefore, Chick embryos that are homozygous for creeper (c2c2) die during incubation and never hatch. Two chickens displaying the creeper phenotype are crossed in the given scenario. The expected phenotypic ratio for the progeny that hatch is: 1 normal: 2 creeper.
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PLEASE HURRY
One of the big ideas of continental drift theory states that all of the continents used to ___________________________.
a have a continuous layer of dense glacial ice
b form a single, massive continent called Pangea
c constantly change as global volcanic chains erupted
d be broken into millions of small, distinct archipelagos
Magnetic patterns in the igneous bedrock on the ocean floor _________________________________________________.
a indicate that all ocean rocks have reversed polarity
b differ greatly from the patterns found in rocks on land
c show alternating bands of normal and reversed polarity
d seems to be unrelated to the age of the bedrock
Plates that are subducted at convergent boundaries can form _______________________________________.
a rolling hills
b deep-sea trenches
c rift valleys
d tall, folded mountains
Oceanic trenches are long, narrow depressions on the ocean floor. An oceanic trench is formed when one plate ____________________________________________________________.
a dips below another plate
b pulls back from another plate
c splits into two plates
d grinds against another plate
Answer:B
Explanation:
Based on a drawing of the cuvettes with the cell droplets, how
does a Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACSorter) work and how
does its cuvette mechanism differ from that of a FACScan.
Based on a drawing of the cuvettes with the cell droplets, a Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACSorter) works by using a laser to excite the cells in the cuvettes, causing them to emit fluorescence.
The fluorescence emitted by the cells is then detected by a series of detectors, which sort the cells into different populations based on their fluorescence characteristics. The cuvette mechanism of a FACSorter differs from that of a FACScan in that the FACSorter uses a series of droplet generators to create small droplets containing single cells,
while the FACScan uses a flow cell to analyze the cells in a stream of fluid. The droplet generators in the FACSorter allow for the cells to be sorted into different populations, while the flow cell in the FACScan allows for the analysis of the cells in a more continuous manner.
Both the FACSorter and FACScan use a laser and detectors to analyze the cells, but the cuvette mechanism in each is different and serves a different purpose.
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Take Home Exam: Chapter 11: Membrane Structure
1) Membrane lipids spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous environments-Why? What is it about the structure and/or chemical properties of phospholipids lipids that compel them to form closed spherical "liposomes" in water]?
2) Membrane lipids are not covalently linked to one another and therefore move freely within the plane of the bilayer behaving like a two-dimensional fluid. What keeps the lipid bilayer together? (What drives membranes to reseal if punctured or torn?)
1) Membrane lipids spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous environments because they are amphipathic molecules.
2) The lipid bilayer is held together by hydrophobic interactions between the tails of the phospholipids.
Membrane lipids spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous environments because they are amphipathic molecules. This means that they have both a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. In an aqueous environment, the hydrophilic heads are attracted to the water and the hydrophobic tails repel the water. This causes the phospholipids to form a bilayer with the hydrophilic heads facing the water and the hydrophobic tails facing each other, forming a closed spherical "liposome".
The lipid bilayer is held together by hydrophobic interactions between the tails of the phospholipids. These interactions are weaker than covalent bonds, but they are strong enough to keep the bilayer together. If the membrane is punctured or torn, the hydrophobic interactions drive the membrane to reseal. This is because the hydrophobic tails do not want to be exposed to the aqueous environment, so they will rearrange themselves to minimize their exposure to water, effectively resealing the membrane.
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Compare and Contrast Differentiate between DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA replication in eukaryotes.
The basic process of DNA replication is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but there are significant differences in the details of how replication occurs in these two types of organisms.
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is a fundamental process that is essential for the survival and reproduction of all living organisms.
While the overall mechanism of DNA replication is conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are some key differences in the way that DNA replication occurs in these two types of organisms.
Here are some of the differences between DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA replication in eukaryotes:
DNA polymerases: In prokaryotes, DNA replication is carried out by DNA polymerase III. In eukaryotes, DNA replication is carried out by multiple DNA polymerases.
Origin of replication: Prokaryotes have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication on their linear chromosomes.
Chromosome structure: Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome that is not associated with histones, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes that are tightly packed with histone proteins.
Replication speed: Prokaryotes replicate their DNA much faster than eukaryotes.
Proofreading: Eukaryotic DNA polymerases have a built-in proofreading mechanism that can detect and correct errors in the newly synthesized DNA. In contrast, prokaryotic DNA polymerases do not have this proofreading ability and instead rely on a separate repair mechanism to correct errors after replication has occurred.
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