what is the ph of a solution prepared by mixing 30.00 ml of 0.10 m ch3co2h with 30.00 ml of 0.020 m ch3co2na? assume that the volume of the solutions are additive and that ka

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ascorbic acid (H2C6H6O6) with NaOH is:

H2C6H6O6 + 2 NaOH → Na2C6H6O6 + 2 H2O

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of ascorbic acid reacts with 2 moles of NaOH.

The number of moles of NaOH used in the titration is:

n(NaOH) = C(NaOH) x V(NaOH)

n(NaOH) = 0.100 mol/L x 0.0220 L

n(NaOH) = 0.00220 mol

Since 2 moles of NaOH react with 1 mole of ascorbic acid, the number of moles of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:

n(H2C6H6O6) = 0.00220 mol / 2 = 0.00110 mol

The mass of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:

m(H2C6H6O6) = n(H2C6H6O6) x M(H2C6H6O6)

m(H2C6H6O6) = 0.00110 mol x 176.13 g/mol

m(H2C6H6O6) = 0.193 g

The percentage of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:

% H2C6H6O6 = (m(H2C6H6O6) / m(mixture)) x 100%

% H2C6H6O6 = (0.193 g / 0.500 g) x 100%

% H2C6H6O6 = 38.6%

Therefore, the mixture contains 38.6% ascorbic acid.

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The concentration of reactants and products no longer change at equilibrium. The given statement is true.

Equilibrium in chemicals happens dynamically. Even after equilibrium has been achieved, the forward and reverse reactions still take place. The relative concentrations of reactants and products do not vary for a reaction that is at equilibrium, though, because the rates of the reactions are the same.

All reactions tend to reach a state of chemical equilibrium, or the time when the forward and backward processes are both happening at the same rate. The forward and reverse speeds are equal, which means that at equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products are constant. Equilibrium in chemicals happens dynamically. Even after equilibrium has been achieved, the forward and reverse reactions still take place. Yet because the reaction rates are equivalent.

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The pH of a solution can be calculated from the concentration of hydroxide ions using the formula pH = -log[H+]. In this case, the pH of the solution with an [OH-] concentration of 3.94e⁻⁵ M is approximately 9.6.

The concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-] in the solution is 3.94e⁻⁵ M.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. To find [H+], we can use the fact that in any aqueous solution at room temperature,

[H+][OH-] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴

Rearranging this equation to solve for [H+], we get:

[H+] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ / [OH-]

Substituting the given value for [OH-], we get:

[H+] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ / 3.94e⁻⁵

[H+] = 2.54 × 10⁻¹⁰ M

Now we can use this value to calculate the pH:

pH = -log[H+]

pH = -log(2.54 × 10⁻¹⁰)

pH = 9.595

Therefore, the pH of the solution is approximately 9.6.

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Answer:

I'm sorry, but it's not correct to say that nitric acid (HNO3) reacts with aqueous potassium rubidium sulfide to form hydrogen sulfide gas.

Potassium rubidium sulfide is not a known compound. Potassium sulfide and rubidium sulfide are two different compounds, and they have different chemical formulas and properties. Also, neither of them reacts with nitric acid to form hydrogen sulfide gas.

If you have any other chemistry questions, I'd be happy to help!

Explanation:

Answer:

6.00x10^-6 moles of salt in the test tube.

Explanation:

See the attached worksheet.  The first step is to determine the concentration of the original, in M (moles/liter).  Be sure to accomodate the different units.  1 liter = 1000 ml.  

Molar is the accepted measure of concentration in the sceinces.  It is defined as 1 mole/1 liter.

The pressure of dry hydrogen is 99.374 kPa.When collecting gas over water, the vapor pressure of water must be taken into account. The total pressure is the sum of the pressure of the collected gas and the vapor pressure of water at the given temperature.

At 25 degrees Celsius, the vapor pressure of water is 23.76 mmHg or 3.169 kPa. Therefore, the total pressure is:

P(total) = P(H2) + P(H2O)

We need to convert the pressure of hydrogen from atm to kPa:

P(H2) = 0.981 atm × 101.325 kPa/atm = 99.374 kPa

Substituting the values, we get:

P(total) = 99.374 kPa + 3.169 kPa = 102.543 kPa

This is the total pressure of the gas mixture. To calculate the pressure of dry hydrogen, we need to subtract the vapor pressure of water:

P(H2,dry) = P(total) - P(H2O) = 102.543 kPa - 3.169 kPa = 99.374 kPa

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False. An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell in which an external electric current is used to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction. In contrast, a galvanic or voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous redox reaction generates an electric current.

The process involves applying an external voltage to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous reaction, resulting in a flow of electrons through the external circuit. In an electrolytic cell, the anode is the electrode at which oxidation occurs, while the cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs. The electrolyte solution contains ions that are reduced or oxidized at the electrodes. Electrolytic cells are used in various industrial processes, such as the production of metals and the purification of substances.

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Based on the electronegativities of 2.1 for H and 2.5 for I, we can predict that HI (hydrogen iodide) would be expected to be a polar covalent molecule, with the iodine atom having a partial negative charge (δ-) and the hydrogen atom having a partial positive charge (δ+).

This is because electronegativity is the measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in covalent bond. In the HI molecule, the iodine atom has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atom, which means it has a greater ability to attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond toward itself.

As a result, the electrons in the HI molecule will be more strongly attracted to the iodine atom, causing the iodine atom to have a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atom to have a partial positive charge.

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To determine the number of grams in one mole of ZnCl2, we need to calculate its molar mass first. Zn has an atomic mass of 65 and Cl has an atomic mass of 35.5.

Since there are two Cl atoms in ZnCl2, we multiply the atomic mass of Cl by 2 to get 71.

Thus, the molar mass of ZnCl2 is:

Molar mass = Atomic mass of Zn + Atomic mass of Cl x 2

Molar mass = 65 + (35.5 x 2)

Molar mass = 136

Therefore, there are 136 grams in one mole of ZnCl2.

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Boyle's Law-

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}\\[/tex]

(Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume)

Where-

As per question, we are given that -

Now that we have all the required values and we are asked to find out the final volume, so we can put the values and solve for the final volume -

[tex]\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\:\sf \underline{ P_1 \: V_1=P_2 \: V_2}[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf 30 \times 14.3= 54\times V_2\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \dfrac{30 \times 14.3 }{54}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 = \cancel{\dfrac{ 429}{54}}\\[/tex]

[tex]\:\:\:\: \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf V_2 =7.944..........\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf \underline{V_2 = 7.94 \:L }\\[/tex]

Therefore, the volume will become 7.94 L when the pressure is increased to 54 atm.

Answer:

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Explanation:

Just Dey Play na the thing wey I wan give you

(I) 5.30 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex]The Ksp value for iron (II) oxalate is 5.30 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex]

This is because iron (II) oxalate dissociates in water to form Fe2+ and oxalate ions, and then the solubility product constant (Ksp) can be calculated using the concentration of Fe2+ ions in a saturated solution of iron (II) oxalate. The solubility product constant (Ksp) expression for iron (II) oxalate is given by the equation below;FeC2O4 (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + C2O42- (aq)Ksp = [Fe2+][C2O42-]To calculate Ksp, the concentration of the dissociated ions (Fe2+ and C2O42-) in a saturated solution of FeC2O4 must be known. We know that the concentration of Fe2+ ions in a saturated solution of iron (II) oxalate is 5.47 x [tex]10^{-4}[/tex]  M. Thus, substituting this value into the Ksp expression, we have;Ksp = [Fe2+][C2O42-] = (5.47 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] )(2 × 5.47 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] )Ksp = 5.30 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] .Therefore, the Ksp value for iron (II) oxalate is 5.30 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex].

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Answer:

The volume of the gas at a pressure of 15.33 psi is 3.28 liters.

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we need to use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.We can rearrange this equation to solve for V2:V2 = (P1V1T2)/(P2T1)Let's plug in the values given in the problem:P1 = 1.00 atm

V1 = 3.60 L

T1 = 25.0 C + 273.15 = 298.15 K

P2 = 15.33 psi

T2 = 25.0 C + 273.15 = 298.15 KWe need to convert the pressure to the same units as P1, which is atm:1 psi = 0.068046 atm

15.33 psi = 15.33 x 0.068046 atm = 1.044 atmNow we can calculate V2:V2 = (P1V1T2)/(P2T1)

V2 = (1.00 atm x 3.60 L x 298.15 K)/(1.044 atm x 298.15 K)

V2 = 3.28 L

Four different elements can form bonds with a carbon atom. So, HCCH equals CH. The triple bond is always the shortest bond length, followed by the double bond, and the single bond is the longest. HCCH (ethyne) compound has the shortest carbon-carbon bond length.

As bond order increases, bond length decreases. The distance separating the two nuclei that are joined together is known as the bond length. It varies according to hybridization, the quantity and kind of bonds, and the size of the atoms.

Since the length of a bond is inversely proportional to its strength, triple bonds, which are the strongest bonds, also have the shortest bond lengths. A triple bond length is shortened by the extra electrons' stronger attractive attractions on the nuclei. Bond lengths are listed in decreasing order: single bond ≥ double bond ≥ triple bond.

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The mass of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride required is 314.97 g.

To determine the mass of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride required, we need to know the molar ratio of cinnamaldehyde to benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride in the Wittig reaction.

The general reaction for the Wittig reaction is,

aldehyde/ketone + phosphonium ylide → alkene + phosphine oxide

In this case, the cinnamaldehyde will react with the benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride to form the desired product. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

cinnamaldehyde + benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride → stilbene + triphenylphosphine oxide

From the balanced equation, we can see that the molar ratio of cinnamaldehyde to benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is 1:1.

To calculate the mass of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride required, we need to know its density and volume. Let's assume its density is 1 g/mL.

0.77 mL of cinnamaldehyde is equivalent to 0.77 mmol (since the molar mass of cinnamaldehyde is 132.16 g/mol).

Since the molar ratio of cinnamaldehyde to benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is 1:1, we also need 0.77 mmol of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride.

The molar mass of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride is 408.91 g/mol.

Therefore, the mass of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride required is:

0.77 mmol x 408.91 g/mol = 314.97 g

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Option A). The solution that could be classified as a buffer is 0.100 M HNO₂ and 0.100 M NaNO₂.

A buffer solution is one that resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Among the given options, the buffer solution can be identified by following this criterion.
Option 1: 0.100 M HNO₂  and 0.100 M  NaNO₂.
Here, HNO₂  is a weak acid and NaNO₂ is its conjugate base (NO2-). This pair can act as a buffer.
Option 2: 0.100 M HCl and 0.100 M NH₄Cl
HCl is a strong acid and doesn't form a buffer with its conjugate base.
Option 3: 0.100 M HCl and 0.100 M NaOH
HCl and NaOH are strong acid and strong base, respectively. They don't form a buffer solution.
Option 4: 0.100 M HBr and 0.100 M KBr
HBr is a strong acid and doesn't form a buffer with its conjugate base.

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When a transition metal complex absorbs visible light, the color that results from the electronic (d) transition between d orbitals.

The d-block elements that are found in Groups 3–12 of the periodic table are known as transition metals.

They are known as transition metals because they possess characteristics that are typical of both metals and nonmetals, as well as properties that are unique to themselves.

A complex is a substance in which a central metal atom is bound to one or more ligands by covalent bonds.

The ligands are ions or molecules that have an unshared pair of electrons that they donate to the metal. The donor atoms in the ligands form a coordination compound with the central atom.

In the transition metal complexes, the colors that we observe are due to electronic transitions from d-d transitions of metal ions.

The color of transition metal complexes is caused by electronic transitions between d orbitals. This occurs when a transition metal complex absorbs visible light.

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This equation shows that when hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and water (H2O) are produced.

Therefore, the H2O component in the reaction can be described as 2 molecules of water (2H2O), as shown in the balanced equation. Option A, "2 molecules H2O", is the correct way to describe the H2O component in the reaction.

2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)₂ (aq) ⇒ A. 2 molecules H₂O B.

Option B, "1 molecule H2O", is incorrect as two molecules of water are produced in the reaction, not one.

Option C, "2 LH2O", is also incorrect as the symbol "L" is not used to represent water molecules in chemical equations.

Option D, "4 moles H2" is also incorrect as hydrogen gas (H2) is not produced in this reaction.

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The conversion from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is a one-way process where the reverse process cannot occur.

Pyruvate is a product of glycolysis, and it can be converted to acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

However, once pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, it cannot be converted back to pyruvate through a simple reversal of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

This is because the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is an irreversible step that is highly exergonic, meaning it releases a large amount of free energy and cannot occur spontaneously in the opposite direction.

Other anabolic and catabolic conversions involving compounds such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are generally reversible, allowing the cell to adjust its metabolic pathway depending on its energy and nutrient needs.

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Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr) are in the same column in the periodic table because they all belong to the alkali metal group (Group 1) and have similar chemical properties.

This is due to each of these elements having one electron in their outermost energy level (valence electron). As elements in the same column share the same number of valence electrons, they exhibit similar reactivity and bonding patterns.

The elements in this group share several chemical properties, which is why they are all placed in the same column in the periodic table.

The alkali metals are all very reactive, meaning they have a tendency to react with other elements to form compounds. They are also all soft metals, meaning they can be easily cut or shaped. In terms of their physical properties, alkali metals have low melting and boiling points and are good conductors of heat and electricity.

In terms of their electronic configuration, the alkali metals all have one valence electron. This means that they all have similar chemical properties. For example, they are all very reactive with halogens such as chlorine and fluorine, and they all react with water to form hydrogen gas and an alkali metal hydroxide.

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The average annual increase of  [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]  in the atmosphere is 60ppm divided by 30 years, which equals 2.0ppm/year. Thus, the correct answer is d) 2.0.

The atmospheric [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] levels increased from 330ppm to 390ppm between 1980 and 2010, indicating a significant rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. To calculate the average annual increase of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] in the atmosphere, we need to divide the total increase in concentration by the number of years.

Final concentration - Initial concentration = 390ppm - 330ppm = 60ppm

Number of years = 2010 - 1980 = 30 years

Average annual increase = 60ppm / 30  = 2.0

The total increase in concentration is the final concentration (390ppm) minus the initial concentration (330ppm), which equals 60ppm. The number of years between 1980 and 2010 is 30 years.

Therefore, the average annual increase of  [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]  in the atmosphere is 60ppm divided by 30 years, which equals 2.0ppm/year. Thus, the correct answer is d) 2.0.

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Full Question ;

Between 1980 and 2010, atmospheric CO2 levels increased from 330ppm to 390ppm. what is the average annual increase of CO2 in the atmosphere?

a) 0.5

b) 1.0

c) 1.5

d) 2.0

The answer is (B) The city must ensure that they are aware of the effects on animals. They will have the knowledge they need from the study to balance the project's advantages and disadvantages.

By removing trees from the forest, birds, reptiles, and insects lose their habitats and food supplies, which results in a fall in the number of wild creatures. Small mammals, a source of food for mid- and large-sized mammals, will be impacted by this. The extinction of species is the result of a chain reaction.

Soil erosion increases as a result of deforestation. The loss of crops and fertile land is just one of the devasting repercussions of soil erosion on the environment.

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The mass of magnesium chloride produced is 179.15 grams.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)

From the equation, we can see that 1 mol of Mg reacts with 2 mol of HCl to produce 1 mol of MgCl₂ and 1 mol of H₂.

So, to determine the limiting reactant, we need to calculate the moles of MgCl₂ that can be formed from each reactant:

Moles of MgCl₂ from Mg = 3.79 mol Mg × (1 mol MgCl₂/1 mol Mg) = 3.79 mol MgCl₂

Moles of MgCl₂ from HCl = 3.75 mol HCl × (1 mol MgCl₂/2 mol HCl) = 1.88 mol MgCl₂

Since the amount of MgCl₂ that can be formed is limited by the amount of HCl available, HCl is the limiting reactant.

The stoichiometry of the reaction tells us that 2 moles of HCl react to produce 1 mole of MgCl₂. Therefore, the number of moles of MgCl₂ produced in the reaction is:

1.88 mol MgCl2

Finally, we can use the molar mass of MgCl2 to calculate the mass produced:

Molar mass of MgCl₂ = 95.211 g/mol

Mass of MgCl₂ produced = 1.88 mol × 95.211 g/mol = 179.15 g.

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Answer:

Ah, I love Bill Nye the Science Guy! That video is a classic. Here are 10 things to take away from it: 1. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. 2. There are three phases of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. 3. In a solid, the particles are tightly packed together and vibrate in place. 4. In a liquid, the particles are farther apart and can move around each other. 5. In a gas, the particles are spread out and move freely. 6. Sublimation is when a solid turns directly into a gas, without becoming a liquid first. 7. Deposition is when a gas turns directly into a solid, without becoming a liquid first. 8. Plasma is another phase of matter that occurs at very high temperatures and consists of charged particles. 9. Bose-Einstein condensate is a fifth

To calculate concentration we use -

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\longrightarrow \sf \underline{C=\dfrac{n}{V}}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\star\longrightarrow \sf \underline{n = C\:V}\\[/tex]

Where -

We are given the volume and the concentration of the KOH. Using those information, we can calculate the moles of KOH.

Given data:-

Volume of KOH, V= 27.4mL = 27.4×10⁻³ L

[tex]\star[/tex]Concentration of KOH, C= 1 M

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf Moles \:of \:KOH = C\:V\\[/tex] 

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf Moles \:of \:KOH = 1\times 27.4 ×10⁻³\\[/tex] 

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf Moles \: of \: KOH = 0.0274  \\[/tex]

The neutralization reaction is expressed as:-

[tex] \star\longrightarrow \sf\underline{ \pink{2KOH} + \pink{H_2SO_4} = K_2SO_4 + 2H_2O}\\[/tex]

According to this reaction, 2 moles of KOH reacted with 1 mole of H₂SO₄.Therefore, 0.0274 mole of KOH would also react with (0.0274/2)=0.0137 mole of H₂SO₄.

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf Concentration\: of\: H₂SO₄ =\dfrac {Moles\:of\:H₂SO₄}{ Volume \: of \: H₂SO₄}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf Concentration\: of\: H₂SO₄ =\dfrac {0.0137}{ 25×10⁻³  }\\[/tex]

[tex] \pink{\because\sf \underline{ Volume\: of \: H₂SO₄= 25 mL = 25×10⁻³ L}}\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf Concentration\: of\: H₂SO₄ =\dfrac {0.0137}{ 0.025 }\\[/tex]

[tex] \:\:\:\:\:\:\longrightarrow \sf \underline{Concentration\: of\: H₂SO₄ = 0.548\: M}\\[/tex]

Therefore, the concentration of H₂SO₄ is 0.548M.

The solubility product constant expression for copper(II) oxalate is:

CuC₂O₄(s) ⇌ Cu²⁺(aq) + C₂O₄²⁻(aq)

The Ksp value given is 2.9 x 10⁻⁸ at 25°C.

Let's assume that "x" is the molar solubility of C₂O₄²⁻   in water, then the equilibrium concentrations of Cu²⁺ and C₂O₄²⁻ ions are also "x" because 1 mol of C₂O₄²⁻ produces 1 mol of Cu²⁺ and 1 mol of C₂O₄²⁻

So, it can be written as:

Ksp = [Cu²⁺ ][C₂O₄²⁻ ] = x²

Substituting the given Ksp value, we get:

2.9 x 10⁻⁸ = x²

Taking the square root of both sides gives:

x = 1.7 x 10⁻⁴ M

Therefore, the solubility of copper(II) oxalate at 25°C is 1.7 x 10⁻⁴ moles/litre, rounded to two decimal places.

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Answer:

The volume of the tank can be calculated using the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

In this case, we have P = 179 atm, n = 7.75 moles, R = 0.08206 Latm/(Kmol), and T = 295 K. Plugging these values into the ideal gas law equation and solving for V gives us:

V = (nRT)/P V = (7.75 moles * 0.08206 Latm/(Kmol) * 295 K) / (179 atm) V ≈ 1.01 L

So the volume of this tank at these conditions is approximately 1.01 liters.

Explanation:

Answer:

Volume = 1.05 L (3 s.f.)

Explanation:

To find the volume of the tank, we can use the ideal gas law.

[tex]\boxed{\sf PV=nRT}[/tex]

where:

The given values are:

Substitute the given values into the formula and solve for V:

[tex]\implies \sf 179 \cdot V=7.75 \cdot 0.082057366080960\cdot 295[/tex]

[tex]\implies \sf V=\dfrac{7.75 \cdot 0.082057366080960\cdot 295}{179}[/tex]

[tex]\implies \sf V=\dfrac{187.6036532 \dots }{179}[/tex]

[tex]\implies \sf V=1.04806510 \dots\;L[/tex]

[tex]\implies \sf V=1.05\;L\;(3\;s.f.)[/tex]

Therefore, the volume of the tank in these conditions is 1.05 liters (3 s.f.).

High polarity of water and its ability result in the complete ionization of lactic acid and acetic acid in water In non-polar solvents, the solvation of ions is not energetically favorable, which reduces the degree of dissociation of the acid.

When an acid is dissolved in water, it may undergo dissociation, resulting in the formation of an anion and a hydrogen ion.

The degree of dissociation of an acid depends on its strength and the properties of the solvent.

In the case of lactic acid and acetic acid in water, both acids appear to be of equal strength and are 100% ionized. This is because water is a highly polar solvent, which plays a critical role in the ionization of these acids.

Water molecules are highly polar due to the asymmetric distribution of electrons in the molecule, which gives rise to a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.

As a result, water molecules can interact effectively with polar or charged species, such as ions or ionizable groups in molecules.

When an acid is dissolved in water, water molecules can surround the anion and cation produced upon dissociation of the acid.

This solvation process stabilizes the ions, reducing the overall energy required for the dissociation of the acid, leading to complete ionization.

In the case of lactic acid and acetic acid, both acids are relatively weak and have low dissociation constants (pKa values).

However, in water, the solvent molecules can effectively solvate the charged ions that are formed when the acids dissociate.

This solvation stabilizes the ions, making the dissociation of the acids more favorable, leading to complete ionization of the acids.

Therefore, the high polarity of water and its ability to stabilize charged species through solvation are the key solvent properties that result in the complete ionization of lactic acid and acetic acid in water.

In non-polar solvents, the solvation of ions is not energetically favorable, which reduces the degree of dissociation of the acid, leading to a lower ionization of the acids in such solvents.

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b) The freezing point of the solution is less than the freezing point of the pure liquid solvent

c) The vapour pressure above the solution is greater than the vapour pressure above the pure liquid solvent

e) The boiling point of the solution is greater than the boiling point of the pure liquid solvent

What is Freezing Point?

Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid upon cooling, at a given pressure. It is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase and solid phase of a substance are equal, and hence the liquid and solid are in equilibrium. At this point, the liquid loses its fluidity and turns into a solid form.

When a non-volatile solute (one that does not evaporate easily) is dissolved in a liquid solvent, the solution's physical properties, such as boiling point, freezing point, and vapour pressure, are affected. The extent of these changes is determined by the concentration of the solute in the solution.

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Nitrogen gas will effuse about 2.16 times faster than xenon gas under these conditions.

The rate of effusion of a gas will be inversely proportional to square root of its molar mass. This is known as Graham's law of effusion. Mathematically, we will express this relationship as:

rate of effusion ∝ 1/√(molar mass)

Let's assume that the temperature and pressure of the gases are kept constant. The molar mass of nitrogen gas (N₂) is 28 g/mol, and the molar mass of xenon gas (Xe) is 131 g/mol. Therefore, the ratio of their molar masses will be;

molar mass of Xe / molar mass of N₂ = 131 g/mol / 28 g/mol = 4.68

According to Graham's law of effusion, the ratio of their effusion rates is the inverse of the ratio of their square roots of their molar masses. This can be expressed as;

rate of effusion of N₂ / rate of effusion of Xe = √(molar mass of Xe) / √(molar mass of N₂) = √4.68 = 2.16

Therefore, 2.16 times faster will the nitrogen effuse.

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