Answer:
Smear layer
Explanation:
what types of networks allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas between our early foraging ancestors?
All of an organism's foraging behavior consists of how it gathers and makes use of food sources for energy and nutrients. In the context of the greater community, this involves the location and use of resources as well as their retrieval and storage.
What networks our ancestors used for foraging?Our earliest foraging ancestors used a variety of networks to communicate and trade commodities and ideas, such as:
1. Village networks, which link nearby communities and migratory groups.
2. A metropolitan network linked cities to the rural areas and nearby villages.
3. Long-distance networks brought people who lived 100 miles apart together.
4. Networks that are interconnected by roads, waterways, and trails.
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What molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?.
Water molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Does photosynthesis produce ATP?The light reactions capture the energy of the light and use it to drive electron exchanges. Despite some using infrared light, the majority of photosynthesis-producing species use visible light. Products of these reactions include decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (NADPH).
During the process of photosynthesis, cells use carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to make sugar molecules and oxygen. These sugar molecules are basis for more complex molecules made by the photosynthesis cell .
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glycemic index and glycemic load of gluten-free brownies made from combination of mocaf and black glutinous rice flour
Glycemic index and glycemic load of gluten-free brownies made from combination of mocaf and black glutinous rice flour is low.
Mocaf-black glutinous rice flour was used to make gluten-free brownies with a low glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). Brownies with mocaf to black glutinous rice flour ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 had GI values of 37.66, 41.12, and 31.28 correspondingly, while their GL values were 9.21, 9.30, and 8.25.
The glycemic index, which ranges from 0 to 100 and is arbitrarily assigned to pure glucose, measures how much a food will affect the blood sugar level two hours after consumption.
A food's glycemic load is a measurement of how much it will increase a person's blood sugar levels after consumption. The impact of consuming one gram of glucose is roughly approximated by one unit of glycemic load.
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When a skeletal muscle contracts, what is happening at the level of the muscle proteins?.
When a muscular contraction takes place, the length of the sarcomeres as a whole is reduced as the actin and myosin filaments temporarily establish cross-bridge attachments and slide across one another.
Muscle fibers with myofibrils, which are smaller units, make up the skeletal muscle.Each myofibril is composed of three different types of proteins: contractile, regulatory, and structural proteins. Actin, a thin filament, and myosin are referred to as contractile proteins (thick filaments).Shortening of thick filaments occurs and in comparison to thick filaments, thin filaments glide.The neuromuscular junction, or synapses between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber, is where skeletal muscle contraction starts. Action potential propagation to the motoneuron and subsequent depolarization causes the presynaptic membrane's voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels to open.The sliding filament model of muscle contraction states that when sarcomeres shorten, thick and thin filaments move past one another. The energy required for cross-bridge creation and filament sliding is provided by ATP.Thus, The muscle fibers become tense and often shorten during contraction. The resting state of the muscle fiber is referred to as relaxation.
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activation of ampk attenuates neutrophil proinflammatory activity and decreases the severity of acute lung injury
All mammalian cells include AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a fuel-sensing enzyme that is phylogenetically conserved.
Increases in the intracellular AMP-to-ATP ratio trigger the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a key player in cellular responses to metabolic stress. Although it has been demonstrated that activating AMPK has anti-inflammatory effects, nothing is known about how AMPK may affect neutrophil function and neutrophil-dependent inflammatory events, such as acute lung injury. The study's findings indicate that activating AMPK lessens the severity of neutrophil-driven proinflammatory processes, including acute lung damage, and TLR4-induced neutrophil activation.Learn more about the protein kinase with the help of the given link:
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Which feature forms at this plate boundary? mountains rift valleys volcanoes island chains
Mountains are a formation at this plate boundary. This implies that mountains are the right answer.
What feature is formed at convergent plate boundries?Trenches are geological features formed by convergent boundaries. When two tectonic plates converge , the heavier plate is forced downward, creating a subduction
Some of the tallest mountain systems were created when two continents collided.
The Himalayan Mountains are among the best illustrations of a zone where two continents collide. Two continental tectonic plates colliding resulted in these tallest mountain chains. One of the continental plates broke apart and was thrust upward after a collision to create this greatest mountain chain.
A collision between two continents is depicted in the picture. When two continental tectonic plates contact, a continental collision occurs.
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Answer: a. Mountains
Explanation:
proteins can play many diverse roles in cells. select all of the following that are functions of proteins.
Some proteins serve a structural function, such as microtubules.
Some proteins function as hormones, such as insulin which is made up of 51 amino acids.
Some proteins function as defense molecules, such as immunoglobulins.
Some proteins function as enzymes, which are organic catalysts.
What is protein ?All living things have proteins. Covalently bound amino acids are folded into three-dimensional structures called proteins. A protein can play a variety of functions within an organism.
They perform several different tasks, such as organising, transportation, and defence. A protein can have up to four different structural levels and is made up of chains of amino acids. Examples of particular proteins are collagen, insulin, and anticorps.Learn more about Protein here:
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what is hydrogen energy level
It is denote by the quantum number and where n veries from 1 for the ground state (the lowest energy level) to corresponding to unbound electrons
these monosaccharide molecules combine to make a more complex sugar, called a disaccharide. before this can happen, one of the molecules must lose a hydrogen atom while the other must lose a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom. what happens to the lost h and oh? why is this important
The formation of a disaccharide is through the combination reaction between two monosaccharide molecules with the lost of a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom.
What is a disaccharide?A disaccharide is defined as the carbohydrate that contains two units of the monosaccharide molecule.
Typical examples of disaccharides include the following:
sucrose, lactose, and maltose.A disaccharide can be found by a condensation reaction of two monosaccharide molecules with the removal of water.
It is important for the hydrogen and oxygen atoms to be lost because two OH groups, one from each sugar molecule, come together to release water and form an oxygen bridge between.
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in the periphery of the body, build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons.
In the periphery of the body, Schwann cells build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons.
What is function of schwann cells?The most prevalent form of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system are Schwann cells (SCs). They are crucial for the growth, upkeep, operation, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. Myelinating and nonmyelinating cells are the two main groups of SCs in the mature nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is maintained in large part by Schwann cells (PNS). Schwann cells can either be myelinating or non-myelinating, and they are generated from neural crest cells. Both are crucial for the preservation and regeneration of the PNS's neurons' axons.Learn more about the Schwann cell with the help of the given link:
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What can be formed by Earth's plates colliding?
A. Mountains
B. Rivers
C. Oceans
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Neurons have more mitochondria than cheek cells. suggest why.
Neurons have more mitochondria because neurons are the essential unit of the brain and the human body's nervous system, which perform and maintain all body functions. Neurons completely depend on mitochondria because they produce ATP that is used by the neurons use to perform functions.
However, cheek cells have fewer mitochondria because the function or metabolic activities performed by cheek cells are very less as compared to the neurons.
Therefore, mitochondria are the membrane-bounded cell organelles that produce ATP or Chemical Energy. As neurons have to perform more actions and metabolic activities, so Neurons have more mitochondria as compared to the cells of cheeks.
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smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the .
Smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the Latch State.
Latch State- Dephosphorylating myosin's RLCs prevents the formation of cross-bridges with actin, but doing so after myosin has already been bound to actin slows down its off rate and produces the so-called "latch state." While enduring low rates of ATP hydrolysis, smooth muscle retains tension in the latch state.
ATP hydrolysis- Energy released that has been stored in adenosine triphosphate is released whenever the elevated phosphoanhydride bonds break, as happens, for instance, in muscles. ATP hydrolysis is the name given to this process.
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Which characteristic of plant root systems is most responsible for their ability to absorb water and mineral nutrients efficiently?.
EpidermisEpidermis of plant root systems is most responsible for their ability to absorb water and mineral nutrients efficiently.
How do plants take up nutrients and water?The xylem, a tissue made up of tiny tubes found just below the surface of the plant's stems, is where plants collect water and nutrients. The water is drawn upwards by the molecules in this tissue, which draw water molecules from the soil. We refer to this mechanism as capillary action.
Root hairs are single celled and large surface area , perfect for absorption of water and nutrients. Root hairs are long thin, single cell extension from the epidermis.
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what were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the covid-19 pandemic?
Up until a 1962 demonstration of tuberculosis airborne transmission, airborne transmission of all major respiratory diseases was assumed to be of insignificant or moderate consequence over the following fifty years.
Before COVID-19, only a small number of diseases—those that were blatantly spread to people not in the same room—were generally acknowledged as airborne. This is because the contact/droplet paradigm remained popular.
What does the term "airborne transmission" mean?The term "airborne transmission" refers to the propagation of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that retain their infectious properties after being suspended in air for a lengthy period of time and over great distances.Bacteria or viruses that cause airborne infections are most frequently spread by tiny respiratory droplets. When a person with the airborne sickness sneezes, coughs, laughs, or exhales in any other way, these droplets are released.
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what is the present status of international trade in nepal?
which processes does the central dogma rule out? group of answer choices making rna or dna from protein making protein directly from dna without an rna intermediate making rna from dna a and b b and c
The processes does the central dogma rule out making of RNA from DNA, and making protein from RNA.
Central dogma is theory of molecular biology which states that information in living organism flows in one direction i.e. from DNA to RNA to protein.
The process of flow of information from DNA to RNA is called transcription. In transcription the code of the DNA is transferred to mRNA by enzyme called RNA polymerase . It is done in three steps initiation, elongation and termination.
The process of flow of information from RNA to protein is called translation. It is synthesized with the help of ribosomes and tRNA.
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look at the progeny from the cross of ttyy x ttyy. how many phenotypic classes were expected in the resulting progeny?
In the progeny, 63 phenotypic classes were expected.
Only 1/16 of the progeny will likely have short green seeds 1008/16 is 63.
Which phenotypic classes are there?Then, phenotypes can be used to distinguish between various genotype-related hypotheses, where phenotypes are a class of creatures that only share a subset of their total set of features and genotypes are a class of organisms that share a subset of their germ cells.
Why is phenotype significant?It is possible to increase agricultural production to meet the demands of the expanding human population by establishing the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Therefore, in order to prove the causal link between genes and phenotypes, phenotyping is just as crucial as genotyping.
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Use the drop down menus to match the structure to its definition.
✔ tonsils
Two oval shaped tissues at the back of the throat that prevent infection by trapping pathogens that enter the nose and the mouth.
✔ spleen
An organ near the stomach that filters blood, stores red blood cells, destroys old red blood cells, and contains lymphocytes.
✔ adenoids
Spongy tissues at the back of the nasal cavity that prevent infection by trapping pathogens that enter through the nose.
Answer:
That is correct?
Explanation:
caffeine increases activity not only in the brain but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. this branch is called the nervous system. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices central peripheral secondary primary
The appropriate response is peripheral.
What exactly does being nervous mean?Expressing or demonstrating worry, apprehension, or concern I get anxious whenever I have to give a speech.A sudden feeling of dread or panic She detests operating a vehicle.Consisting of, involving, or comprising nerves or nerve cells.What functions does the nervous system perform?Your nervous system uses neurons, which are specialized cells, to send impulses and messages throughout your body. Your muscles, organs, glands, skin, and brain all send and receive electrical signals. The communications allow you to move your limbs and feel things like pain.
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Write a paragraph to tell about how this type of rock is formed. Give examples of rocks that are this type and tell what you learned about this rock type.
Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cool and crystallize. This happens either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. Two rocks from identical magma to an igneous rock can become either rhyolite or granite, depending on whether they cool quickly or slowly. When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, also called volcanic, the rock cools very quickly. If the lava cools almost instantly, the rocks that form are glassy with no individual crystals, like obsidian. Intrusive rocks, also called plutonic rocks, cool slowly without ever reaching the surface. They have large crystals that are usually visible without a microscope.
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5-methylcytosine rna modification controls the innate immune response to virus infection by regulating type i interferons
Nanocapsules, a promising technology for future antiviral medicines, can be used to enhance the distribution of m5C RNA methyltransferase inhibitors.
How 5-methylcytosine rna modification controls the innate immune response?The transfer of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine base in RNA sequences to form 5-methylcytosine is catalyzed by eukaryotic 5-methylcytosine RNA methyltransferases (m5C). m5C RNA methyltransferases are essential for maintaining the stability and functioning of RNA. In order to block host innate immunity and ensure effective transcription and translation for the replication of new virions, viruses have developed a number of techniques. One such viral tactic is to alter viral RNA via host m5C RNA methyltransferases in order to influence the host's antiviral defenses. In the future, m5C RNA methyltransferase inhibitors may be employed to control the impact of viruses on host cells.Learn more about the Viral infection with the help of the given link:
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grodum e, gram j, brixen k, bollerslev j. autosomal dominant osteopetrosis: bone mineral measurements of the entire skeleton of adults in two different subtypes. bone. 1995;16(4):431–4.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess the bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in two subgroups of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO).
Radiologically, diffuse symmetrical osteosclerosis has been used to describe both forms, but they differ in certain ways. While endobones in the pelvis and thickened end plates in the spine are required findings in type II ADO, increased thickness of the cranial vault is an usual finding in type I ADO. When radiogrammetric, biochemical, and histologic studies are combined, they show states of faulty bone resorption, although both types of patients' bone production appears to be normal. Patients with autosomal dominant osteopetrosis may exhibit no symptoms, making a chance diagnosis possible. However, thorough investigations have shown that almost all individuals have symptoms connected to the condition. The symptoms develop with age and are linked to osteosclerosis. The frequency of fractures is higher in Type II patients and normal in Type I patients, whose trabecular bone strength has been found to be normal or even raised by biomechanical examinations. Symptomatic therapy has been the norm. A sensible course of action includes encouraging bone resorption while, if possible, also preventing new bone from growing.
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Name the two main organ systems that communicate within the body to maintain homeostasis.
The two important body systems that interact inside the body to ensure homeostasis are the endocrine system and central nervous system .
The principal control systems for ensuring homeostasis are the central nervous and endocrine systems. The endocrine system is made up of glands that generate chemical regulators (hormones). The nervous system senses discrepancies from the brain's normal equilibrium (homeostasis) and sends information to the internal organ in order to compensate. It restores the required balance in a fairly short amount of time. Both systems function mostly instantaneously, however the nervous system could be voluntarily controlled.
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Explain the role of enzymes and how they affect the chemical reactions of living things.
Which part of the brain processes incoming sounds and recognizes them as language?.
Auditory part of the brain processes incoming sounds and recognizes them as language.
What distinguishes Broca's from Wernicke's?The main distinction between Wernicke's and Broca's areas is that Wernicke's area ensures that language has meaning, whilst Wernicke's area is a region of the cerebral cortex that helps to guarantee that language is generated fluently.
The processing of decoded sound material starts within the primary auditoy pathway. This pathway carries message from the cochlea to a sensory area of the temporal lobe called the auditory cortex.
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explain why fresh water protozoa like amoeba do not burst when placed in distilled water
Answer: I hope this helps you
Explanation: https://ay.live/jPM5h
Which of the following correctly explains the difference between an element and a compound?
A. An element is made up of only one type of atom, and a compound is made up of two or more elements that are
chemically combined.
B. A compound is made up of only one type of atom, and an element is made up mixtures.
C. An element is made up of only one type of atom, and a compound is made up of mixtures.
D. A compound is made up of only one type of atom, and an element is made up of two or more compounds that are
chemically combined.
Answer:
Option A is the answer. This is because compounds are elements combined by chemical combination
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called?.
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. These bacteria-killing molecules are called antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals used to treat infections caused by bacteria that kill or stop bacteria from growing. Soil fungi and bacteria naturally produce them. Because the antibiotic destroys their competition, the microbe gains the upper hand when competing for food, water, and other scarce resources in a specific habitat.
Antibiotics exploit the structural difference between the host cell and bacterial cell. They can prevent bacterial cells from multiplying, allowing the host's protective mechanism to fight the illness or kill the bacteria by, for example, blocking the process that creates their cell walls.
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What term is used to describe the property of the cell membrane that allows certain molecules in but keeps others out?
Answer:
Semi-permeable
Explanation: The cell membrane is semi-permeable, meaning that it allows certain substances to move into the cell while it keeps certain other substances out of the cell.