What is formed when reverse transcriptase is used on a strand of mRNA

Lack of water, nutrient shortages, inadequate lighting, severe temperatures, pests or illnesses, and physical harm are some of the conditions that might halt a plant from growing. Furthermore, plants have a genetically predetermined growth cycle that affects when they stop growing. Extreme weather can stress a plant and interfere with its regular growth processes, which can result in stunted or stopped growth when any of these elements are present.

Answer: Many things could cause a plant to stop growing like lack of sunlight, too much sunlight, lack of water, too much water, wrong ph level for soil, etc.

Explanation: Like us humans plants need their basic needs met just like how we need to eat and drink water, and just like us they can over do this(eating too much food=problems or if you don't eat your growth could become stunted)

The axon terminal of the neuron carrying somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron can be found in the thalamus of the brain. The answer is a)

The somatic sensory information from the body is carried by the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves to the spinal cord. From there, the information ascends the spinal cord via two pathways: the dorsal column pathway, which carries information about fine touch discrimination and proprioception, and the anterolateral pathway, which carries information about pain, temperature, and crude touch.

These pathways eventually synapse in the thalamus of the brain, which acts as a relay station for sensory information. The axon terminal of the neuron carrying somatic sensory information from an afferent presynaptic neuron can be found in the thalamus because all somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed there.

It is important to note that somatic sensory information from the left side of the body projects to the right side of the somatosensory cortex, and vice versa. Hence, a) is the correct option.

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Answer:

In biology, a vacuole is an area of a cell that is devoid of cytoplasm, membrane-lined, and filled with fluid. Vacuoles are crucial cytoplasmic organs (organelles), particularly in protozoa (single-celled eukaryotic creatures), carrying out tasks such water storage, intake, digesting, excretion, and expulsion. Plant cells frequently have big core vacuoles, which allow them to grow large without acquiring the mass that would make metabolism challenging. Plants, fungi, algae, and certain other species also store potent secondary compounds in their vacuoles to shield the cell from self-toxicity, such as tannins or other biological colors.

1) The frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.2.

2) The frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.8..

3) The frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq) is 0.32

1) The frequency of the recessive allele (q) can be found using the Hardy-Weinberg equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

where p² represents the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype, 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype, and q² represents the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype.

Given that 4% of the students are homozygous recessive, q² = 0.04. Solving for q, we get:

q² = 0.04

q = √(0.04)

q = 0.2

2) The frequency of the dominant allele (p) can be found by subtracting the frequency of the recessive allele (q) from 1:

p = 1 - q

p = 1 - 0.2

p = 0.8

3) The frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq) can be found using the value of p and q that we have calculated:

2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2

2pq = 0.32

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The complete question is:

There are 100 students in a class. Ninety-six did well in the course whereas four blew it totally and received a grade of F. Sorry. In the highly unlikely event that these traits are genetic rather than environmental, if these traits involve dominant and recessive alleles, and if the four (4%) represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition, please calculate the following:

1) The frequency of the recessive allele (q).

2) The frequency of the dominant allele (p)

3) The frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq).

The answer is no, it is not possible to produce a line of pure-breeding gray wolves.

This is because the gray coat color is a result of heterozygous pairing (having two different alleles) of the white coat and black coat alleles. In order to have a pure-breeding line, the individuals must have homozygous pairing (having two copies of the same allele) for the specific trait. Since the gray coat color is a result of incomplete dominance between the white coat and black coat alleles, it cannot be a pure-breeding trait.

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Fertilizer runoff is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which causes an increase in the dissolved nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems which causes an increase in the amount of phytoplankton.

Thus, these nutrients act as a fertilizer, which results in the rapid growth of phytoplankton, and their population size gets doubled. This leads to an increase in the population of primary consumers such as zooplankton and small fish that feed on them in aquatic ecosystems.

However, if the phytoplankton population grows too large, algae and other aquatic plants also increase in aquatic ecosystems, which leads to oxygen depletion and harmful algal blooms, thereby, disrupting the entire ecosystem.

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The nurse is discussing about Basal metabolic rate (BMR).

B is the correct answer.

The body's BMR is a measure of how much energy it requires to stay in a state of equilibrium. Because lean mass requires a lot of energy to maintain, the total lean mass, particularly muscle mass, plays a significant role in determining your BMR.

Analysis of a person's oxygen and carbon dioxide intake and output is necessary for BMR estimates. This analysis is known as "calorimetry" among experts. It is a technique for calculating how many calories a person is using in their daily activities. A person's height is considered by BMR as well.

The vital bodily processes that keep life alive require between 60% and 75% of the energy used each day. The maintenance of body temperature (thermoregulation), respiration, heartbeat, nervous system activity, and hormone activity are among these tasks.

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The main components of a healthy diet are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for our bodies and are found in grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables.

Proteins are the building blocks of cells and are found in meats, eggs, nuts and dairy products. Fats help the body absorb vitamins and minerals and are found in oils, nuts and dairy products. Vitamins and minerals are essential for our bodies to function properly and are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and dairy products.

Each of these components provides our bodies with vital nutrients and energy. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used by the body to provide energy. Proteins are used to build and repair cells and tissues, while fats help to transport vitamins and minerals around the body.

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The mitral valve is a valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two triangular flaps of tissue that prevents blood from flowing back into the atrium.

Here, correct option is A.

Also, called the bicuspid valve, this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle and prevents the backflow of oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium. The mitral valve is composed of two flaps that open and close in a way similar to a door, allowing blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, but not back the other way.

The flaps are made of strong connective tissue that is covered in a thin layer of endothelial cells. When the heart contracts, the mitral valve opens and allows oxygen-rich blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle. When the heart relaxes, the valve closes and prevents the backflow of blood.

The mitral valve is essential for proper functioning of the cardiovascular system, as it ensures that the oxygen-rich blood reaches the ventricle and the rest of the body.

Therefore, correct option is A.

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Answer:

C. Argument structures.

Explanation:

Argument structures are sentence frames that help identify the number of participants involved in the event or situation described by a sentence.

Transcription and translation are the two processes involved in protein synthesis. 1a- mRNA codons: AUG AUU CCG CCA GCA UAC UAG. 1b- Amino Acids: Met-Ile- Pro-Pro-Ala-Tyr. 2- Severe mutation replaces isoleusine by threonine. The middle uracyl from the second codon must be replaced by a cytosine. 3- Alteration in enzymatic activity.

Transcription and translation are two processes involved in protein synthesis.

    DNA triplets:       TAC   TAA   GGC   GGT   CGT   ATG   ATC

1a- mRNA codons:   AUG   AUU  CCG   CCA   GCA   UAC  UAG

1b- Amino Acids:       Met   Ile       Pro      Pro    Ala      Tyr   Stop  

2- Mutation

mRNA codons:   AUG   ACU  CCG   CCA   GCA   UAC  UAG

Amino Acids:       Met     Thr    Pro     Pro      Ala     Tyr   Stop

The severe PKU mutation occurs when a nucleotide substitutes another nucleotide. In this case, in mRNA molecule, an uracyle from the second codon was replaced by a cytosine. Hence, the new codon coded for Threonine instead of coding for isoleusine as the original sequence.

The column Amino acid change in PHA enzyme shows that the severe mutation involves the change in which isoleusine is replaced by threonine.

In order to produce this point mutation, the middle uracyl from the codon must be replaced by a cytosine.

3- Mutations impact on phenylalanine hydroxylase (PHA) enzymatic activity, causing a phenotypic range that varies between the severe PKU and the mild PKU. Alterations in the enzyme activity may drive the enzyme to consume all the stored phenylalanine and to produce wastes that are toxic to the organism, specially to te brain.  

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Answer:

Kingdom

Explanation:

The sequence of processes in the production of a cloned plant involves taking a cutting from a parent plant, inducing the cutting to form roots and a shoot, and then allowing the cutting to grow into a genetically identical plant to the parent.

In more detail, the process of cloning a plant typically involves taking a cutting from a parent plant that has desirable characteristics, such as disease resistance or high yield. This cutting is then treated with a rooting hormone and placed in a growing medium that encourages the formation of roots and a shoot.

Once the cutting has developed into a small plant, it can be transplanted into soil and grown into a mature plant that is genetically identical to the parent. This process is known as asexual reproduction and is commonly used in agriculture to produce crops with consistent traits.

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Ruby was recently diagnosed with anemia, which means that she has a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin. To treat this condition, her doctor wanted to prescribe medication for her. However, different drugs work differently for different patients, and some may cause side effects or interact with other medications that she is taking.

To determine which medication would be best for Ruby, her doctor took a comprehensive approach. He filled out a form with information about her parent's medical history, including any drug allergies that they may have had. This information is important because some medications can cause allergic reactions or have adverse effects in individuals with certain medical conditions.

Additionally, Ruby's doctor decided to do a DNA test by taking a sample of cells from inside her cheek and sending it to a laboratory. The lab report showed which medications were most likely to help Ruby feel better based on her genetic makeup.

By taking these steps, Ruby's doctor was able to personalize her treatment plan and prescribe a medication that was safe and effective for her specific needs. This approach is becoming increasingly popular in healthcare, as it allows doctors to provide targeted treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

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Dad is type AB

Mom is heterozygous type A which is Ao

after drawing the punnet square (the image attached) you will find that mom and dad produced offsprings with the genotypes: AA, AB, Ao, and Bo

Parent AB X Ao offspring probabilities

1/4 type AB (25%)

1/4 type B (25%)

1/2 type A (50%)

hope this helps :)

At the end of S phase of the cell cycle, the cell will contain 20 chromosomes and 20 picograms of DNA. This is because during S phase, DNA replication occurs, resulting in the formation of two identical copies of each chromosome, called sister chromatids. The amount of DNA in the cell doubles during S phase, as each chromosome now has two copies of its DNA. However, the number of chromosomes remains the same, as the sister chromatids are still considered to be a single chromosome until they separate during cell division. Therefore, the cell will have 20 chromosomes and 20 picograms of DNA at the end of S phase.

Based on this information, scientists could predict that the base Adenine pair with Thymine and base Cytosine pair with Guanine in formation of the DNA molecule.

Base pairs are the building blocks of DNA molecule. The base pair consists of two nitrogenous bases that are complementary to each other and held together by hydrogen bonds.

Four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA are as : adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine, following base-pairing rules of DNA. The sequence of these base pairs along the DNA molecule carries genetic information and determines the genetic code.

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Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) is a type of air pollutant that can have adverse effects on human health.  The correct option is A. They can cause heart and lung disease.

This pollutant is considered more harmful than larger particles because it can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

One true statement about PM2.5 is that it can come from both human and natural sources. Human sources include emissions from vehicles, power plants, and factories, while natural sources include dust and wildfires. The concentration of PM2.5 in the air can also vary depending on location, weather conditions, and time of day.

Additionally, exposure to PM2.5 can have different effects on different populations. Children, the elderly, and those with preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular conditions are more susceptible to the harmful effects of this pollutant.

Overall, reducing PM2.5 emissions and taking measures to protect oneself from exposure can help mitigate the negative health impacts of this type of air pollutant. Therefore, the correct option is A. They can cause heart and lung disease.

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complete question is :

13. Which of these statements about particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter is true?

A. They can cause heart and lung disease.

B. They're produced from nitrogen gas (N.).

C. They're less of a threat than particulate matter that's 10 microns in diameter

D. They're the size of a human hair.

The probability of the next child having the same genetic disease depends on the inheritance pattern of the specific disease. If both parents carry a genetic mutation that causes a specific disease, then there is a chance that their children will inherit the same mutation and develop the same disease.

If the genetic disease is caused by a recessive mutation, then the probability of the next child having the same disease is 25% (1 in 4). This is because each parent carries one mutated copy of the gene but does not show any symptoms of the disease. When they have children, each child has a 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, and thus developing the disease.

If the genetic disease is caused by a dominant mutation, then the probability of the next child having the same disease is 50% (1 in 2). This is because only one copy of the mutated gene is needed to cause the disease, and each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from the affected parent.

It is important to note that these probabilities are not exact and can vary depending on other factors such as genetic testing and family history. Consultation with a genetic counselor can help provide more personalized information and guidance for families dealing with genetic diseases.

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Answer:

A cell is capable of carrying out all life processes, such as nutrition, excretion, respiration, etc. Hence it is called as the functional unit of life.

The cell is the smallest unit of life and all the living beings are made up of cells. Hence a cell is called the structural unit of life.

incomplete dominance and codominance both have two alleles in their genotype. Incomplete dominance blends the two traits together while in co-dominance both alleles are clearly shown, they are not blended together. A way you can remember the difference is by thinking about a co-worker, they work together just like CO- dominance, they both start with co. For incomplete dominance, you can remember because neither alleles are complete, so they are incomplete.

The purpose of ethical guidelines for the handling of experimental subjects is to help scientists plan an experiment in which no animals or humans are harmed. The answer is a.

These guidelines aim to prevent any physical, psychological, or emotional harm to the subjects involved in the experiment. They also ensure that the experiment is designed to achieve its scientific objectives without compromising the dignity, welfare, and safety of the subjects.

The guidelines require that researchers obtain informed consent from the subjects, maintain confidentiality of their data, and minimize any risks or discomfort associated with the study.

Adhering to ethical guidelines promotes the integrity and credibility of research and helps to maintain public trust in scientific studies. Hence, a. is the right answer.

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True, the most important factor in determining attraction can vary for different individuals; however, physical attraction is often a significant element.

It involves being drawn to someone's appearance or physical features, which can serve as an initial catalyst for further exploration of compatibility, such as shared values, interests, and personality traits. Remember, attraction is subjective and can be influenced by various factors.

Physical Attraction as an Initial Catalyst: Physical attraction refers to the instinctive or immediate appeal one feels towards someone based on their physical appearance or features.

It serves as an initial catalyst that sparks interest and draws individuals towards each other. The visual aspect of physical attraction can evoke feelings of admiration, desire, and curiosity.

Initial Impressions: Physical appearance is often the first aspect of a person that we notice and evaluate. Factors such as facial symmetry, body proportions, attractiveness of features, grooming, and overall physical health can influence our perception of someone's attractiveness.

These initial impressions can create a baseline attraction that motivates individuals to explore further connections and interactions.

Individual Variation: It is important to recognize that what is considered physically attractive can vary greatly between individuals due to personal preferences, cultural influences, and societal standards.

Beauty ideals can differ across cultures, and individuals may have their own unique preferences shaped by personal experiences, upbringing, and media influences.

Beyond Physical Attraction: While physical attraction can serve as the initial spark, it is important to note that it is not the sole determinant of long-term compatibility or relationship satisfaction.

As individuals get to know each other, other factors such as shared values, interests, personality traits, emotional connection, and communication become increasingly important in forming deeper connections and maintaining relationships.

Subjectivity and Influencing Factors: Attraction is highly subjective and can be influenced by various factors beyond physical appearance. Cultural, social, and psychological factors all play a role in shaping individual preferences and perceptions of attractiveness.

Personal experiences, past relationships, and individual aspirations also contribute to what individuals find appealing.

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The most important factor in determining attraction is usually physical attraction. Is this statement true or false?

Answer:

B. Enable membranes to stay fluid more easily when cell temperatures drop.

Explanation:

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animal cells enable membranes to stay fluid more easily when cell temperatures drop.

Answer:

Explanation:

False.

Males and females both produce gametes continuously, but the processes by which they do so are different. In males, the production of sperm occurs continuously throughout their reproductive lives, with millions of new sperm being produced every day through a process called spermatogenesis. In females, on the other hand, all of the eggs that a woman will ever have are produced before she is born and are stored in her ovaries until they are released during ovulation.

While the number of eggs that a woman has is determined at birth, the quality and health of those eggs can be influenced by various factors throughout her life, such as age, nutrition, and exposure to environmental toxins.

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The given statement "Males produce gametes continuously while females are born with all of the gametes that they will ever have." is False.

Males and females have different gamete production processes. In males, gametes (sperm) are continuously produced from puberty until late in life.

In contrast, females are born with a finite number of gametes (eggs) in their ovaries, which are released periodically throughout their reproductive years.

At birth, a female baby has about 1-2 million eggs in her ovaries. However, by the time she reaches puberty, only about 300,000-500,000 eggs remain, and only 300-400 will ever be released during ovulation.

This means that female gametes are not produced continuously, but rather during fetal development and early life stages.

Therefore, the statement "males produce gametes continuously while females are born with all of the gametes that they will ever have" is not entirely accurate, as it oversimplifies the gamete production process in both sexes.

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There are 6 ways to generate heat in the cabin and stay warm in the winter. First, the electric lawnmower can be used to run a generator that creates electricity and can heat up the cabin.

Second, the fireplace can be used with the kindling to create a fire and heat up the cabin. Third, the computer can be used to generate energy and heat the cabin. Fourth, the car can be used to generate heat by running it in the garage and diverting the hot air from the engine into the cabin.

Fifth, the cabin's power can be used to turn on electric heaters to warm the area. Finally, the heat from the sun can be harnessed by opening the windows and letting the sunlight in. All these methods of energy can be used to generate heat and keep the cabin warm in the winter.

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According to the table, the Alternaria species that has a larger proportion of genetic resemblance to the African species is the one that would most likely harm the ecologist's plants.

According to the table, the Alternaria fungus from the outdoor area had an 88% similarity rate to the African species. The ecologist could keep his plants in the greenhouse to help protect them from this type of Alternaria as the greenhouse sample had a higher percentage resemblance to the North American species and a lower percentage similarity to the African species.

This implies that the atmosphere in a greenhouse would be less favorable for the development and spread of the African Alternaria species and might thus offer some protection against it. Fungus helps to restore ecosystem by undergoing decomposition.

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Correct question:

After evaluating his colleague's claim about plant pathogens being carried in African dust clouds, the ecologist decides to isolate and genetically test fungi samples from all of his outdoor and greenhouse plants. He compares the results to DNA samples of the Alternaria fungi commonly found in both North America and Africa, as shown in this table. Genetic Similarity of Alternaria Fungi from Ecologist's Samples with Common Species Found in North America and Africa Alternaria Species Plant Location Greenhouse Outdoors

Percent Similarity to North American Species 90% 92% 10%

Percent Similarity to African Species 20% 14% 88%

The African Alternaria species causes disease to the ecologist's plants. Which species of Alternaria would most likely cause damage to the ecologist's plants, and where could the ecologist keep his plants to help protect them from this species of Alternaria? Enter your answer in the box provided.

The decline of shellfish-bed populations in New Zealand estuaries due to habitat modification and overharvesting can have significant impacts on the biodiversity of these ecosystems.

The shellfish play a crucial role in the estuarine food web by filtering the water and providing food for other organisms. The loss of shellfish populations can lead to an increase in water turbidity and a decline in water quality, which can negatively affect other aquatic species.

Additionally, the removal of a dominant species like shellfish can cause a shift in the community structure and alter the composition and abundance of other species. The overall impact of the decline of shellfish populations on biodiversity in New Zealand estuaries can have far-reaching consequences and underscores the importance of conservation efforts.

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