Beta-oxidation is the process of breaking down fatty acids to produce energy. It uses enzymes and coenzymes to accomplish this.
In the process of breaking down fatty acids, the fatty acid is activated by attaching it to a molecule called coenzyme A (CoA). This produces a fatty acyl-CoA molecule. Next, the fatty acyl-CoA molecule is transported into the mitochondria, where beta-oxidation occurs. Once inside the mitochondria, the fatty acyl-CoA molecule is broken down into two-carbon units called acetyl-CoA. This process is catalyzed by a series of enzymes and requires the coenzyme FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). The acetyl-CoA molecules are then used in the citric acid cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The FAD and NAD⁺ molecules are also reduced during beta-oxidation, producing FADH₂ and NADH, which are used in the electron transport chain to produce additional ATP.
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What are all of the different types of pathology found in people
infected with: Entamoeba histolytica but not found in Trichomonas
infected human?
The different types of pathology found in people infected with Entamoeba histolytica but not found in Trichomonas infected human are : Colitis, Liver abscess, Peritonitis, Lung abscess, Gingivitis, Brain abscess, Amoeboma, Cutaneous amebiasis, and Genital ulceration.
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that can lead to a life-threatening disease called amoebiasis. It causes intestinal disease in humans and other primates, which is responsible for approximately 55,000 deaths per year.The pathology that develops in people infected with Entamoeba histolytica but not in Trichomonas infected humans is due to the parasite's ability to invade tissues outside of the intestine. In contrast, Trichomonas vaginalis, which infects the urogenital tract, is not associated with these types of pathological conditions.
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Crocodiles, bats, whales, and birds have similar limb bones. What do these similarities suggest?
A. Bats and crocodiles share an ancestor with whales but not with birds.
B. Crocodiles, bats, whales, and birds evolved from a common ancestor.
C. The common ancestor of birds and crocodiles was a whale.
D. A similar limb structure evolved in each species independently and by chance.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
How have seeds contributed to the success of angiosperms?
Select one:
a. by attracting insects to transfer them to the stigma
b. by hitch-hiking on animals to be transported to the stigma
c. by nourishing the embryo to live on for a while
d. by nourishing the plants that make them
Seeds have contributed to the success of angiosperms by nourishing the embryo to live on for a while. This is because the seed contains a food source for the developing plant, which allows it to survive until it can establish roots and begin to photosynthesize.
Additionally, seeds allow angiosperms to reproduce and spread to new locations, which also contributes to their success.
Overall, the development of seeds has been a key factor in the success of angiosperms, and has allowed them to become one of the most dominant groups of plants on Earth.
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A katydid with the genotype
F/F∙b/b
is mated with
a
katydid that is
f/f∙B/B
. The
F 1
progeny from this cross are test crossed. Lower case is used to designate a recessive allele. What would be the genotype of the katydid used as the tester? a) F/f • b/b b) F/F • b/b c) f/f • b/b d) f/f • B/B e) F/F • B/B
Progeny from this cross are test crossed. Lower case is used to designate a recessive allele. The genotype of the katydid used as the tester would be e) F/F • B/B
The given genotypes are:F/F•b/b and f/f•B/B.F1 progeny: In order to determine the F1 progeny, we will cross the above-mentioned genotypes:F/F•b/b × f/f•B/B. This will result in the following possible gametes:F•b and f•BThe above-mentioned gametes will combine to form F1 progeny:F/f•B/b. The genotype of the katydid used as the tester:It can be determined from the F1 progeny by using the test cross method.
For the test cross, we will cross the F1 progeny with the homozygous recessive parent (f/f•b/b).The resulting offspring from the test cross:F/f•b/b × f/f•B/B ⇒ f/f•b/B, f/f•b/b, F/f•b/B, and F/f•B/BThe phenotype of f/f•b/b and F/f•b/b is similar. Hence, we can ignore them. Thus, the only observed genotype of the offspring is F/f•B/B. This genotype can only be possible if the tester's genotype is F/F•B/B.The genotype of the katydid used as the tester is F/F•B/B.
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Anaerobically growing bacteria can grow in which type of medium? choose one: a. Complex b. Selective c. Reduced d. Enriched
B.selective. One or more microbe species can be chosen using a selective medium. They will be the only bacteria that can grow on or in the medium because all others will be prevented from doing so.
There are numerous methods for obtaining selectivity. It is easy to choose for organisms that can use the sugar, for example, by making a certain sugar the sole source of carbon in the medium. A certain type of microorganism can be selectively blocked by the use of dyes, antibiotics, salts, or other inhibitors that affect the enzyme systems or metabolism of the organisms.
Differentiating between groups of species or closely related organisms is done using differential media. All three sectors medical, food, and dairy use a variety of selection and differential media.
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Determine the source of nucleic acid you will use as a template for cloning c4. Outline the major steps necessary (don't include full protocol) to prepare the template for PCR
The source of nucleic acid for cloning c4 will depend on the organism of interest and the specific gene sequence being targeted.
If the gene sequence is known, a genomic DNA or cDNA library could be screened to identify a suitable template. Alternatively, PCR amplification of the gene sequence from genomic DNA or cDNA can be performed.
The major steps necessary to prepare the template for PCR include DNA extraction, quantification, and purification. DNA extraction can be performed using a variety of methods, such as organic extraction or commercial DNA extraction kits.
The extracted DNA should be quantified to ensure there is enough template for PCR. DNA purification can be achieved using commercially available kits or by precipitation with ethanol. Finally, the purified DNA can be used as a template for PCR amplification.
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Suppose you are measuring the metabolic rate of a youmg growing cow by using the material-balance method. procedures could you use to take account of the cow's git so that you measure a correct metabolic rate?
To measure the metabolic rate of a young growing cow using the material-balance method, you can take account of the cow's growth by measuring the cow's feed intake and growth rate over time.
This data can then be used to calculate the energy balance, or the difference between the energy intake and the energy output, which will give an accurate measure of the metabolic rate.
To use the material-balance method, you will need to measure the animal's body weight, feed intake, and heat production at regular intervals. You can then use this data to calculate the energy balance. For example, if the energy output exceeds the energy intake, the metabolic rate is too high. Conversely, if the energy intake exceeds the energy output, the metabolic rate is too low.
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In the summer, which of the following would be the hottest?
A. Urban areas like downtown
B. Rural areas near a city
C. A community garden space with lots of vegetation
D. Suburbs
Answer:
A. Urban areas like downtown
Explanation:
Structures such as buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the sun's heat more than natural landscapes such as forests and water bodies. Urban areas, where these structures are highly concentrated and greenery is limited, become “islands” of higher temperatures relative to outlying areas.
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What is the Warburg effect in cancer cells?
The Warburg effect in cancer cells is a phenomenon in which the cancer cells exhibit a preference for producing energy through glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This is in contrast to normal cells, which typically produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen.
The Warburg effect is named after the German biochemist Otto Warburg, who first observed this phenomenon in the 1920s. It is thought to be a hallmark of cancer cells and is believed to play a role in the rapid growth and proliferation of cancer cells. The exact mechanism behind the Warburg effect is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the increased metabolic demands of rapidly dividing cancer cells. By relying on glycolysis, cancer cells are able to produce energy more quickly and efficiently than normal cells, which may contribute to their ability to grow and divide rapidly.
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You are asked to draw animals that fly, including insects, birds, and bats. You read that fossil evidence suggests that bat wings and bird wings arose independently from forelimbs of different tetrapod ancestors. If this is the case, then a bird's wing is ________ a bat's wing.
Select one:
a. homologous to
b. related to
c. descended with modification from
d. analogous to
If fossil evidence suggests that bat wings and bird wings arose independently from forelimbs of different tetrapod ancestors, then a bird's wing is analogous to a bat's wing.
So, the correct answer is D.
Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions but evolved independently from different ancestors. In the case of bird and bat wings, both structures are used for flight but arose from different tetrapod ancestors, making them analogous structures. Homologous structures, on the other hand, are structures that have similar functions and evolved from a common ancestor.
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A
snow removal business would be classified as a O A. manufacturing
company. OB. service company. OC. simple company. OD. merchandising
company.
A snow removal business would be classified as a service company. Option B.
This is because the business provides a service, which is removing snow, rather than creating or selling a product.
A service company can be described as a company that offers some kind of service or help instead of manufacturing a product.
Manufacturing companies create products, merchandising companies sell products, and simple companies typically refer to small businesses with a limited number of owners. Therefore, the correct answer is B. service company.
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The diagram below shows reservoir interactions with the phosphorus cycle: Image shows arrows that point counterclockwise. Label A is over the water. An arrow points from there to label B, which is dead fish. From there, an arrow points to label C, which is rock under water. From there, an arrow points to label D, which is plants. Which statement best describes label C? Phosphorus is evaporating from the water into the atmosphere. Bacteria convert phosphate in dead organisms into phosphorus. Organisms, such as fish, absorb phosphorus from their food (plants and other animals). Sedimentary rocks are the largest source of phosphorus.
The sedimentary rοcks beneath the water are depicted by label C in the diagram. In the phοsphοrus cycle, sedimentary rοcks are οne οf the largest phοsphοrus reservοirs.
Minerals in rοcks that cοntain phοsphοrus weather οver time, releasing phοsphοrus intο the water and sοil, where plants and οther οrganisms can use it.
Which statement best describes label C?As a result, the statement that mοst accurately explains label C is: Phοsphοrus cοmes primarily frοm sedimentary rοcks.
Sedimentary rοcks: what are they?οne οf the three main types οf rοcks, sedimentary rοcks are fοrmed when οrganic materials, mineral fragments, and sediment cοmbine οver time. Sediments can travel by wind, water, οr ice and be depοsited in layers befοre being cοmpacted and cοnsοlidated intο sοlid sedimentary rοcks.
There are three main types οf sedimentary rοcks: οrganic, clastic, and chemical. Sandstοne, shale, and cοnglοmerate are examples οf preexisting rοck fragments that make up clastic sedimentary rοcks.
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Label C in the diagram represents the sedimentary rοcks that are present belοw the surface οf the sea. Sedimentary rοck fοrmatiοns are amοng the greatest reservοirs οf phοsphοrus in the phοsphοrus cycle.
When minerals in phsphrus-cοntaining rοcks weather οver time, phosphorus is released intο the water and sοil, where plants and οther οrganisms can use it.
What definitiοn best fits label C?The phrase "Phοsphοrus οriginates predοminantly frοm sedimentary rοcks" sums up label C the best.
What precisely are sedimentary rοcks?Sedimentary rοcks, οne οf the three majοr types οf rοcks, fοrm thrοughοut time as a result οf the fusiοn οf οrganic mοlecules, mineral fragments, and silt. Befοre being cοmpacted and cοllided intο deep sedimentary rοcks, sediments can be transpοrted by wind, water, οr ice. They can alsο be depοsited in layers.
There are three main types οf sedimentary rοcks: οrganic, clastic, and chemical. Sandstοne, shale, and cοnglοmerate are examples οf preexisting rοck fragments that make up clastic sedimentary rοcks.
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question: Why was the blood collected in a tube containing EDTA
? [250 words]
note: this is lab report.
subject name: introduction biochemistry and biotechnology
The blood was collected in a tube containing EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) because it is a widely used anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting. EDTA works by binding to calcium ions in the blood and forming a stable complex, which prevents the calcium ions from participating in the coagulation cascade. This helps to keep the blood in a liquid state and prevents the formation of clots.
In a laboratory setting, it is important to collect blood samples in tubes containing anticoagulants like EDTA to ensure that the samples can be properly analyzed. If the blood were to clot, it would be difficult to obtain accurate measurements of various components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. By using an anticoagulant like EDTA, researchers can ensure that the blood sample remains in a liquid state and that accurate measurements can be obtained.
In addition to being used in laboratory settings, EDTA is also used in medical settings to prevent clotting in blood samples that are collected for diagnostic testing. This allows healthcare professionals to obtain accurate measurements of various components of the blood, which can help to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.
In summary, the blood was collected in a tube containing EDTA to prevent clotting and ensure that accurate measurements can be obtained. EDTA is a widely used anticoagulant that works by binding to calcium ions in the blood and preventing them from participating in the coagulation cascade.
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Consider to Loci located on the same chromosome. The first locus has alleles A and a, the second locus has alleles B and b. During meiosis crossovers occur, 24% of the time. In an AaBb individual, one chromosome is AB and the other is ab. 1. The proportion of AB gametes is?
2. The proportion of aB gametes is?
3. The proportion of Ab gametes is?
4. The proportion of ab gametes is?
1. The proportion of AB gametes is 38% (50% non-crossover + 12% crossover).
2. The proportion of aB gametes is 12% (24% crossover * 50% chance of aB).
3. The proportion of Ab gametes is 12% (24% crossover * 50% chance of Ab).
4. The proportion of ab gametes is 38% (50% non-crossover + 12% crossover).
During meiosis, crossovers occur 24% of the time between the two loci. This means that 76% of the time, there is no crossover and the gametes will be either AB or ab. Since there is a 50% chance of each, the proportion of AB and ab gametes will each be 38% (76% * 50%).
When crossovers do occur, there is a 50% chance of producing aB gametes and a 50% chance of producing Ab gametes. Therefore, the proportion of aB and Ab gametes will each be 12% (24% * 50%).
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What does it mean when your food is "irradiated?" A. They have been in contact with nuclear waste B. The vegetables come from farms near nuclear power plants C. The food is treated to give it a longer shelf life D. All of the above
The correct answer is C. The food is treated to give it a longer shelf life. Irradiated food is treated with ionizing radiation to extend its shelf life.
Exposing food to controlled radiation kills dangerous germs and parasites. Food is preserved.
Irradiation does not turn food radioactive or affect its nutrients. Irradiation preserves and makes food safer.
In conclusion, when your food is "irradiated," it means that it has been treated with ionizing radiation in order to give it a longer shelf life and make it safer to eat.
The correct answer to this question is C. The food is treated to give it a longer shelf life.
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Question 1 (2 marks): In your research, you are doing genetic experiments on pea plants. You are observing flower position (axial or terminal) and the color of the flower (purple or white). You are crossing parents with the following traits: Purple flower at axial position (homozygous for both traits) X White flower at terminal position (homozygous for both traits). Then, F1 generation offspring is further crossed with the same F1 generation offspring. 1 1. Draw the Punnett square table of the experiment (1 Marks). 1.2. Explain the ratio of obtaining the flowers at the terminal position (1 Marks).
1.1. The Punnett square table of the experiment is as follows:
| | A | a |
|---|---|---|
| P | AP | aP |
| p | Ap | ap |
1.2. The ratio of obtaining the flowers at the terminal position is 0:4 or 0%, as all of the F1 generation offspring will have axial flowers.
1.1 The Punnett square is a tool used in genetics to predict the possible outcomes of a cross between two individuals. It consists of a table with rows and columns representing the alleles from each parent.
Each box in the table represents a possible combination of alleles in the offspring. In this particular Punnett square, the capital letter "A" represents a dominant allele, while the lowercase letter "a" represents a recessive allele.
1.2 This is because the axial flower position (A) is dominant over the terminal flower position (a), and all of the F1 generation offspring will have at least one A allele. Therefore, none of the F1 generation offspring will have terminal flowers.
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Based on their differences in cell structure, which of the following would you be more likely to see in bacteria than in Eukaryotes?
-More proteins with primary structure changes.
-More time between stimulus and response when the response requires production of new proteins
-Faster transcription
-All of the above
Based on their differences in cell structure, you would be more likely to see faster transcription in bacteria than in Eukaryotes.
Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means they have a simpler cell structure compared to eukaryotes. One of the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Instead, their DNA is found in a circular loop called a nucleoid. This means that transcription (the process of copying DNA into RNA) can occur more quickly in bacteria than in eukaryotes because there is no need for the RNA to exit the nucleus before it can be translated into proteins.
In contrast, eukaryotes have a more complex cell structure with a nucleus that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell. This means that transcription occurs inside the nucleus, and the resulting RNA must be transported out of the nucleus before it can be translated into proteins. This extra step can slow down the process of transcription in eukaryotes compared to bacteria.
Therefore, the correct answer is faster transcription.
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Given a quantitation value for a DNA extract (e.g. 27.8 ng/uL),
be able to calculate how you would make 10 uL of a 0.3 ng/uL
solution for adding to an Identifiler reaction.
To make 10 uL of a 0.3 ng/uL solution for adding to an Identifiler reaction, we need to calculate the amount of DNA sample that is needed. To do this, we can use the following formula:
Amount of DNA sample = Volume of solution x Concentration of sample
Therefore, we can calculate the amount of DNA sample needed by multiplying 10 uL (volume of solution) by 0.3 ng/uL (concentration of sample). This gives us 3 ng of DNA sample which needs to be added to 10 uL of solution.
To get this amount of DNA sample from the original 27.8 ng/uL solution, we need to calculate the volume of solution we need using the following formula:
Volume of solution = Amount of DNA sample / Concentration of sample
Therefore, we can calculate the volume of solution required by dividing 3 ng (amount of DNA sample) by 27.8 ng/uL (concentration of sample). This gives us 0.108 uL of the 27.8 ng/uL solution.
Finally, we can mix 0.108 uL of the 27.8 ng/uL solution with 9.892 uL of buffer solution to make 10 uL of a 0.3 ng/uL solution for adding to an Identifiler reaction.
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can someone help me finish this
Explanation:
Refer to pic..........
What is the name of the site where foreign DNA can be inserted
into in the ... a. C-DNA b. B-DNA c. T-RNA d. T-DNA
The name of the site where foreign DNA can be inserted into in the Ti plasmid is T-DNA. Option d.
T-DNA, or transfer DNA, is a section of the Ti plasmid that is transferred to the plant cell during genetic transformation. This is where foreign DNA can be inserted in order to create genetically modified plants. The T-DNA region is flanked by border sequences, which are recognized by the virulence (Vir) proteins that facilitate the transfer of the T-DNA into the plant cell.
In summary, the T-DNA is the site where foreign DNA can be inserted into in the Ti plasmid.
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how does heroin affect the function of the synapses
Answer:
Heroin strongly activates dopamine neurons, and only excites serotonin neurons at higher doses. Nicotine activates dopamine neurons in merely a few seconds, but produces minimal effects on serotonin neurons.
Explanation:
The group of organelles and cellular structures that work together to transport peptides/proteins out of the cell are collectively called_______
The group of organelles and cellular structures that work together to transport peptides/proteins out of the cell are collectively called the secretory pathway. The secretory pathway is composed of several organelles and cellular structures, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
The secretory pathway functions to transport proteins from the site of synthesis in the ER to the plasma membrane, where they can be secreted out of the cell. The process begins with the synthesis of proteins on the rough ER. The proteins are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they undergo further modifications, such as glycosylation. Finally, the proteins are packaged into vesicles, which transport them to the plasma membrane for secretion.
In summary, the secretory pathway is a group of organelles and cellular structures that work together to transport peptides/proteins out of the cell. It is composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles, and functions to transport proteins from the site of synthesis to the plasma membrane for secretion.
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In your laboratory, you find that a particular drug increases learning in mice. Briefly, animals who receive the drug learn tasks more quickly, and execute the task with fewer mistakes. You are now trying to understand the mechanism of the drug's action. Specifically, you are going to test whether the drug works pre-synaptically or post-synaptically to increase learning. Set up an experiment with the relevant groups to test the following hypotheses:
1. The drug works by increasing presynaptic function
2. The drug works by increasing postsynaptic response
Please provide details on the technique and the results that would support both hypothesis.
To test the hypotheses that the drug works by increasing presynaptic function or postsynaptic response, we can set up an experiment with the following groups:
1. Control group: Mice that do not receive the drug
2. Presynaptic group: Mice that receive the drug and are treated with a presynaptic inhibitor
3. Postsynaptic group: Mice that receive the drug and are treated with a postsynaptic inhibitor
For the presynaptic group, we can use a technique such as microdialysis to measure the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron. If the drug works by increasing presynaptic function, we would expect to see an increase in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic group compared to the control group.
For the postsynaptic group, we can use a technique such as patch-clamp electrophysiology to measure the response of the postsynaptic neuron to the neurotransmitter. If the drug works by increasing postsynaptic response, we would expect to see an increase in the response of the postsynaptic neuron in the postsynaptic group compared to the control group.
Overall, the results of this experiment would help us determine whether the drug works pre-synaptically or post-synaptically to increase learning in mice.
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Natural selection increases the number of different types of
alleles within a population.
True or false
Natural selection increases the number of different types of alleles within a population.
The given statement is False.
Natural selection does not increase the number of different types of alleles within a population. Instead, it increases the frequency of certain alleles that are advantageous for survival and reproduction in a particular environment. These advantageous alleles become more common in the population over time, while less advantageous alleles become less common. This process is known as adaptive evolution and can lead to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time. However, it does not increase the number of different types of alleles within a population.
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How can bones be classified by their shapes
1. Name and describe several factors limiting the spread of nonvascular plants such as liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
2. In seed plants, a fertilized egg develops into an embryo, which is contained within the seed. Describe the structure and function of each part of the embryo. What advantages do these structures give a spermatophyte compared to a bryophyte?
1. Several factors limiting the spread of nonvascular plants such as liverworts, hornworts, and mosses include their reliance on moisture for spore dispersal.
2. The structure and function of the embryo of a spermatophyte, or seed-bearing plant, is composed of the cotyledons, the radicle, and the plumule.
1. their inability to compete with vascular plants, and their lack of a vascular system. Without a vascular system, these plants are unable to transport water and nutrients effectively, and are therefore restricted in their growth.
2. The cotyledons are the two seed leaves and are responsible for the initial nourishment of the embryo. The radicle is the first root of the embryo and is responsible for anchoring the embryo in the soil. The plumule is the shoot of the embryo and is responsible for the upward growth of the seedling.
These structures give the spermatophyte the advantage of being able to develop in more hostile environments than bryophytes, since the embryo is protected by the seed coat, and the structures provide the seedling with the initial resources it needs to grow.
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What environmental conditions might play a role in a person’s tendency to contract a disease? Genetics can also play a role in a person’s tendency to contract a certain disease, but many human diseases do not have a straightforward single-gene cause. What are some diseases you can think of that may be inherited--caused by certain genes?
The environmental conditions might play a role in a person’s tendency to contract a disease are polluted environment and environment with ultraviolet radiation. Some diseases that may be inherited--caused by certain genes are alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, Marfan syndrome, and sickle cell anemia.
Living or working in a polluted environment increases the risk of respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, and other health problems. Long-term exposure to ionizing radiation has been linked to cancer. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, particularly from the sun, increases the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and other eye disorders. Poor hygiene can lead to the spread of infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and other gastrointestinal infections. Then lack of clean water and sanitation increases the risk of infectious diseases such as typhoid, hepatitis, and other waterborne illnesses.
Different types of environmental factors can influence human health, with a range of communicable and non-communicable diseases associated with environmental conditions. These environmental conditions may affect the occurrence, severity, or outcome of infectious diseases or non-communicable diseases. Environmental conditions can play a role in the spread of diseases, their prevalence, and transmission, this can include exposure to air pollution, water pollution, and poor sanitation. It can also include exposure to radiation or toxins. Some of the diseases that may be inherited include: Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, Marfan syndrome, and sickle cell anemia.
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What is the average height for a 14 year girl?
Answer:63.2 inches, 160.5 cm, 5.26 feet
Answer: around 63 to 64 inches or 5 feet 4 inches
Besides the major endocrine organs, isolated clusters of cells produce hormones within body organs that are usually not associated with the endocrine system. A number of these hormones are listed in the table below. Fill in the missing information (blank spaces) on these hormones in the table.
Can someone help me fill in the blank spaces please
Chemical Makeup: Human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Protein; Leptin: Peptide.
What is Chemical Makeup?Chemical makeup is the composition of a substance in terms of its elements and their proportions, such as the proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in water. This composition can vary from single elements to complex combinations of elements, depending on the substance in question. Chemical makeup can determine a substance’s physical and chemical properties, such as boiling point, melting point, and reactivity. Different chemical makeups can also give rise to different forms of the same matter, such as the different states of water (solid, liquid, and gas). In order to determine the chemical makeup of a given substance, scientists use tools such as mass spectrometry and chromatography.
Source: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Placenta; Leptin: Adipose tissue
Effects: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Stimulates production of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum; Leptin: Regulates appetite and energy expenditure.
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15. Use what you know about probability to determine the percent chance of each of the following
outcomes from a cross between two parents with the genotypes AaBbCCDdEEff and AaBbCcddEeFF.
a. AABBCCDDEEFF=
b. AaBbCcddEEFf=
(a)There is a 1/1024 chance of the offspring having the genotype AABBCCDDEEFF.; (b)There is a 1/65536 chance of the offspring having the genotype AaBbCcddEEFf.
What is genotype?Scoring of the type of variant present at given location in the genome is called genotype.
Parent 1 gametes:
AaBbCCDdEEff: ABCEf, ABCEf, abCEf, abCEf, ABcEf, ABcEf, abcEf, abcEf, ABCEf, ABCEf, abCEf, abCEf, ABcEf, ABcEf, abcEf, abcEf
Parent 2 gametes:
AaBbCcddEeFF: ABCde, ABCde, ABcde, ABcde, AbCde, AbCde, Abcde, Abcde, ABCde, ABCde, ABcde, ABcde, AbCde, AbCde, Abcde, Abcde
a. AABBCCDDEEFF:
(1/2)⁵ x (1/2)⁵ = 1/1024
This means that there is a 1/1024 chance of the offspring having the genotype AABBCCDDEEFF.
b. AaBbCcddEEFf:
For the AaBbCc part of the genotype, there are 4 possible alleles for each parent, so there are 16 possible combinations. The probability of each parent passing on a specific combination of alleles is 1/16, so the probability of both parents passing on the same combination of alleles is (1/16)²= 1/256.
For dd, each parent has a 1/4 chance of passing on recessive allele, so the probability of both parents passing on the recessive allele is (1/4)² = 1/16.
For EE, each parent has a 1/2 chance of passing on dominant allele, so probability of both parents passing on the dominant allele is (1/2)² = 1/4.
For Ff , each parent has a 1/2 chance of passing on either allele, so probability of both parents passing on same allele is (1/2)² = 1/4.
(1/256) x (1/16) x (1/4) x (1/4) = 1/65536
This means that there is a 1/65536 chance of the offspring having the genotype AaBbCcddEEFf.
To know more about genotype, refer
https://brainly.com/question/902712
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