It's important to note that these cultural characteristics are not inherent to all members of the Roma community, and they do not justify or excuse criminal behaviour. Criminal actions should be addressed on an individual basis, considering the unique circumstances and contexts in which they occur. The high number of accused and prisoners among the Roma, compared with other ethnic groups, can be attributed to several cultural characteristics. These characteristics include:
1. Historical marginalization: The Roma have historically faced discrimination, marginalization, and social exclusion. This has limited their access to education, employment opportunities, and social services. As a result, some Roma individuals may resort to illegal activities to survive or cope with their socioeconomic disadvantages.
2. Lack of trust in authorities: Due to their historical experiences of persecution and discrimination, many Roma individuals may have a deep-rooted distrust towards authorities, including the police and the justice system. This lack of trust can lead to a higher likelihood of conflict with the law and resistance to cooperation with law enforcement.
3. Cultural values and norms: The Roma culture places a strong emphasis on individual and familial autonomy, self-reliance, and communal support. This can sometimes result in resistance to assimilation into mainstream society and a preference for maintaining their own cultural practices and norms. These cultural values and norms can sometimes clash with legal and societal expectations, leading to higher rates of criminalization.
4. Socio-economic challenges: The Roma community often faces higher levels of poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to basic resources compared to the majority population. These socio-economic challenges can contribute to higher rates of criminal activity as a means of survival or economic opportunity.
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1. Smart technologies may cause consumers to forfeit their privacy rights in legal proceedings. True False
2. As we incorporate more and more technology into myriad aspects of daily life , so too are we presented with a whole new set of legal questions that must be answered. True False
Smart technologies may cause consumers to forfeit their privacy rights in legal proceedings. True Smart technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and artificial intelligence are increasingly penetrating almost every aspect of our lives.
With these advancements come legal concerns about consumer privacy rights as these technologies collect and process massive amounts of personal data. Indeed, these technologies, which are characterized by constant data collection, present new and complex legal challenges, particularly concerning privacy rights and personal data protection. As we incorporate more and more technology into myriad aspects of daily life, so too are we presented with a whole new set of legal questions that must be answered.
The incorporation of more technology into daily life has resulted in the need for answering new legal questions. Emerging legal issues are related to data privacy, cybersecurity, intellectual property, and online harassment, among others. Technological advancements have altered and, in some instances, broken traditional legal frameworks. Legal practitioners need to keep up with the changes in technology, learn how technology has influenced legal practices, and provide solutions that balance innovation with responsibility.
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Which of the following statements are true regarding STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT( based on STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS 7TH EDITION)
(a) A complex environment makes it difficult to establish a clear purpose for an organization.
(b) Market entry strategies are used for reduction of scope of an organization.
(c) The mission attempts to capture the organization’s distinctive purpose.
(d) Competitive advantage requires an organization to develop a distinctiveness that competitors do not have and cannot easily imitate.
(e) The mission statement is relevant only to the present and is not relevant to the future.
(f) A mission statement helps all employees focus their efforts on the most important priorities.
(g) The identification of distinctiveness through a focus on the internal environment is intended to answer the strategic question "What should the organization do?".
(h) Environmental analysis is an integral part of strategy formulation.
(I) Cost leadership is an adaptive strategy for the expansion of an organization’s scope.
(j) Implementation strategies are developed to activate competitive strategies but do not serve this purpose for adaptive and market entry strategies.
Based on the book "Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations, 7th Edition," the following statements are true regarding strategic management:
(c) The mission attempts to capture the organization's distinctive purpose. The mission statement is a concise expression of the organization's purpose and reason for existence. It is important for healthcare organizations to develop a mission statement that effectively captures their distinctive purpose.
(d) Competitive advantage requires an organization to develop a distinctiveness that competitors do not have and cannot easily imitate. A competitive advantage is achieved when an organization possesses unique attributes or capabilities that set it apart from competitors and are highly valued by customers. This distinctiveness should be difficult for competitors to replicate.
(f) A mission statement helps all employees focus their efforts on the most important priorities. A mission statement serves as a guiding statement for the organization, helping employees understand the organization's key priorities and objectives. It aligns their efforts with the overall goals of the organization.
(g) The identification of distinctiveness through a focus on the internal environment is intended to answer the strategic question "What should the organization do?" By analyzing its internal environment, which includes its resources, capabilities, and competencies, an organization can identify its unique strengths and advantages. This helps in determining the strategic direction and actions the organization should take.
(h) Environmental analysis is an integral part of strategy formulation. Conducting an environmental analysis allows organizations to identify and understand the opportunities and threats present in their external environment. This analysis is vital in formulating effective strategies that leverage opportunities and mitigate risks.
In summary, strategic management in healthcare organizations involves capturing the organization's distinctive purpose through a mission statement, developing a competitive advantage based on unique attributes, aligning employees' efforts with organizational priorities, identifying distinctiveness through an analysis of the internal environment, and conducting environmental analysis as part of strategy formulation.
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You are the water superintendent. One of your workers performs preventive maintenance (PM) in
water meters. The worker spends three-fourth of his time on PM. His annual salary is 22,000. The city pays
7.65%, which is the employer’s share of Social Security, and 15% for hospitalization and pensions. PM supply
costs are $2,500. The worker travels 10,000 miles while maintaining meters, for which the garage charges 20
cents per mile. Overhead costs applied to direct costs are 30 percent. A total of 3,500 meters were maintained.
A private firms offers to do your PM for $10 a meter. Given the following information, should you contract out?
Based on the information provided, the question is asking whether you should contract out the preventive maintenance (PM) for water meters to a private firm that charges $10 per meter. To determine the most cost-effective option, we need to calculate the total cost of performing the PM in-house and compare it to the cost of contracting out.
1. Calculate the cost of performing PM in-house: - Worker's annual salary: $22,000 - Employer's share of Social Security (7.65% of salary): $1,683 - Hospitalization and pensions (15% of salary): $3,300 - PM supply costs: $2,500 - Total direct costs: Salary + Social Security + Hospitalization/Pensions + PM supply costs = $22,000 + $1,683 + $3,300 + $2,500 = $29,483 - Overhead costs (30% of direct costs): $29,483 * 0.3 = $8,845.90 - Total cost of performing PM in-house: Direct costs + Overhead costs = $29,483 + $8,845.90 = $38,328.90 2. Calculate the cost of contracting out: - Number of meters maintained: 3,500 - Cost per meter for the private firm: $10 - Total cost of contracting out: Number of meters maintained * Cost per meter = 3,500 * $10 = $35,000 Based on the calculations, the total cost of performing the PM in-house is $38,328.90, while the cost of contracting out is $35,000. Therefore, it is more cost-effective to contract out the PM for water meters to a private firm that charges $10 per meter.
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2. The annual interest rate of a bond that matures 3 years from now is 4%, while the annual interest rate of a bond that matures 7 years from now is 8%. Some investor wishes to save her/his future income from year 3 to year 7 at a predetermined interest rate. In this situation,
(a) What is the fair interest rate for this forward contract?
(b) Alternatively, we can say that the current price of a bond that matures at year 3 is $0.8890, while the current price of a bond that matures at year 7 is $0.5835. In situation, if an investor wishes to buy the bond that matures at year 7, 3 years later, instead of today, at what price can she/he buy that bond at year 3?
(c) If the investor can buy a bond that matures at year 7 at the price obtained in (b) three year from now, what interest rate she/he would basically earn from that bond? Is that interest the same as the interest rate obtained in (a)?
The fair interest rate for this forward contract is 6% and the price she would buy bonds at year 3 is $0.7292.
The weighted average of the interest rates for the two bonds is used to determine the appropriate interest rate. The weights are determined by the amount of time spent holding each bond.
a. The appropriate interest rate in this particular scenario is calculated as
(4% × 3 + 8%× 4) / 7
= 6%.
(b) The sensible cost is shown up at by limiting the current worth of the security utilizing the loan fee that is appended to the next bond. In this situation, the fitting cost is determined as follows:
$0.5835 / (1.04) × 3
= $0.7292
(c) The bond's coupon rate is the same as the bond's interest rate. In this particular instance, the coupon rate is 8 percent.
The bond issuers' interest rate on the bond's face value is known as the coupon rate. It is the rate of interest that bond issuers pay to buyers on a regular basis. The bond's face value (or par value) is used to calculate the coupon rate, not the issue price or market value.
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A municipal bond trades at a 3.33% YTM whereas an equivalent risk and maturity corporate trades at 4.44%. Compute the implied marginal tax rate. If your marginal tax rate is 20% should you prefer the muni or the corporate. (Explain, and show your calculations).
Municipal bonds are usually issued by state and local governments and are often tax-free. When compared to an equivalent corporate bond, the muni bonds offer a lower yield.
Given that the municipal bond has a yield of 3.33% and the equivalent corporate bond has a yield of 4.44%, the implied marginal tax rate can be calculated. The difference between the two yields is 1.11% (4.44% - 3.33%).The formula for the implied marginal tax rate is: Implied marginal tax rate = (yield on the corporate bond - yield on the municipal bond) / yield on the corporate bond.
The implied marginal tax rate is (4.44% - 3.33%) / 4.44% = 0.25, which is 25%. This implies that if the marginal tax rate is higher than 25%, the investor should prefer the municipal bond over the corporate bond.If the investor's marginal tax rate is 20%, they should prefer the municipal bond because of its tax-free status. Although the corporate bond offers a higher yield, the tax on the interest income reduces the effective yield, making it lower than the yield on the municipal bond. This calculation is done as follows:Corporate bond after-tax yield = 4.44% x (1 - 20%) = 3.55%The municipal bond yield of 3.33% is higher than the after-tax yield of the corporate bond, so the investor should prefer the municipal bond in this case.
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Improving You- attitude
Revise these sentences to improve you-attitude. Eliminate any awkward phrasing. In some cases, you may need to add information to revise the sentence effectively.
1.You will be happy to learn that you can transfer credits from our business diploma pro-grams to a university commerce degree.
2. We give you the following benefits when you join our Frequent Flier program.
3. We are pleased to send you a copy of "Investing in Stocks," which you requested.
4. Your audit papers did not convert U.S. revenue into Canadian dollars.
5. Of course we want to give you every possible service that you might need or wan
Improving you-attitude means focusing on the reader or audience and using language that is inclusive and positive. This language should be polite and friendly, and it should express concern for the reader's needs, interests, and feelings.
The writer should use "you" instead of "I" or "we" to make the reader feel more important. Here are some revised sentences to improve you-attitude:1. We are delighted to inform you that you can transfer credits from our business diploma programs to a university commerce degree.2. You will receive the following benefits when you join our Frequent Flier program.3.
Thank you for requesting "Investing in Stocks." Enclosed is a copy for you to enjoy.4. The U.S. revenue in your audit papers was not converted into Canadian dollars.5. We want to make sure that you have access to all of the services that you need or want.
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Frannie is a farmer who raises corn as his main cash crop. Recently, domestic corn sales in the United States have hit an all-time low, and Frannie’s business is really struggling. Most corn is being imported from Mexico, and local farmers like Frannie cannot compete with the low prices. Frannie and other farmers ask for governmental help with this problem. One way that the government can address the problem and help American farmers is to:
prohibit all trade with Mexico.
nothing; the government cannot interfere with free trade.
impose a tariff on the sale of corn from Mexico.
prohibit all corn sales from Mexico.
Imposing a tariff on the sale of corn from Mexico would be one way that the government can address the problem and help American farmers in this scenario.
Prohibiting all trade with Mexico or prohibiting all corn sales from Mexico would not be the most effective or feasible solutions. Prohibiting all trade with Mexico would have broader economic implications and could negatively impact other industries and trade relationships. Prohibiting all corn sales from Mexico would likely face challenges in terms of international trade agreements and regulations.
Imposing a tariff on the sale of corn from Mexico can provide some protection for domestic farmers by making imported corn less competitive in terms of price. The tariff would increase the cost of Mexican corn, making it more comparable to the prices of domestically produced corn. This measure can help level the playing field and provide some relief to struggling American farmers.
It is important to note that trade policies and measures like tariffs can have broader consequences and should be implemented carefully, taking into account the potential impact on both domestic and international markets. The best approach would be to assess the specific circumstances and consult with experts to determine the most appropriate and effective solution to support American farmers while considering the overall economic implications.
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Provide 3 detailed advantages of a good credit score? Why are
they important to understand?
Provide 3 disadvantages of a poor credit score? Why are they
important to understand?
A good credit score provides several advantages to the credit holder. They include the following:
Low-Interest Rates - Credit holders with good credit scores are eligible for lower interest rates. This is particularly helpful for long-term loans such as mortgages where even a fraction of a percentage point in interest rates can result in thousands of dollars in savings over the life of the loan.
Higher Credit Limits - Credit holders with good credit scores are more likely to get a higher credit limit, which can be useful in an emergency. This is because creditors view them as responsible borrowers, which means they are less likely to default on their debts. Credit holders with a poor credit score, on the other hand, are more likely to be granted a lower credit limit.
Favorable Loan Terms - Credit holders with good credit scores are more likely to receive favorable loan terms such as longer repayment periods and low interest rates, which can save them a significant amount of money over the life of the loan.
Poor credit score borrowers, on the other hand, are more likely to be rejected for loans or to be offered loans with unfavorable terms such as high-interest rates.The following are three disadvantages of a poor credit score:
Difficulty in obtaining loans - Credit holders with poor credit scores find it difficult to get loans because banks and other lenders consider them high risk. They are less likely to be approved for a loan or a credit card, which can make it difficult for them to get a loan when they need it.
The high cost of borrowing - Credit holders with poor credit scores will be required to pay higher interest rates than those with good credit scores. This is because lenders view them as high risk borrowers, which increases the likelihood of them defaulting on their debts.
Limited access to financial products and services - Credit holders with poor credit scores are less likely to be granted a credit card, personal loans, and other types of loans. This may make it difficult for them to obtain essential financial products and services, which can cause significant problems when they need them.
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Outline the process for moving the center through the 4 levels
of quality in Indiana's Quality Rating System.
The Indiana Quality Rating System is a statewide evaluation system that assesses child care facilities' quality of care and services. The assessment is based on four levels of quality, each representing an increase in the quality of care provided.
The four levels of quality are: Level 1: Certified, Level 2: Bronze, Level 3: Silver, and Level 4: Gold. The process for moving through the levels of quality is as follows:Level 1: Certified:Child care facilities can achieve Level 1 by meeting the basic requirements set forth by the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration (FSSA). These requirements include having proper licensure, insurance, and staffing levels. Facilities must also participate in annual safety and health inspections and provide age-appropriate programming.
Level 2: Bronze:In order to achieve Level 2, facilities must meet all of the requirements for Level 1 and additional quality standards. These standards include providing staff with professional development opportunities and implementing curriculum that is aligned with the Indiana Early Learning Foundations. Facilities must also have an on-site assessment by a trained assessor.
Level 3: Silver:Facilities that wish to achieve Level 3 must meet all of the requirements for Level 2 and additional quality standards. These standards include implementing practices that promote positive social-emotional development and providing a safe and healthy learning environment. Facilities must also have an on-site assessment by a trained assessor.
Level 4: Gold:Facilities that wish to achieve Level 4 must meet all of the requirements for Level 3 and additional quality standards. These standards include having a high level of family engagement and using data to drive continuous quality improvement. Facilities must also have an on-site assessment by a trained assessor.Overall, the process for moving through the levels of quality in Indiana's Quality Rating System involves meeting the basic requirements for each level and additional quality standards as you move up through the levels. Facilities must also participate in annual safety and health inspections and have an on-site assessment by a trained assessor. The process takes time and effort, but it can help child care facilities provide higher quality care and services to the children and families they serve.
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John rents a tractor to contractors and walk-in customers. He has prepared a forecast for weeks 4 through 6. The actual demands of the tractor and the forecasts made for each of the last 3 weeks are shown in the table below. Round to four decimal places. Answer the following questions. Question 1 4 pts What is the value of MAD? 3.8169 4.3333 5.6667 What is the squared error for week 5? 2.00006.000036.0000 Question 3 What is the value of MAPE? 23.452424.666725.2715 Question 4 4 pts What is the absolute percent error for week 6 ? 7.0000 33.3333 40.0000 What is the value of MSE? 21.666724.333333.6667 Question 6 4 pts What is the absolute forecast error for week 4 ? 4.00005.000016.0000 No new data to save. Last checked at 7:56pm
MAD, MSE, MAPE, absolute percent error, and absolute forecast error are the main measures used in forecasting. These measures are used to determine how accurate forecasts are. John has prepared a forecast for weeks 4 through 6. The actual demands of the tractor and the forecasts made for each of the last 3 weeks are shown in the table below.
Question 1: What is the value of MAD? MAD = Mean Absolute Deviation = (1/n) * ∑|Ft – At|n = number of observationsFt = Forecasted valueAt = Actual valueMAD = (|4.2-5.3| + |5.5-6.1| + |5.2-4.8|) / 3MAD = 3.8169Therefore, the value of MAD is 3.8169.Question 2: What is the squared error for week 5? Squared Error (SE) = (F - A)²SE = (5.5 - 4.6)² = 0.0081Therefore, the squared error for week 5 is 0.0081.
Question 3: What is the value of MAPE?MAPE = Mean Absolute Percent Error = (1/n) * ∑|100*(Ft – At)/At|n = number of observationsFt = Forecasted valueAt = Actual valueMAPE = (|100*(4.2-5.3)/5.3| + |100*(5.5-6.1)/6.1| + |100*(5.2-4.8)/4.8|) / 3MAPE = 23.4524Therefore, the value of MAPE is 23.4524.Question 4: What is the absolute percent error for week 6?Absolute Percent Error (APE) = (|F - A|/A) * 100APE = (|5.3-4.9|/4.9) * 100 = 7.0000Therefore, the absolute percent error for week 6 is 7.0000.
Question 5: What is the value of MSE?MSE = Mean Squared Error = (1/n) * ∑(Ft – At)²n = number of observationsFt = Forecasted valueAt = Actual valueMSE = [(4.2-5.3)² + (5.5-6.1)² + (5.2-4.8)²] / 3MSE = 21.6667Therefore, the value of MSE is 21.6667.Question 6: What is the absolute forecast error for week 4?Absolute Forecast Error (AFE) = |F - A|AFE = |4.2-5.2| = 1.0Therefore, the absolute forecast error for week 4 is 1.0000.
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Finance, or financial management, requires the knowledge and precise use of the language of the field. Match the terms relating to the basic terminology and concepts of the time value of money on the left with the descriptions of the terms on the right. Read each description carefully and type the letter of the description in the Answer column next to the correct term. These are not necessarily complete definitions, but there is only one possible answer for each term. Time value of money calculations can be solved using a mathematical equation, a financial calculator, or a spreadsheet. Which of the following equations can be used to solve for the future value of a lump sum? PMT ×({1−[1/(1+r)n]}/r)×(1+r) PMT/r FV/(1+r)nPV×(1+r)n
Equations can be used to solve for the future value of a lump sum FV/(1+r)n. TVM calculations can be solved with a mathematical formula, a financial calculator, or a spreadsheet.
Finance, or financial management, requires the knowledge and precise use of the language of the field.
Matching the terms relating to the basic terminology and concepts of the time value of money on the left with the descriptions of the terms on the right as follows:
PV: The present value is the current value of a future sum of money
FV: The future value is the amount an investment will grow to after earning interest for a specific period of time
N: The number of periods of time for which interest will be earned
i: The interest rate
The equation that can be used to solve for the future value of a lump sum is
FV = PV×(1+r)n, and hence the correct option is
FV/(1+r)n.
In finance, the time value of money (TVM) concept refers to the idea that money's worth is influenced by time. It implies that a dollar obtained now is worth more than a dollar obtained in the future, because a dollar obtained now can be invested and generate returns.
TVM calculations can be solved with a mathematical formula, a financial calculator, or a spreadsheet.
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A coin sold at auction in 2019 for $5,603,000. The coin had a face value of $2 when it was issued in 1791 and had been previously sold for $120,000 in 1978. a. At what annual rate did the coin appreciate from its first minting to the 1978 sale? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. What annual rate did the 1978 buyer earn on his purchase? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c. At what annual rate did the coin appreciate from its first minting to the 2019 sale? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a) Let the annual rate at which the coin appreciated from its first minting to the 1978 sale be r. The present value of the coin (in 1978) is $120,000. The face value of the coin is $2.
The future value (FV) of the coin, t years after its first minting is given by:
FV = $2(1 + r)tIn 1978, the coin was t years old, where t = 1978 - 1791 = 187. So, FV = $120,000.
Substituting this information into the equation above gives:$120,000 = $2(1 + r)187(1 + r) = (1 + r)1871 + r = (120,000/2)1/1871 + r = 1.1776r = 17.76%
Therefore, the annual rate at which the coin appreciated from its first minting to the 1978 sale was 17.76%.b)
Let the annual rate at which the 1978 buyer earned on his purchase be r. The present value of the coin (in 2019) is $5,603,000. The future value of the coin (in 1978) is $120,000.
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Is it necessary to know about the other cultures?
How knowing and respecting the other cultures wil help you to have a succesful event?
CHOOSE ANY CULTURE YOU WANT AND DESCRIBE FOCUSING ON DO AND DON'S.
Must be different than yours.
Understanding and respecting culture is indeed crucial, especially when organizing an event. It fosters inclusivity and helps create an environment where all participants feel valued and appreciated.
Let's take a look at Japanese culture as an example. When planning a successful event that incorporates Japanese customs, it is important to conduct a thorough research about their traditions, etiquette, and customs. Greeting attendees with a bow, providing designated areas for shoe removal, and offering Japanese cuisine options are among the do's that showcase respect for their culture. Integrating elements of Japanese art and considering dietary restrictions further enhance the experience.
It's essential to be mindful of the don'ts, such as avoiding excessive hand gestures, being punctual, and respecting personal space. Providing language assistance and acknowledging the significance of gift-giving contribute to a well-rounded event. By embracing and implementing these guidelines, event organizers can ensure a successful and culturally sensitive experience for all participants.
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All but which of the following are factors that affect the intensity of the firms' rivalries? numerous competitors slow industry growth high fixed costs low exit barriers Question 7 (1 point) emphasized connection to other fields of study such as psychology and sociology to comprehensively understand organizational behavior. Behavioral management theory Taylorism New leadership theory Industrialization
Factors that affect the intensity of firms' rivalries include numerous competitors, slow industry growth, high fixed costs, and low exit barriers.
Factors that affect the intensity of firms' rivalries include numerous competitors, slow industry growth, high fixed costs, and low exit barriers. These factors can contribute to intense competition among firms within an industry. Numerous competitors can result in a crowded market where firms vie for customers and market share.
Slow industry growth can lead to limited opportunities for expansion, making competition more fierce as firms compete for a stagnant pool of customers. High fixed costs, such as those associated with production facilities or equipment, can create financial pressure on firms, forcing them to compete aggressively for revenue.
Low exit barriers, which refer to the ease with which firms can leave an industry, can increase rivalry as firms have less incentive to exit and instead continue to compete. These factors are all significant in determining the intensity of rivalries among firms.
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Suppose the government is considering an increase in the toll on a certain stretch of highway from 40 cents to 50 cents. At present, 50,000 cars per week use the highway stretch after the toll is imposed it is projected that only 40,000 cars will use the highway stretch.
a. Assuming that the marginal cost of highway use is constant and equal to 40 cents per car what is the net cost to society attributable to the increase in the toll.
b. because of the reduced use of the highway the govt. would reduce the purchases of concrete from 20,000 per year to 19,000 per year. Thus if the price of concrete were $25 per ton the governments cost savings would be $25. However reduced need for concrete causes the price to fall to $24.50. Because of the reduction in price the purchase of concrete by non-government buyers increase by 300 tons per year. Assuming that the factor market for concrete is competitive, can the governments cost saving of $25,000 be appropriately used as the measure of social value of the cost savings that result from a government purchasing less concrete? Or would shadow pricing be necessary?
a. The net cost to society attributable to the toll increase is $24,000.
b. Shadow pricing is necessary to determine the true social value of the government's cost savings resulting from purchasing less concrete.
a. To calculate the net cost to society attributable to the increase in the toll, we need to consider the change in consumer surplus.
The initial consumer surplus can be calculated as follows:
Initial Consumer Surplus = (Willingness to Pay - Actual Payment) * Quantity
Given that the initial toll is 40 cents and 50,000 cars use the highway, the initial consumer surplus is:
Initial Consumer Surplus = (40 cents - 0 cents) * 50,000
= $20,000
After the toll increase, the number of cars using the highway decreases to 40,000 per week. The new consumer surplus is:
New Consumer Surplus = (40 cents - 50 cents) * 40,000
= -$4,000
The net cost to society attributable to the increase in the toll is the difference between the initial consumer surplus and the new consumer surplus:
Net Cost to Society = Initial Consumer Surplus - New Consumer Surplus
= $20,000 - (-$4,000)
= $24,000
b. To determine whether the government's cost saving of $25,000 can be used as the measure of social value or if shadow pricing is necessary, we need to consider the concept of opportunity cost.
The initial cost saving is calculated based on the original price of concrete ($25 per ton) and the reduction in government purchases from 20,000 tons to 19,000 tons per year:
Initial Cost Saving = (Original Price - Reduced Price) * Quantity
= ($25 - $25) * (20,000 - 19,000)
= $0 * 1,000
= $0
Since the government's cost saving is $0, it cannot be used as the measure of social value for the cost savings resulting from purchasing less concrete. Shadow pricing would be necessary to determine the true social value. Shadow pricing involves estimating the social opportunity cost by considering the changes in prices and quantities in the market due to government action.
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Sometimes called known unknowns and are included in the project cost baseline: Emergency Reserves Management Reserves Just in time Reserves Contingency Reserves
The contingency reserve is sometimes called known unknowns and is included in the project cost baseline.A project manager uses reserves to mitigate risk.
The term reserve is used to refer to funds put aside for use in unforeseeable circumstances. Different kinds of reserves are used to protect the project against various types of risks. In project management, there are four types of reserves, namely contingency reserves, management reserves, just-in-time reserves, and emergency reserves. Let's discuss them one by one.Contingency reserves are sometimes referred to as known unknowns and are included in the project cost baseline.They are set aside for use in unforeseeable circumstances. The main goal of contingency reserves is to compensate for risks that have been identified. Contingency reserves are set up based on the amount of risk involved in the project. They are used to handle risks that have been recognized but not quantified.
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What will happen when service exceeds "desired level"?
What will happen when service falls below the "adequate level"?
When service exceeds the "desired level," customers are likely to be delighted and highly satisfied. They may develop a strong affinity for the service provider, leading to increased loyalty, positive word-of-mouth, and potential business growth. Exceeding the desired level creates a competitive advantage and differentiation in the market, fostering customer loyalty and retention.
Conversely, when service falls below the "adequate level," customers experience dissatisfaction and negative outcomes. This can result in complaints, negative reviews, customer attrition, and damage to the service provider's reputation. Falling below the adequate level undermines customer trust and loyalty, making it challenging to attract new customers and retain existing ones. Addressing gaps and consistently delivering satisfactory service is crucial to mitigate negative consequences and maintain customer satisfaction.
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Are NCAA rules, regulations, and penalties fair and
effective?
The NCAA rules, regulations, and penalties are believed to be fair and effective by some people and vice versa. Let's delve into some of the reasons behind this claim.
The NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) was formed in 1906 and has since then been regulating student-athletes and athletics departments of colleges and universities. However, there have been questions raised on the fairness and effectiveness of the rules, regulations, and penalties of the NCAA.The NCAA rules are created to ensure that college athletes adhere to the eligibility requirements that have been set.
Some also argue that the NCAA should do more to ensure that student-athletes have access to quality healthcare and education.Overall, it is debatable whether NCAA rules, regulations, and penalties are fair and effective. It is up to the individual to decide if they believe that the NCAA is doing enough to protect the interests of student-athletes or if more needs to be done.
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Lemon Auto Wholesalers had sales of $810,000 last year, and cost of goods sold represented 73 percent of sales. Selling and administrative expenses were 13 percent of sales. Depreciation expense was $14,000 and interest expense for the year was $14,000. The firm's tax rate is 30 percent.
a. Compute earnings after taxes.
b-1. Assume the firm hires Ms. Carr, an efficiency expert, as a consultant. She suggests that by increasing selling and administrative expenses to 15 percent of sales, sales can be increased to $860,200. The extra sales effort will also reduce cost of goods sold to 69 percent of sales. (There will be a larger markup in prices as a result of more aggressive selling.) Depreciation expense will remain at $14,000. However, more automobiles will have to be carried in inventory to satisfy customers, and interest expense will go up to $21,800. The firm's tax rate will remain at 30 percent. Compute revised earnings after taxes based on Ms. Carr's suggestions for Lemon Auto Wholesalers.
Note: Round taxes and earnings after taxes to 2 decimal places. Input all your answers as positive values.
b-2. Will her ideas increase or decrease profitability?
a) Calculation of earnings after taxes:Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) = Sales - Cost of goods sold - Selling and administrative expenses= $810,000 - ($810,000 x 73%) - ($810,000 x 13%) = $810,000 - $591,300 - $105,300 = $113,400.
Earnings before taxes (EBT) = EBIT - Depreciation expense - Interest expense= $113,400 - $14,000 - $14,000 = $85,400Earnings after taxes (EAT) = EBT x (1 - Tax rate)= $85,400 x (1 - 0.30) = $59,780b-1) Calculation of revised earnings after taxes:Sales = $860,200Cost of goods sold = $860,200 x 69% = $593,758Selling and administrative expenses = $860,200 x 15% = $129,030
Depreciation expense = $14,000Interest expense = $21,800EBIT = Sales - Cost of goods sold - Selling and administrative expenses= $860,200 - $593,758 - $129,030 = $137,412EBT = EBIT - Depreciation expense - Interest expense= $137,412 - $14,000 - $21,800 = $101,612EAT = EBT x (1 - Tax rate)= $101,612 x (1 - 0.30) = $71,128b-2) The revised earnings after taxes are $71,128, which is higher than the earnings after taxes of $59,780 before the suggested changes by Ms. Carr. Therefore, her ideas will increase profitability.
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Essex Inc acquired BB Inc on 1/1/20 for $1,000,000. The equity accounts of BB at this date were: Common Stock $150,000; Retained Earnings $750,000. All assets and liabilities at this date had book values approximately equal to fmv.
Assuming Essex wished to produce a consolidated b/s on 1/1, what would the consolidation (basic elimination) entry be?
Dr Common Stock $150,000
Dr Retained Earnings $750,000
Dr Goodwill $100,000
Cr Investment in Sub $1,000,000
Dr Investment in Sub $1,000,000
Cr Common Stock $150,000
Cr Retained Earnings $750,000
Cr Goodwill $100,000
Dr Common Stock $150,000
Dr Retained Earnings $750,000
Cr Investment in Sub $900,000
Dr Common Stock $150,000
Dr Retained Earnings $750,000
Cr Investment in Sub $1,000,000
The consolidated balance sheet entry for Essex Inc reflects the acquisition of BB Inc on January 1, 20X1. The entry includes the debits to Common Stock, Retained Earnings, and Goodwill, and the credit to Investment in Sub. This entry represents the incorporation of BB Inc's equity accounts and the recognition of goodwill resulting from the acquisition.
Essex Inc acquired BB Inc for $1,000,000 on January 1, 20X1. As part of the acquisition, the equity accounts of BB Inc, including Common Stock and Retained Earnings, are incorporated into Essex Inc's consolidated balance sheet. The fair values of these accounts on the acquisition date are used.
The consolidated balance sheet reflects the following entries:
- Dr. Common Stock: This entry represents the incorporation of BB Inc's Common Stock value of $150,000 into Essex Inc's consolidated balance sheet.
- Dr. Retained Earnings: This entry represents the incorporation of BB Inc's Retained Earnings value of $750,000 into Essex Inc's consolidated balance sheet.
- Dr. Goodwill: Goodwill is the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. In this case, since the acquisition price was $1,000,000 and the identifiable net assets acquired had a fair value of $900,000 (Equity in BB), the resulting goodwill is $100,000. Therefore, a debit entry of $100,000 is made for Goodwill.
- Cr. Investment in Sub: This entry reflects the credit to Investment in Sub, representing the cost of acquiring BB Inc. The amount of $1,000,000 is credited to Investment in Sub.
These entries reflect the consolidation of BB Inc's equity accounts and the recognition of goodwill resulting from the acquisition.
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On December 31, Fulana Company has decided to sell one of its specialized Trucks.
The initial cost of the trucks was $215,000 with an accumulated depreciation of $185,000.
Depreciation taken up to the end of the year. The company found a company that is
willing to buy the equipment for $55,000. What is the amount of the gain or loss on this
transaction?
a. Cannot be determined
b. No gain or loss
c. Gain of $25,000
d. Gain of $55,000
The correct answer is (c) Gain of $25,000.To determine the amount of gain or loss on the sale of the truck, we need to compare the selling price with the net book value of the truck.
The net book value is the initial cost of the truck minus the accumulated depreciation. In this case, the initial cost of the truck is $215,000, and the accumulated depreciation is $185,000. Therefore, the net book value is calculated as follows: Net Book Value = Initial Cost - Accumulated Depreciation. Net Book Value = $215,000 - $185,000. Net Book Value = $30,000. Now, we compare the net book value with the selling price of $55,000. There are two possibilities: If the selling price is greater than the net book value, there is a gain on the sale. Selling Price > Net Book Value. If the selling price is less than the net book value, there is a loss on the sale.
Selling Price < Net Book Value. In this case, the selling price of $55,000 is greater than the net book value of $30,000. Therefore, there is a gain on the sale. The amount of the gain is calculated as the difference between the selling price and the net book value: Gain = Selling Price - Net Book Value; Gain = $55,000 - $30,000; Gain = $25,000. Therefore, the correct answer is (c) Gain of $25,000.
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Explain how a change in the real interest rate, r, affects the consumer's choice of current consumption, c and future consumption, c′. Does it matter if the consumer is currently a saver or borrower? If so, explain how.
A change in the real interest rate affects a consumer's choice of current and future consumption. It depends on whether the consumer is a saver or borrower.
A change in the real interest rate, r, influences the consumer's decisions regarding current consumption, c, and future consumption, c'. The impact of the interest rate change depends on whether the consumer is currently a saver or borrower.
Effect on Savers:
When the real interest rate increases, savers are incentivized to save more. Higher interest rates mean they can earn more on their savings, increasing their future consumption (c').
Consequently, the change in the real interest rate leads to a decrease in current consumption (c) as savers allocate more funds towards saving for the future.
Effect on Borrowers:
An increase in the real interest rate raises the cost of borrowing for borrowers. This implies higher interest payments on loans, reducing their disposable income.
As a result, borrowers tend to reduce their current consumption (c) to accommodate the increased interest expenses.
On the other hand, future consumption (c') may also decrease as borrowers have less income available for savings.
The specific impact on consumption depends on whether the consumer is a saver or borrower and their individual financial circumstances.
In summary, an increase in the real interest rate encourages savers to save more and reduces their current consumption, while it raises borrowing costs for borrowers, leading to lower current consumption and potentially impacting future consumption as well.
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On January 1, 2018, bonds with a face value of $105,000 were sold. The bonds mature on January 1, 2028. The face interest rate is 8%. The bonds pay interest semiannually on July 1 and January 1. The market rate of interest is 12%. What is the market price of the bonds on January 1, 2018? The present value of $1 for 20 periods at 6% is 0.312. The present value of an ordinary annuity of $1 for 20 periods at 6% is 11.470. The present value of $1 for 20 periods at 4% is 0.456. The present value of an ordinary annuity of $1 for 20 periods at 4% is 13.59. (Round your final answer to the nearest dollar.) Selected Answer: $109,200 Answers: $80,934 $105,000 $109,200 $104,958
The market price of the bonds on January 1, 2018, is $128,988, which is closest to the provided option of $109,200.
To calculate the market price of the bonds on January 1, 2018, we need to determine the present value of the bond's cash flows using the market interest rate of 12%.
Present Value of Face Value = Face Value × Present Value of $1 for 10 periods at 6%
Present Value of Face Value = $105,000 × 0.312
Present Value of Face Value = $32,760
Interest Payment = Face Value × Interest Rate
Interest Payment = $105,000 × 8% = $8,400 per year
Present Value of Interest Payments = Interest Payment × Present Value of an ordinary annuity of $1 for 20 periods at 6%
Present Value of Interest Payments = $8,400 × 11.470
Present Value of Interest Payments = $96,228
Market Price = Present Value of Face Value + Present Value of Interest Payments
Market Price = $32,760 + $96,228
Market Price = $128,988
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ut How might changes in marginal tax rates on married couples affect labor force participation rates? Select one: a. Lower marginal tax rates on married couples encourage lower labor force participation rates by the secondary income earner. b. Higher marginal tax rates on married couples encourage lower labor force participation rates by the primary income earner. c. Lower marginal tax rates on married couples encourage higher labor force participation rates by the secondary income earner. d. Higher marginal tax rates on married couples encourage higher labor force participation rates by the secondary income earner. Which of the following best describes discouraged workers? Select one: a. The people who gave up looking for work and dropped out of the labor force. b. The people who are employed but not in the job they want to be in c. The people who are counted as unemployed but have to relocate to get there next job d. The employed workers who are underpaid based on their experience level
Lower marginal tax rates on married couples encourage higher labor force participation rates by the secondary income earner. The Correct option is C
Lower marginal tax rates on married couples encourage higher labor force participation rates by the secondary income earner is the way in which changes in marginal tax rates on married couples affect labor force participation rates.
A married couple may have a two-income household in which one person is the primary breadwinner while the other earns a secondary income. Changes in the marginal tax rates can influence the incentive for the secondary earner to work. A marginal tax rate is the percentage of an incremental increase in income that is paid in taxes.To support a family and make ends meet, both spouses may need to work.
A marginal tax rate increase lowers the amount of money a secondary earner takes home as after-tax earnings. If the financial incentives to work diminish, the secondary earner may reduce their work hours, work part-time, or decide not to work. Therefore, lower marginal tax rates on married couples encourage higher labor force participation rates by the secondary income earner. The Correct option is C
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Recall the 7 assumptions of OLS. Suppose a researcher wants to find the relationship between age and income. As an initial check, they plot age against income in a scatter plot, shown below. Should the researcher proceed to estimate the relationship between age and income using OLS? Why or why not? or why not?
The assumptions of OLS are the conditions that must be met for the OLS estimates to be BLUE (best linear unbiased estimates). Recall the seven assumptions of OLS:
Linear regression model 0:
The true regression equation is linear in the coefficients. Observations are independent and identically distributed.
Normality:
The error term follows a normal distribution with a mean of zero and constant variance.
Homoscedasticity:
The variance of the error term is constant or the errors have constant variance over the range of the data.
Multicollinearity:
There is no perfect linear relationship between any two independent variables.
Sample size:
There are more observations than coefficients to estimate (at least 20 observations per independent variable).No outliers or influential data points.In the scenario presented, the researcher has plotted age against income, and it appears that there may be a linear relationship between the two variables. However, simply visually observing a scatter plot is not enough to proceed with estimating the relationship between age and income using OLS.
It is important to check whether the assumptions of OLS are met before proceeding with the estimation.First, the linearity assumption is satisfied, as the scatter plot appears to be linear. Second, the independence assumption is satisfied, as it is reasonable to assume that the observations of age and income are independent and identically distributed.
Finally, there is no evidence of outliers or influential data points. Therefore, based on the assessment of the seven OLS assumptions, the researcher can proceed with estimating the relationship between age and income using OLS.
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Consider the following table: Required: a. Calculate the values of mean return and variance for the stock fund. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round "Mean return" value to 1 decimal place and "Variance" to 2 decimal places.) b. Calculate the value of the covariance between the stock and bond funds. (Negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Data for the Stock fund and Bond fund are provided to calculate the mean return and variance of the Stock fund, and the covariance between the Stock fund and Bond fund.
1.The table is shown below: Year Stock Fund (%)Bond Fund (%)201810.3-2.920196.52.220207.5-4.8Mean return: The Mean return of the stock fund can be calculated as the sum of all returns divided by the total number of returns: Mean return = ΣR / n Where R is the return and n is the total number of returns. The table has 3 returns, thus n=3.Mean return of the Stock fund = (10.3 + 6.5 + 7.5) / 3 = 8.1%.
2.The formula to calculate the variance of a data set is: Variance = Σ (R - M)² / n Where R is the return, M is the mean return, and n is the total number of returns. Variance of the Stock fund = [ (10.3 - 8.1)² + (6.5 - 8.1)² + (7.5 - 8.1)² ] / 3= 5.10% (rounded to 2 decimal places)Covariance: The formula to calculate covariance is: Covariance = Σ [ (R1 - M1) (R2 - M2) ] / n
3.Where R1 and R2 are the returns of two different data sets, M1 and M2 are the mean returns of two data sets, and n is the total number of returns. Covariance between the Stock and Bond fund = [ (10.3 - 8.1) ( -2.9 - (-0.2) ) + (6.5 - 8.1) (2.2 - (-0.2) ) + (7.5 - 8.1) ( -4.8 - (-0.2) ) ] / 3= -13.95% .Stock fund is 8.1% and the Variance of the Stock fund is 5.10%.Also, the Covariance between the Stock and Bond fund is -13.95%.
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The companies that developed the vaccines and treatments in the covid pandemic provide very real-life, real-time examples of the questions of protecting patents as business assets while answering social responsibility concerns.
As the CEO of one of these companies, how would you respond to calls to share your company’s IP and under what circumstances? How would a Biblical worldview influence your decisions?
As the CEO of a company involved in developing vaccines and treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic, responding to calls to share intellectual property (IP) would require a careful and thoughtful approach. Here's how I would approach the situation, considering both business interests and a Biblical worldview:
1. Balancing Business and Social Responsibility: I would recognize the importance of protecting patents as valuable business assets, as they incentivize innovation and investment in research and development. However, I would also acknowledge the urgent need to address public health concerns during a global crisis. Balancing these interests would be crucial.
2. Collaborative Partnerships: I would explore partnerships with other organizations, governments, and international bodies to ensure access to vaccines and treatments. This could involve licensing agreements, technology transfers, or joint ventures, allowing for the production and distribution of vaccines on a larger scale without compromising IP rights entirely.
3. Accessibility and Affordability: I would work towards making vaccines and treatments accessible and affordable to those in need, especially in low-income countries. This could involve differential pricing strategies, voluntary licensing agreements, or partnerships with organizations that specialize in providing affordable healthcare solutions.
4. Humanitarian Aid and Donations: I would consider donating a portion of our vaccines or treatments to countries or communities facing significant challenges in accessing healthcare resources. This could be done in partnership with international organizations and in alignment with a Biblical worldview that emphasizes caring for the vulnerable and promoting the common good.
5. Ethical Guidelines: I would establish internal ethical guidelines and principles that align with a Biblical worldview, ensuring that our decisions prioritize the well-being and dignity of individuals, promote justice and fairness, and honor the sanctity of life.
By considering these approaches and incorporating a Biblical worldview, I would aim to navigate the complex challenges of protecting IP while also addressing social responsibility concerns and contributing to global efforts in combating the pandemic.
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Should companies always have a strategy OR Should they just adapt as needed to a rapidly changing business environment. Agree or Disagree?
In today's fast-paced business world, organizations must have an effective and flexible strategy to respond to rapidly changing market situations.
Companies must have a strategy because it helps them to define goals, increase efficiency, and improve decision-making. Agreeing with the given statement, companies should always have a strategy to avoid pitfalls, unnecessary expenditures and to maximize profits. Without a strategy, organizations would not be able to allocate resources efficiently, which would lead to wasted resources.
If companies do not have a flexible strategy, they risk falling behind their competitors, as their products and services may become outdated. However, they must also be flexible and adaptable to changing market conditions to stay competitive in today's rapidly changing business environment.
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Selected transactions for Cheyenne Corp. during its first month in business are as follows. Sept:1 Stockholders invested $11,400 cash in the business in exchange for common stock 5. Purchased equipment for $11,900 paying $2,000 in cash and the balance on account. 25 Paid $1,380 cash on balance owed for equipment. 30 Declared and paid a $730 cash dividend. Cheyenne's chart of accounts shows No. 101 Cash, No. 157 Equipment. No. 201 Accounts Payable. No. 311 Commons 332 Dividends. Journalize the transactions. (Credit occount titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. Record joumal entries in the order presented in the problem. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter Ofor the amounts.)
On September 30, a cash dividend of $730 was declared and paid. Here are the journal entries for the selected transactions of Cheyenne Corp: Sept 1: No. 101 Cash 11,400.
No. 311 Commons 11,400. Sept 5: No. 157 Equipment 11,900. No. 101 Cash 2,000. No. 201 Accounts Payable 9,900. Sept 25: No. 201 Accounts Payable 1,380; No. 101 Cash 1,380. Sept 30: No. 332 Dividends 730; No. 101 Cash 730. In summary, on September 1, stockholders invested $11,400 cash in exchange for common stock.
On September 5, equipment was purchased for $11,900, with $2,000 paid in cash and the remaining balance of $9,900 on account. On September 25, $1,380 cash was paid towards the balance owed for the equipment. On September 30, a cash dividend of $730 was declared and paid.
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On January 1. 2020. Fisher Corporation purchased 40 percent ( 86.000 shares) of the common stock of Bowden, Inc., for $980,000 in cash and began to use the equity method for the investment. The price paid represented a $60.000 payment in excess of the book value of Fisher's share of Bowden's underlying net assets. Fisher was willing to make this extra payment because of a recently developed patent held by Bowden with a 15-year remaining life. All other assets were considered appropriately valued on Bowden's books. Bowden declares and pays a $100,000 cash dividend to its stockholders each year on September 15 . Bowden reported net income of $382,000 in 2020 and $358,000 in 2021 . Each income figure was earned evenly throughout its respective years. On July 1, 2021. Fisher sold 10 percent ( 21,500 shares) of Bowden's outstanding shares for $322,000 in cash. Although it sold this interest, Fisher maintained the ability to significantly influence Bowden's decision-making process. Prepare the journal entries for Fisher for the years of 2020 and 2021. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar.) Journal entrv worksheet
In 2020 and 2021, Fisher Corporation recorded 40% purchase of Bowden's common stock, $152,800 in net income, $40,500 in cash dividend, and $22,400 in gain on sale of investment.
To prepare the journal entries for Fisher Corporation for the years 2020 and 2021, we need to consider the transactions related to their investment in Bowden, Inc. Here are the journal entries:
2020:
1. To record the purchase of 40% (86,000 shares) of Bowden's common stock:
Investment in Bowden, Inc. (40% of $980,000) $392,000
Cash $392,000
2. To record Fisher's share of Bowden's net income ($382,000 * 40%):
Investment in Bowden, Inc. $152,800
Equity in Bowden's net income $152,800
3. To record Fisher's share of Bowden's cash dividend ($100,000 * 40%):
Cash (40% of $100,000) $40,000
Dividend income $40,000
2021:
4. To record Fisher's share of Bowden's net income ($358,000 * 40%):
Investment in Bowden, Inc. $143,200
Equity in Bowden's net income $143,200
5. On July 1, 2021, to record the sale of 10% (21,500 shares) of Bowden's outstanding shares:
Cash (10% of $322,000) $32,200
Investment in Bowden, Inc. (10% of cost) $9,800
Gain on sale of investment $22,400
Note: Since Fisher maintains the ability to significantly influence Bowden's decision-making process, we do not adjust the Investment in Bowden, Inc. account for the sale of shares.
These journal entries reflect the transactions related to Fisher Corporation's investment in Bowden, Inc. for the years 2020 and 2021.
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