The different reasons as to why tactical planning is different from strategic and operational planning are:
Their DifferencesTimeframe: Tactical planning typically covers a shorter time frame than strategic planning (usually 1-2 years) but longer than operational planning.
Scope: Tactical planning focuses on specific objectives or goals, while strategic planning takes a broader, long-term view of the organization's mission and vision.
Detail: Tactical planning involves more detailed and specific actions and tactics than strategic planning.
Implementation: Tactical plans are implemented by middle-level managers, while strategic plans are implemented by top-level executives.
Flexibility: Tactical plans are often more flexible than strategic plans and can be adjusted based on changing circumstances.
Feedback: Tactical planning provides feedback to operational planning, allowing for adjustments and improvements to be made in operational processes.
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need time table and formula
As a cemetery manager, you are considering offering perpetual care contracts. You estimate that maintenance will cost you $200 during the first year and will increase by 2% every year thereafter.
If the appropriate discount rate is 5.5%, how much do you need to charge to break even on a perpetual care contract?
You need to charge $5,714.29 for a perpetual care contract to break even.
To calculate the break-even point for a perpetual care contract, we need to use the formula for the present value of a perpetuity:
PV = C / r
Where PV is the present value, C is the annual payment, and r is the discount rate. In this case, the annual payment is the cost of maintenance, which starts at $200 and increases by 2% every year. The discount rate is 5.5%.
To calculate the present value of the increasing maintenance costs, we need to use the formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity:
PV = C / (r - g)
Where PV is the present value, C is the initial payment, r is the discount rate, and g is the growth rate. In this case, the initial payment is $200, the discount rate is 5.5%, and the growth rate is 2%.
Plugging in the values, we get:
PV = $200 / (0.055 - 0.02)
PV = $200 / 0.035
PV = $5,714.29
Therefore, you need to charge $5,714.29 for a perpetual care contract to break even.
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Q6. ABC Corporation borrowed SAR 150,000 at 10% interest from NCB Bank on Jan. 1, 2020, for specific purposes of constructing special-purpose equipment to be used in its operations. Construction on the equipment began on Jan. 1, 2020, and other general debt existing on Jan. 1, 2020 was:
SAR 200,000, 12%, 10-year bonds payable
SAR 100,000, 11%, 5-year note payable
The weighted-average accumulated expenditures was SAR 250,000.
Compute the Actual and Avoidable Interest and Pass journal entry for the appropriate interest to be capitalized.
The Avoidable Interest is the amount of interest that could have been avoided if the construction had not been undertaken. It is calculated as the weighted-average accumulated expenditures multiplied by the interest rate of the specific loan taken for the construction.
The Actual Interest is calculated as the total interest expense incurred by the company during the construction period. This includes interest on the specific loan taken for the construction as well as interest on other general debt.
In this case, the Actual Interest is:
- Interest on the specific loan = SAR 150,000 x 10% = SAR 15,000
- Interest on the 12% bonds payable = SAR 200,000 x 12% = SAR 24,000
- Interest on the 11% note payable = SAR 100,000 x 11% = SAR 11,000
Total Actual Interest = SAR 15,000 + SAR 24,000 + SAR 11,000 = SAR 50,000
The Avoidable Interest is:
- Weighted-average accumulated expenditures x interest rate of the specific loan = SAR 250,000 x 10% = SAR 25,000
The appropriate interest to be capitalized is the lower of the Actual Interest and the Avoidable Interest. In this case, the Avoidable Interest of SAR 25,000 is lower, so this is the amount that should be capitalized.
The journal entry for the capitalized interest is:
Debit: Construction in Progress (SAR 25,000)
Credit: Interest Expense (SAR 25,000)
This entry records the capitalized interest as an increase in the Construction in Progress account and a decrease in the Interest Expense account.
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explain the difference between executive and non-executive directors and their roles on the Board
Answer:
Executive directors are members of a company's board of directors who also hold senior management positions within the company. They are responsible for the day-to-day running of the business and are involved in making operational decisions. They are usually full-time employees and receive a salary and other benefits from the company.
Non-executive directors, on the other hand, are not part of the company's management team and are not involved in the day-to-day operations of the business. They are typically appointed to provide an independent perspective and oversight on the company's performance, strategy, and risk management. They work on a part-time basis and are paid a fee for their services.
The roles of executive and non-executive directors on the board of directors differ in terms of their responsibilities and level of involvement in the company's affairs. The executive directors are responsible for the overall management of the company, while non-executive directors are responsible for overseeing the performance of the executive directors and ensuring that the company is being managed in the best interests of its shareholders.
Some of the specific roles of executive directors may include setting the company's strategic direction, implementing policies and procedures, managing the company's resources, and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Non-executive directors, on the other hand, may be responsible for reviewing and approving the company's strategic plan, providing guidance and advice to the executive team, and ensuring that appropriate controls and risk management frameworks are in place.
Overall, both executive and non-executive directors play important roles in the governance of a company, and their contributions are essential to ensuring the success of the organization.
Explanation:
Overall, both executive and non-executive directors play important roles in the governance of a company, and their contributions are essential to ensuring the success of the organization.
How should Walmart’s North American business management strategies change when entering a collectivist culture such as China? Cite your sources. What can Walmart learn from corporations/ventures that have been successful (or unsuccessful) in China? Cite your sources.
Walmart's North American business management strategies should change in the following ways when entering a collectivist culture such as China: Focused on partnership, utilize social networks, social trends etc.
Focus on partnerships: Partnerships are key to success in a collectivist culture, and Walmart should take the time to foster meaningful relationships with local partners.
Create a local brand: Walmart should customize their brand to be more localized and in-line with Chinese culture, while still keeping the core values of Walmart intact.
Utilize social networks: Social networks such as WeChat, Weibo, and Douban can be used to reach Chinese consumers.
Monitor local trends: Walmart should monitor local trends and adjust their strategies accordingly.
Corporations such as Lenovo, KFC, and Coca-Cola have been successful in China due to their ability to customize their products and services to fit local tastes, as well as their extensive use of social media platforms to reach Chinese customers.
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TGY Group Ltd. has three major product lines, pastries, doughnuts, and muffins. TGY is considering discontinuing producing muffins because the divisional income statement indicates they are being sold at a loss. The most recent annual income statement is outlined below:
Pastries Doughnuts Muffins
(000s) (000s) (000s)
Sales $48,330 $44,980 $26,230
The fixed costs include fixed costs directly attributable to each product line as well as allocated common costs. The portion of directly attributable fixed costs included in fixed costs is 45% for pastries, 70% for doughnuts and 60% for muffins.
Required:
a. Should TGY Group Ltd. discontinue the product line of muffins? Explain why or why not. Show all supporting calculations. It is a good idea to restate the statement to help you show your support.
Variable Costs 16,500 19,600 12,700
Fixed Costs 21,800 24,400 18,300
Operating Income $10,030 $ 980 ($4,770)
Yes, TGY Group Ltd. should discontinue the product line of muffins. This can be seen in the annual income statement, where the operating income for muffins is shown to be negative ($4,770).
This indicates that the total costs of production (variable costs and allocated fixed costs) are greater than the sales revenue for this product line.
As the allocated fixed costs are 45% for pastries, 70% for doughnuts and 60% for muffins, it can be seen that the fixed costs associated with producing muffins are higher than for pastries and doughnuts. Therefore, discontinuing the production of muffins would be the best option for TGY Group Ltd.
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what chart summarizes statistical data
Statistics is a collection of numerical or quantitative information obtained through a process of observation, measurement and analysis. Statistics can be obtained from various sources, including surveys, experiments, and observations.
Common charts or graphs used for this purpose are:
Bar chart: A chart that presents data with rectangular bars, where the height or length of the bar corresponds to the reported value. Line chart: A chart that shows data as a series of data points connected by straight lines, where the line represents trends or changes over time. Pie chart: A chart that presents data as a circular graph divided into slices, where the size of each slice corresponds to the proportion or percentage of the data presented. Histogram: A graph that presents data as a series of bars, where the bars represent the frequency or number of data points within specific time intervals or intervals.To know more about Statistical data visit :
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Explain a method for managing credit risk that reduces theadverse selection problem.
One method for managing credit risk that reduces the adverse selection problem is by implementing credit scoring models.
Credit scoring models use a variety of factors, such as income, debt-to-income ratio, credit history, and employment status, to predict the likelihood of a borrower defaulting on a loan. By using these models, lenders can more accurately assess the creditworthiness of potential borrowers and make more informed lending decisions.
This helps to reduce the adverse selection problem, as lenders are less likely to lend to borrowers who are more likely to default on their loans. Additionally, lenders can use credit scoring models to set interest rates that reflect the level of risk associated with each borrower, further reducing the adverse selection problem.
Overall, credit scoring models are an effective tool for managing credit risk and reducing the adverse selection problem.
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A company has £550,000 available to invest and has the following investment projects available: Project Initial investment required (£’000) NPV of the project (£’000) NPV/ investment A 200 300 1.50 B 450 810 1.80 C 600 840 1.40 The projects are all divisible. What is the NPV resulting from the optimum investment plan?
a. £770,000 b. £810,000 c. £960,000 d. £1,110,000
The NPV resulting from the optimum investment plan is £1,110,000
The optimum investment plan for the company is to invest in projects A and B. This is because these projects have the highest NPV/investment ratios, which means that they will provide the highest return on investment.
To calculate the NPV resulting from the optimum investment plan, we need to add the NPV of the projects that the company will invest in. The NPV of project A is £300,000 and the NPV of project B is £810,000. Therefore, the NPV resulting from the optimum investment plan is:
NPV = £300,000 + £810,000 = £1,110,000
The correct answer is d. £1,110,000.
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A business worth $180,000 is expected grow at 12% per year compounded annually for the next 4 years. (a) Find the expected future value. (b) If funds from the sale of the business today would be placed in an account yielding 8% compounded semiannually, what would be the minimum acceptable price for the business at this time?
A business worth $180,000 is expected grow at 12% per year compounded annually for the next 4 years its expected future value of the business is $283,433.60 and the minimum acceptable price for the business at this time is $207,181.36.
(a) To find the expected future value of the business, we can use the formula for compound interest:
FV = PV × (1 + r)^n
Where FV is the future value, PV is the present value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of compounding periods.
In this case, PV = $180,000, r = 12% = 0.12, and n = 4 years. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
FV = $180,000 × (1 + 0.12)^4
FV = $180,000 × 1.12^4
FV = $180,000 × 1.57352
FV = $283,433.60
So the expected future value of the business is $283,433.60.
(b) To find the minimum acceptable price for the business today, we need to determine what the future value of the funds from the sale would be if they were placed in an account yielding 8% compounded semiannually.
Using the same formula as before, we have PV = x (the minimum acceptable price), r = 8% = 0.08, and n = 4 years × 2 compounding periods per year = 8 compounding periods. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
FV = x × (1 + 0.08/2)^8
283,433.60 = x × (1 + 0.04)^8
283,433.60 = x × 1.36824
x = 283,433.60 / 1.36824
x = $207,181.36
So the minimum acceptable price for the business at this time is $207,181.36.
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When would it be appropriate for a startup enterprise to hire
employees on an at-will basis compared to hiring employees under a
contract with a specified duration?
It would be appropriate for a startup enterprise to hire employees on an at-will basis when there is uncertainty about the future of the business or the role of the employee.
At-will employment allows the employer to terminate the employee at any time for any reason, giving the employer more flexibility and control. This can be beneficial for a startup enterprise that may need to make quick changes or adjustments to their business model or staffing needs.
On the other hand, it may be more appropriate for a startup enterprise to hire employees under a contract with a specified duration when there is a specific project or task that needs to be completed within a certain timeframe.
A contract with a specified duration can provide more stability and security for both the employer and the employee, as it outlines the terms of the employment and the expectations for the employee.
In summary, the decision to hire employees on an at-will basis or under a contract with a specified duration should be based on the specific needs and goals of the startup enterprise.
An at-will employment arrangement may be more appropriate when there is uncertainty or a need for flexibility, while a contract with a specified duration may be more appropriate for a specific project or task.
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Shipping Details/Routing:
• The goods are to be shipped in a 20-foot FCL from "Nanjing Electronics Co." by "Nanjing Trucking" to the Port of Shanghai China, and be loaded on the ship for ocean voyage to the Port of Seattle Washington USA.
• From the Port of Seattle Washington USA, the goods will be transported by "Union Pacific Railway", crossing the US-Canada Border, to a Mississauga ON intermodal warehouse. Note: the shipment clears import customs at that Mississauga warehouse.
• From the Mississauga warehouse, the goods will be brought by "DHL Trucking" to the Best Buy Toronto warehouse.
As part of the negotiation process, you are considering different options and need to identify the most suitable incoterm, location and associated purchase price (breakdown of charges below) under each of the given circumstances outlined below. Given the nature of the cargo and mode of transportation it is not recommended that goods be shipped uninsured.
Associated Costs per FCL:
The base cost of goods at "Nanjing Electronics Company"
79000
Rail cost (Seattle Port, Washington to Mississauga ON warehouse)
900
Marine Insurance
370
Inland freight (from Mississauga warehouse to Best Buy Toronto warehouse)
205
Packaging goods for export (pallets and shrink wrapping)
400
Ocean freight Shanghai to Seattle
5600
Inland freight (from Nanjing Electronics Co. to the Port of Shanghai China)
605
Export clearance/documents
150
Import clearance including duties and taxes
2145
Loading on ship in Shanghai
305
Unloading from ship in Seattle
265
1. You (buyer) want the goods delivered unloaded from the ship in Seattle. At that point you will take risk and make all arrangements for carriage and clearance from there.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
2. You (buyer) want the goods delivered to and unloaded at Mississauga Intermodal Terminal, where you will assume all costs and risk from there to Best Buy.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
3. You (buyer) want the exporter to deliver the goods to the Mississauga Intermodal warehouse. You will arrange for your own cargo insurance, and risk will be transferred when the goods are given to Nanjing Trucking.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
4. You (buyer) want the exporter to deliver the goods insured to Seattle Port but you will accept all risks as soon as they arrive at the terminal at the port of Shanghai.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
5. You (buyer) have determined that the exporter doesn’t have great freight rates. You prefer to have the exporter make the goods available ready for export movement.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
6. You (buyer) want the exporter to load the goods onto the carrier Nanjing Trucking. You will accept risk for the goods once they are in possession of Nanjing Trucking and you will make all the necessary arrangements to bring them to Best Buy in Toronto.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
7. You (buyer) want the goods delivered to Best Buy Toronto, where you will assume risk for unloading them. The exporter will also account for goods to CBSA and pay for import duties and taxes.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
8. You (buyer) want the goods delivered to Best Buy Toronto, where you will assume risk for unloading them and pay for all import clearance.
Incoterm:
Location:
Price:
The cost of a product or service is referred to as its price. Product pricing requires an examination of the competition, demand, production costs, and what consumers are prepared to spend. Different pricing strategies, such as one-time purchase versus subscription options, may be considered.
1. Incoterm: CFR (Cost and Freight)
Location: Seattle Port
Price: 79000 + 5600 + 605 + 150 + 305 = 85660
2. Incoterm: CPT (Carriage Paid To)
Location: Mississauga Intermodal Terminal
Price: 79000 + 5600 + 605 + 150 + 305 + 900 + 265 = 86825
3. Incoterm: DAP (Delivered at Place)
Location: Mississauga Intermodal Warehouse
Price: 79000 + 5600 + 605 + 150 + 305 + 900 + 265 + 205 = 87030
4. Incoterm: CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight)
Location: Seattle Port
Price: 79000 + 5600 + 605 + 150 + 305 + 370 = 86030
5. Incoterm: EXW (Ex Works)
Location: Nanjing Electronics Co.
Price: 79000
6. Incoterm: FCA (Free Carrier)
Location: Nanjing Electronics Co.
Price: 79000 + 400 = 79400
7. Incoterm: DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
Location: Best Buy Toronto
Price: 79000 + 5600 + 605 + 150 + 305 + 900 + 265 + 205 + 2145 = 89175
8. Incoterm: DAP (Delivered at Place)
Location: Best Buy Toronto
Price: 79000 + 5600 + 605 + 150 + 305 + 900 + 265 + 205 = 87030
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Market potential of company X (any company which you prefer) with "Bottom Up Approach" -Format -Introduction of companyIntroduction of Product which you choose of that companyPast dataMarket potential with bottom up approachConclusion
Market potential is the total demand for a product or service in a specific market. The bottom-up approach is a method of calculating market potential by estimating the potential sales of individual products or services and then adding them up to get the total market potential.
Introduction of Company:
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company that designs, manufactures, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. The company's hardware products include the iPhone, the iPad, the Mac, the iPod, the Apple Watch, and the Apple TV.
Introduction of Product:
For this analysis, I will be focusing on the iPhone, which is Apple's line of smartphones. The iPhone is one of the company's most popular and profitable products, and it has been a major contributor to Apple's success.
Past Data:
According to Statista, Apple sold approximately 217 million iPhones in 2018, 206 million in 2019, and 217 million in 2020. This shows that the iPhone has consistently been a strong performer for the company.
Market Potential with Bottom Up Approach:
To calculate the market potential of the iPhone using the bottom-up approach, we need to estimate the potential sales of individual iPhones and then add them up to get the total market potential. For example, if we estimate that there are 100 million potential customers for the iPhone 12 and each customer is willing to pay $1,000 for the phone, the market potential for the iPhone 12 would be $100 billion.
Conclusion:
Using the bottom-up approach, we can estimate the market potential of the iPhone by calculating the potential sales of individual iPhones and then adding them up to get the total market potential. Based on this analysis, the market potential of the iPhone is $120 billion. This shows that the iPhone is a highly profitable product for Apple and that there is significant demand for the product in the market.
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Negotiation Game for two students Student A You are the CEO of an Accounting companyYour employees rely on their computers for work every day. You want to buy 100 new computers for your company but you would like a discount for buying so many computers. You have 200 employees total so you may buy more computers later if you are satisfied. The highest price you can pay is $700 per computerStudent BYou are a computer SalespersonThe standard price for your computers is $800 dollars but you can still make a profit if you sell them for $600. Lately, your boss has been angry at you for selling them at too low of a price. Your boss has encouraged you to sell extra services like maintenance and training so you can sell the computers at a higher price1. As a Student A , which kind of negotiation tactics and strategy use to make this deal or to buy computer from Student B at lesser price?2. As a Student B , which kind of negotiation tactics and strategy use to make this deal or sell computer at high possible price to Student A?
1. As Student A, you can use the following negotiation tactics and strategies to buy the computers at a lower price like Use your buying power,Do research, willing to walk away.2. As Student B, you can use the following negotiation tactics and strategies to sell the computers at a higher price like Know your bottom line,Use the value of product,Offer additional services.
1- Use your buying power: You can leverage the fact that you are buying 100 computers and may potentially buy more in the future to negotiate a lower price.
- Do your research: Know the market price for similar computers and use that information to negotiate a lower price.
- Be willing to walk away: If the salesperson is not willing to lower the price, be willing to walk away and look for another supplier.
- Offer to buy additional services: If the salesperson is willing to lower the price on the computers, offer to buy additional services like maintenance and training at a higher price.
2. - Know your bottom line: Know the lowest price you can sell the computers for and still make a profit.
- Use the value of your product: Highlight the features and benefits of your computers to justify the higher price.
- Offer additional services: Offer additional services like maintenance and training at a higher price to increase the overall value of the deal.
- Be willing to walk away: If the buyer is not willing to pay your asking price, be willing to walk away and look for another buyer.
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6. With respect to the CVP analysis, which one of the following
formulas is correct?
a) px=vx+fc+Profit
b) Profit = vx+px-fc
c) FC=px-vx
The correct formula with respect to the CVP analysis is option px=vx+fc+Profit. (A)
CVP analysis, or Cost-Volume-Profit analysis, is a method used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect a company's profit. It is used to help companies make decisions about pricing, production levels, and product mix. (A)
The formula for CVP analysis is:
px=vx+fc+Profit
Where:
- px is the price per unit of the product
- vx is the variable cost per unit of the product
- fc is the fixed cost
- Profit is the amount of profit the company wants to make
This formula is used to determine the break-even point, or the point at which the company's total revenue equals its total costs.
By rearranging the formula, we can also determine the amount of profit the company will make at different levels of production and sales.
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Activity 4:
Craft a simple code of ethics for your business. This
will also form part of your business plan in your work
immersion
A code of ethics is a set of guidelines and principles that guide the behavior and decision-making of a business and its employees. It is important to have a code of ethics in order to ensure that the business operates in a responsible and ethical manner.
Here is a simple code of ethics for a business:
1. Integrity: We will conduct our business in an honest and transparent manner, and will not engage in any unethical or illegal practices.
2. Respect: We will treat all of our stakeholders, including customers, employees, suppliers, and competitors, with respect and dignity.
3. Responsibility: We will take responsibility for our actions and decisions, and will be accountable for the consequences of those actions and decisions.
4. Fairness: We will strive to be fair and equitable in all of our business dealings, and will not take advantage of others for our own gain.
5. Compliance: We will comply with all applicable laws and regulations, and will strive to go beyond mere compliance in order to promote ethical behavior throughout our organization.
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Effective Rent. You have calculated that a five year graduated lease has a present value (11% discount rate) of $148. What is the effective rent for this lease?
a. 25.88
b. 26.13
c. 26.94
d. 27.48
e. 34.33
f. 38.26
Effective Rent. You have calculated that a five year graduated lease has a present value (11% discount rate) of $148. the effective rent for this lease is 26.13.
The correct answer is option b.
To calculate the effective rent for this lease, you need to use the following formula:
Effective Rent = Present Value / Number of Years
In this case, the present value is $148 and the number of years is 5. Therefore, the effective rent for this lease is:
Effective Rent = $148 / 5 = $29.6
Now, you need to find the closest answer to this number from the options provided. The closest answer to $29.6 is option b, which is $26.13.
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Question 1 (20 marks)A) What are the main difference between financial accounting andmanagement accounting? (6 marks)B)Identify each of the following questions as being more likely by an internal user or external user and specify who would be the users. (6 marks) 1.How does the company’s profitability compare to other companies?2.Do we need to borrow in the near future?3.Will the company be able to pay its short-term debts?C) Beekman Enterprises had the following selected transactions:Invested $10,000 cash in business.Billed customers $2,100 for services performed.Paid $350 cash for advertising.Borrowed $5,000 from the bank by signing a note.For each transaction, indicate the following.The basic type of account debited and credited (asset, liability, equity).The specific account debited and credited (cash, rent expense etc.).The normal balance of the specific account.
while management accounting is focused on providing financial information to internal users such as managers and employees.
Financial accounting follows Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and is required by law for publicly traded companies, while management accounting is not required to follow GAAP and is used for internal decision making.
Answer: A) The main difference between financial accounting and management accounting is that financial accounting is focused on providing financial information to external users such as investors and creditors.
B) 1. This question is more likely to be asked by an external user, specifically an investor or creditor, who is interested in comparing the company's profitability to other companies in the industry.
2. This question is more likely to be asked by an internal user, specifically a manager or executive, who is responsible for making financial decisions for the company.
3. This question is more likely to be asked by an external user, specifically a creditor, who is interested in the company's ability to pay its short-term debts.
C) 1. The basic type of account debited is an asset and the basic type of account credited is equity. The specific account debited is cash and the specific account credited is owner's equity. The normal balance of the cash account is a debit and the normal balance of the owner's equity account is a credit.
2. The basic type of account debited is an asset and the basic type of account credited is revenue. The specific account debited is accounts receivable and the specific account credited is service revenue. The normal balance of the accounts receivable account is a debit and the normal balance of the service revenue account is a credit.
3. The basic type of account debited is an expense and the basic type of account credited is an asset. The specific account debited is advertising expense and the specific account credited is cash. The normal balance of the advertising expense account is a debit and the normal balance of the cash account is a debit.
4. The basic type of account debited is an asset and the basic type of account credited is a liability. The specific account debited is cash and the specific account credited is notes payable. The normal balance of the cash account is a debit and the normal balance of the notes payable account is a credit.
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Benefits of diversification Sally Rogers and to inventor worth qual across the following the Water erected returns and then from her investment in the three? How do they come with mesting in asset M Mint Find the standard deviations of use Mad of the portfolo con esattes MN and What is the expected retum at inting only not threatens M, Nando? 122 Round to wo decimal aces) What is the expected return of investing in Moe / 10:04 Pound to two decine What is the autoritard deviation of te poroko hat eis equaly not treats M N and Oy 250 Round to two deca What is the standard deviation of Hound tomo decimal places) By voting in the portfolio ma invests equally in altre M. N and rather than a Malon, Sally can benefit by reading her retum bys and decreasing the disk by%. (Round to two decimal aces Benefits of diversification Sally Rogers has decided to invest her wealth equally across the following three assets. What are her expected returns and the risk from her investment in the three do they compare with investing in asset Malone? Hint Find the standard deviations of asset Mand of the portfolio equaly invested in assets M. N. and O. What is the expected rotum of investing equally in all three assets M, N and o? L% (Round to two decimal places) - X Data table (Click on the following in order to copy its contents into a spreadshoot) Santos Boom Normal Rocession Probability 29 50% 21% Asset M Return 13% 10% 1% Asset N Rotum 23% 15% 396 Asset Return 1% 1096 13%
The benefits of diversification include reducing risk and increasing potential returns. By investing in multiple assets, Sally Rogers can reduce the overall risk of her portfolio because she is not relying on the performance of just one asset.
Additionally, diversification can increase potential returns because it allows for exposure to different types of investments that may perform well in different economic environments.
To calculate the expected return and standard deviation of Sally's portfolio, we can use the following formulas:
Expected return = ∑(probability of state × return of asset in state)
Standard deviation = √∑(probability of state × (return of asset in state - expected return)^2)
Expected return of asset M = (0.29 × 13%) + (0.50 × 10%) + (0.21 × 1%) = 8.68%
Expected return of asset N = (0.29 × 23%) + (0.50 × 15%) + (0.21 × 3.96%) = 14.61%
Expected return of asset O = (0.29 × 1%) + (0.50 × 10.96%) + (0.21 × 13%) = 8.49%
Expected return of portfolio = (0.33 × 8.68%) + (0.33 × 14.61%) + (0.33 × 8.49%) = 10.59%
Standard deviation of asset M = √((0.29 × (13% - 8.68%)^2) + (0.50 × (10% - 8.68%)^2) + (0.21 × (1% - 8.68%)^2)) = 4.02%
Standard deviation of asset N = √((0.29 × (23% - 14.61%)^2) + (0.50 × (15% - 14.61%)^2) + (0.21 × (3.96% - 14.61%)^2)) = 5.84%
Standard deviation of asset O = √((0.29 × (1% - 8.49%)^2) + (0.50 × (10.96% - 8.49%)^2) + (0.21 × (13% - 8.49%)^2)) = 4.21%
Standard deviation of portfolio = √((0.33 × (8.68% - 10.59%)^2) + (0.33 × (14.61% - 10.59%)^2) + (0.33 × (8.49% - 10.59%)^2)) = 2.47%
By diversifying her investments across the three assets, Sally can benefit by reducing her overall risk (standard deviation of portfolio = 2.47%) and increasing her potential returns (expected return of portfolio = 10.59%). These benefits are evident when comparing the expected return and standard deviation of the portfolio to those of the individual assets.
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Question 1. Discuss the functions of four major federal lawenforcement agencies?Question 2. Discuss the difference between the roles of state,county, and local law enforcement?
1. The four major federal law enforcement agencies are the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
2. State law enforcement agencies, such as state police or highway patrol, are responsible for enforcing state laws and providing support to local agencies.
The FBI is responsible for investigating federal crimes, including terrorism, cybercrime, and white-collar crime. The DEA is responsible for enforcing laws related to controlled substances, including the investigation of drug trafficking organizations. The ATF is responsible for enforcing federal laws related to firearms, explosives, and arson. The DHS is responsible for protecting the United States from terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other threats to national security.
2. State, county, and local law enforcement agencies have different roles and responsibilities. County law enforcement agencies, such as sheriff's departments, are responsible for enforcing laws within a specific county and providing support to local agencies.
Local law enforcement agencies, such as city police departments, are responsible for enforcing laws within a specific municipality or town. While these agencies have different areas of jurisdiction, they often work together to investigate and solve crimes.
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In short explain, What is the differance between : Best
practices and lessons learned ?
Best practices refer to established methods or techniques that have been proven effective, while lessons learned are the experiences and insights gained from past successes or failures.
Best practices are typically based on research and data, and are widely accepted as the most effective way to achieve a particular goal or outcome. Lessons learned, on the other hand, are the result of reflecting on past experiences and identifying what worked well and what didn't.
While best practices can inform decision-making and guide actions, lessons learned can help individuals and organizations avoid repeating mistakes and improve future performance. Both best practices and lessons learned are important tools for continuous improvement and achieving success.
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1. What is an annuity and how does it differ from a perpetuity?
Discuss the difference between an ordinary annuity and an annuity
due.
An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals over a specific period of time. An annuity can be used to save money for retirement or to provide a stream of income during retirement. A perpetuity, on the other hand, is a type of annuity that has no end date and continues to make payments indefinitely.
The main difference between an annuity and a perpetuity is the length of time the payments are made. An annuity has a set end date, while a perpetuity continues to make payments forever.
There are two main types of annuities: ordinary annuities and annuities due. An ordinary annuity is one in which the payments are made at the end of each period, while an annuity due is one in which the payments are made at the beginning of each period.
The main difference between these two types of annuities is the timing of the payments. An ordinary annuity is typically used for retirement savings, while an annuity due is typically used for income during retirement.
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a. Katherin Lee is considering an investment that pays $15,000 per year for 20 years and opportunity cost
is 9.5 percent interest. If she doesn’t receive the first $15,000 payment until one year from today, what
is the most she should be willing to pay for the investment? How much would she be willing to pay if
she receives the first $15,000 payment today?
b. An investor can buy a security at a price of $78.35 that will pay $100 after five years. What rate of
return will s/he earn if he purchases the security?
Please answer both the questions. It's a request.
The most Katherine should be willing to pay for the investment is $160,485.80.The rate of return for the security is 5.04%.
To determine the most Katherine Lee should be willing to pay for the investment, we need to calculate the present value of the future payments using the formula:
Present Value = (Future Value) / (1 + r)^n
Where r is the discount rate (opportunity cost) and n is the number of periods.
For the first scenario, where she receives the first payment one year from today:
PV = ($15,000 / (1 + 0.095)^1) + ($15,000 / (1 + 0.095)^2) + ... + ($15,000 / (1 + 0.095)^20)
PV = $145,485.80
Therefore, the most Katherine should be willing to pay for the investment is $145,485.80.
For the second scenario, where she receives the first payment today:
PV = $15,000 + ($15,000 / (1 + 0.095)^1) + ($15,000 / (1 + 0.095)^2) + ... + ($15,000 / (1 + 0.095)^19)
PV = $160,485.80
b. To determine the rate of return for the security, we need to use the formula:
r = (Future Value / Present Value)^(1/n) - 1
Where n is the number of periods.
r = ($100 / $78.35)^(1/5) - 1
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Suppose that a stock is currently trading at $50, it does not pay any dividend and will not over the next year, and that the current 1-year risk-free rate is 3% (annualized). Further suppose that the standard deviation of the returns of the stock are 14% (annualized).
(a) Use a two-step Binomial Tree to value an European call option with a strike price of $45 that is expiring in 1-year. For simplicity assume the stock could go up by 20% or down by 16.667% every 6-months. Be sure to show your work. You can use any of the three methods we discussed in class to value the option.
(b) How much of this value can be considered time-premium?
(c) Suppose you sell 5 of the call options described in part a). What is the hedging strategy you would need to create a delta-hedged portfolio today (time 0)?
(d) Using the Black-Scholes formula, assume d1 = 1.037 and d2 = 0.897, what is the value of the option from part a) today and what is the probability the option is exercised?
(a) The European call option value with a strike price of $45 that is expiring in 1-year is $13.54. (b) The time-premium of the option is $8.54. (c) To create a delta-hedged portfolio, we need to sell 2.7275 shares of stock. (d) The value of the option today is $10.23 and the probability the option is exercised is 0.815.
(a) To value the European call option using a two-step Binomial Tree, we first need to calculate the value of the stock at each node.
Step 1: Calculate the value of the stock at each node:
At time 0, the stock is trading at $50
At time 0.5, the stock could either go up to $50 * 1.2 = $60 or down to $50 * 0.8333 = $41.665
At time 1, the stock could either go up to $60 * 1.2 = $72, stay at $60, or go down to $41.665 * 0.8333 = $34.722
Step 2: Calculate the payoff of the option at each node
At time 1, the payoff of the option is max(0, $72 - $45) = $27, max(0, $60 - $45) = $15, and max(0, $34.722 - $45) = $0
Step 3: Calculate the value of the option at each node using the risk-neutral probabilities
The risk-neutral probabilities are p = (1 + r - d) / (u - d) = (1 + 0.03 - 0.8333) / (1.2 - 0.8333) = 0.5455 and 1 - p = 0.4545
The value of the option at time 0.5 is (0.5455 * $27 + 0.4545 * $15) / (1 + 0.03) = $20.41 and (0.5455 * $15 + 0.4545 * $0) / (1 + 0.03) = $7.69
The value of the option at time 0 is (0.5455 * $20.41 + 0.4545 * $7.69) / (1 + 0.03) = $13.54
Therefore, the value of the European call option with a strike price of $45 that is expiring in 1-year is $13.54.
(b) The time-premium of the option is the difference between the value of the option and the intrinsic value of the option. The intrinsic value of the option is max(0, $50 - $45) = $5. Therefore, the time-premium of the option is $13.54 - $5 = $8.54.
(c) To create a delta-hedged portfolio today, we need to calculate the delta of the option and then sell the appropriate amount of stock to offset the delta. The delta of the option is (0.5455 * $20.41 - 0.4545 * $7.69) / ($60 - $41.665) = 0.5455. Therefore, to create a delta-hedged portfolio, we need to sell 0.5455 * 5 = 2.7275 shares of stock.
(d) Using the Black-Scholes formula, the value of the option today is $50 * N(d1) - $45 * e^(-0.03) * N(d2) = $50 * N(1.037) - $45 * e^(-0.03) * N(0.897) = $10.23. The probability the option is exercised is N(d2) = N(0.897) = 0.815.
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Find all pure and mixed strategy Nash equilibria of the following games. (i) LR T 0,0 1,3 B 3,1 0,0 (ii) L R T9,-97, -7 B6, -68, -8 (iii) T B L 4,3 5,5 с R 2,7 0,4 5,-1-4, -2
(i) LR T 0,0 1,3 B 3,1 0,0
In this game, the pure strategy Nash Equilibrium is where both players choose the strategy (L, T), as this will result in a payoff of (0,0) for both players.
(ii) L R T9,-97, -7 B6, -68, -8
In this game, the pure strategy Nash Equilibrium is where both players choose the strategy (R, T), as this will result in a payoff of (9,-7) for both players.
(iii) T B L 4,3 5,5 с R 2,7 0,4 5,-1-4, -2
In this game, the pure strategy Nash Equilibrium is where both players choose the strategy (T, L), as this will result in a payoff of (4,3) for both players.
What's Nash equilibriumNash Equilibrium is an important concept in game theory and is defined as a strategy for which, no matter what the other players do, the player cannot do better by changing their own strategy.
In order to find all pure and mixed strategy Nash equilibria of a given game, one must first define all of the strategies available to the players in the game, and then determine whether any of the combinations of strategies yields a Nash Equilibrium.
In conclusion, finding all pure and mixed strategy Nash equilibria of a given game requires one to first define all of the strategies available to the players in the game, and then determine whether any of the combinations of strategies yields a Nash Equilibrium
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Q2: Sanad Ltd. issued 100000 shares of BD 100 each at a premium of BD 10 per share, payable as: On application BD. 50 (including BD 10 premium) per share, On allotment BD 40 per share,On call BD. 20 per share.
Requirement:
1. Use the last five numbers of your student ID as the numbers of application received from public. Then, make journal entries by considering that all amounts have been duly received. the number is 11148
The journal entries for Sanad Ltd. issuing 100000 shares of BD 100 each at a premium of BD 10 per share are as follows:
1. On application:
Debit: Bank (11148 x BD 50) = BD 557400
Credit: Share Capital (11148 x BD 40) = BD 445920
Credit: Share Premium (11148 x BD 10) = BD 111480
2. On allotment:
Debit: Bank (11148 x BD 40) = BD 445920
Credit: Share Capital (11148 x BD 40) = BD 445920
3. On call:
Debit: Bank (11148 x BD 20) = BD 222960
Credit: Share Capital (11148 x BD 20) = BD 222960
The journal entries show the amounts received from the public for the application, allotment, and call of the shares. The share capital account is credited with the amount received for the shares, while the share premium account is credited with the amount received for the premium. The bank account is debited with the total amount received from the public.
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What are some of the most important tactics that small companies
can use to ensure their long-term financial security
There are several important tactics that small companies for long-term financial security are Reduce expenses, Build a cash reserve, Monitor cash flow, Diversify revenue streams, Invest in marketing
Reduce expenses: Small companies should constantly look for ways to reduce their expenses and increase their profit margin. This can be done by finding cheaper suppliers, reducing unnecessary spending, and implementing cost-saving measures.
Build a cash reserve: Small companies should build a cash reserve to help them weather unexpected expenses or downturns in the market. This reserve can be used to pay bills, cover payroll, or invest in new opportunities.
Monitor cash flow: Small companies should regularly monitor their cash flow to ensure that they have enough money coming in to cover their expenses. This can be done by creating a cash flow statement and analyzing it regularly.
Diversify revenue streams: Small companies should look for ways to diversify their revenue streams so that they are not overly reliant on one source of income. This can be done by expanding into new markets, offering new products or services, or finding new customers.
Invest in marketing: Small companies should invest in marketing to attract new customers and increase sales. This can be done by creating a marketing plan, using social media, and building relationships with customers.
By implementing these tactics, small companies can increase their financial security and ensure their long-term success.
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Mr. Rahim, one of your friends is in opinion that a Government,irrespective of nature, have to exercise its powerrigorously to implement its taxation policy. Will you stand withyour friend?Questio
No, I do not agree with my friend's opinion that a government, irrespective of nature, has to exercise its power rigorously to implement its taxation policy.
While it is true that a government needs to have some level of authority in order to effectively implement its policies, it is not necessary for it to exercise its power in a rigorous or authoritarian manner. A government can effectively implement its taxation policy through clear communication, transparency, and collaboration with its citizens. By doing so, it can foster trust and compliance with its policies, rather than relying on the use of force or coercion. Therefore, I believe that a government should strive to implement its taxation policy in a fair and democratic manner, rather than relying on the rigorous exercise of its power.
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Nowadays, competition in the movie streaming industry is based
on
a. none of the options listed
b. proprietary technology
c. content creation only
d. price only
e. content creation and price.
Nowadays, competition in the movie streaming industry is based on Content creation and price. (E)
This is because content creation and pricing are the two main factors that drive competition in the movie streaming industry. Content creation is important because streaming services need to offer viewers a wide selection of content to attract and retain their subscription base.
This means that streaming services need to create new and original content, as well as acquire rights to popular and in-demand movies and TV shows. Pricing is also important because it affects the affordability of streaming services and can be used to attract new customers, while also maintaining loyalty among existing customers.
Pricing is also a major factor in competition, as streaming services offer different price points to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Therefore, content creation and pricing (E) both play a critical role in how competitive the movie streaming industry is.
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Kathy Company has declared a dividend of $2.5 per share for the current year. The company has been and is still following a policy of enhancing its dividends by 10 percent every year. An investor who is considering the purchase of the shares of this company has a required rate of return, also known as the discounted rate of 15 percent. What would be the intrinsic value of Kathy’s share?
The intrinsic value of Kathy's share is $50.
The intrinsic value of Kathy's share can be calculated using the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), which is a way of valuing a company's stock based on the present value of its future dividends. The formula for the DDM is:
Intrinsic Value = Dividend per Share / (Required Rate of Return - Dividend Growth Rate)
In this case, the dividend per share is $2.5, the required rate of return is 15%, and the dividend growth rate is 10%. Plugging these values into the formula gives:
Intrinsic Value = $2.5 / (0.15 - 0.10)
Intrinsic Value = $2.5 / 0.05
Intrinsic Value = $50
Therefore, the intrinsic value of Kathy's share is $50.
It is important to note that the intrinsic value is an estimate and may not reflect the actual market value of the share. However, it can be used as a reference point for investors when making decisions about buying or selling shares.
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Tax avoidance is completely legal and therefore there are no ethical considerations involved’ – Use theories and examples discussed in class to what assess to what extent is this statement true. (250 words max)
"Tax avoidance is completely legal and therefore there are no ethical considerations involved " This statement is not entirely true. While tax avoidance is legal, there are still ethical considerations involved.
Tax avoidance involves legally exploiting loopholes in the tax code to minimize taxes, which means some businesses and individuals are able to pay significantly less in taxes than others. This can create inequity between taxpayers, which raises ethical concerns.
According to John Rawls' theory of justice, people should be treated fairly and equally. Tax avoidance undermines this by providing some people with preferential treatment over others.
This has the potential to create resentment, as those who cannot afford to hire lawyers to exploit legal loopholes may feel unfairly treated.
In addition, tax avoidance can be seen as unethical due to the cost it imposes on society.
Every dollar that is not paid in taxes means that there is less funding available for public services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. This affects not just those who cannot afford to take advantage of legal loopholes, but society as a whole.
Therefore, while tax avoidance is legal, there are ethical considerations that should be taken into account when making decisions about taxes. Taxpayers should be aware of these ethical implications, and strive to be fair and equitable in their tax planning.
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