Cells with both DNA and RNA have several advantages over cells that only have RNA.
Genetic Stability: DNA provides genetic stability to cells by minimizing mutations during DNA replication, which helps to prevent errors in the genetic code.
Enhanced Information Storage: DNA is capable of storing much more genetic information than RNA due to its double helix structure.
Regulation of Gene Expression: DNA provides a mechanism for regulating gene expression, allowing cells to turn genes on or off in response to environmental cues or developmental needs.
Higher Fidelity: DNA replication is more accurate and less error-prone than RNA replication, resulting in higher fidelity in the transmission of genetic information.
Evolutionary Advantage: The ability to store genetic information in a stable manner and regulate gene expression has given cells with DNA a significant evolutionary advantage, leading to the development of complex multicellular organisms.
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Why is calcium carbonate important to mollusks?
Answer:
Calcium carbonate is important to mollusks because they use it to produce their shells.
Explanation:
:)
what would be the result of an error in mitotic anaphase that failed to separate a pair of sister chromatids?
An error in mitotic anaphase that failed to separate a pair of sister chromatids would result in a condition called nondisjunction.
Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during cell division, resulting in one daughter cell receiving an extra copy of the chromosome and the other daughter cell receiving no copy. In the case of a failure to separate sister chromatids, both chromatids would end up in the same daughter cell, while the other daughter cell would receive no copy. This can lead to a variety of genetic abnormalities, depending on the specific chromosome involved and the developmental stage of the organism. For example, if nondisjunction occurs during meiosis, it can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome in humans. If nondisjunction occurs during mitosis, it can result in somatic cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can lead to tumors and other genetic disorders.
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which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs? multiple select question. allergic reactions disruption of normal microflora host cell metabolism of drug damage to host tissues due to toxicity
The side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs are the following: Allergic reactions, Disruption of normal microflora, Host cell metabolism of drug, and Damage to host tissues due to toxicity.
Antimicrobial drugs are the drugs that are used to treat infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They are effective in fighting infections, but they can also cause side effects.The most common side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs is an allergic reaction. This occurs when the body's immune system overreacts to the drug. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
Antimicrobial drugs can also disrupt the normal microflora in the body. This can lead to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria, causing infections such as thrush.Host cell metabolism of the drug can also occur, causing damage to the host cell. This can lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Damage to host tissues due to toxicity can also occur, especially if the drug is used in high doses or for a long period of time. This can cause liver damage, kidney damage, and other serious health problems.
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protein casts are: group of answer choices never present in urine always present in urine sometimes present in urine, but it is normal sometimes present in urine, but it indicates a disorder
It is important to note that protein casts may not always be present in urine even in the case of a kidney disorder.
Protein casts are formed when there is an excess amount of protein in the urine, which can be a sign of a variety of kidney disorders, including glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and lupus nephritis.
The presence of protein casts in the urine indicates that there is a problem with the kidneys' ability to filter and retain protein, leading to the formation of protein casts in the urine. Therefore, their presence usually indicates a disorder.
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Which of the following is/are required in order for pancreatic acinar vesicles to be transported to the plasma membrane prior to secretion? a. Actin b. Myosin c. Microtubules d. Dynein
For pancreatic acinar vesicles to be transported to the plasma membrane before secretion, both c. Microtubules and d. Dynein is required, but a more specific answer is microtubules. Microtubules provide the structural framework for vesicle transport, while dynein is a motor protein that helps move the vesicles along the microtubules.
Pancreatic acinar cells make and secrete digestive enzymes. Pancreatic acinar cells can be found in the exocrine pancreas. They are shaped like grapes and release the contents of their secretory granules (also known as zymogen granules or pancreatic acinar vesicles) into the digestive tract via the pancreatic duct. Once released, these granules mix with stomach acid and other digestive enzymes and work to break down food into smaller, more easily absorbed molecules. Microtubules are required for the transport of pancreatic acinar vesicles to the plasma membrane before secretion. Pancreatic acinar cells, like all cells, have an extensive network of microtubules that help with vesicle transport. Dynein, a motor protein, binds to microtubules and carries vesicles along them.
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which of the following are true of genetic drift? select all that apply. genetic drift can contribute to allopatric speciation. genetic drift can result in the formation of a new species. genetic drift causes physical isolation. genetic drift involves random changes in allele frequencies.
A new species can emerge as a result of genetic drift. Random shifts in allele frequencies are referred to as genetic drift. Allopatric speciation can be facilitated by genetic drift. Hence (a), (b), (d) are the correct option.
Due to independent assortment during gametogenesis, genetic drift is the term used to describe the random selection of alleles that are transferred from one generation to the next. Geographic separation between populations leads to allopatric speciation. Reproductive isolation develops gradually and accidentally in the absence of gene flow as a result of mutation, genetic drift, and the unintended consequences of natural selection driving local adaptation.
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which of the following are true of genetic drift? select all that apply.
a. genetic drift can contribute to allopatric speciation.
b. genetic drift can result in the formation of a new species.
c. genetic drift causes physical isolation.
d. genetic drift involves random changes in allele frequencies.
Which definition best describes polygenic traits?
Polygenic traits refer to the characteristics that are controlled by multiple genes, each contributing a small part to the phenotype or observable trait.
What are Polygenic traits?Polygenic traits are traits that are determined by the interaction of multiple genes. Unlike single-gene traits, which are determined by the presence or absence of a single gene, polygenic traits are influenced by the combined effects of many genes, as well as environmental factors.
These traits often exhibit a continuous variation in the population and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Examples of polygenic traits include height, skin color, and intelligence. The term "polygenic" comes from the Greek words "poly" meaning many, and "genes" meaning units of heredity.
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a clinical microbiologist who wants to run a public health laboratory must have special certification from abmm. false false true
The given statement "a clinical microbiologist who wants to run a public health laboratory must have special certification from abmm." is False statement because certification from the American Board of Medical Microbiology (ABMM) can be beneficial for a clinical microbiologist working in a public health laboratory.
It is not necessarily required to run a public health laboratory. The specific qualifications and requirements for running a public health laboratory vary by jurisdiction, and can include a combination of education, training, and experience in microbiology and public health.
However, obtaining certification from ABMM can demonstrate a high level of expertise and knowledge in medical microbiology, which may be advantageous in obtaining employment or advancing in the field.
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What is a hypothesis?
(a) the way an experimental is performed
(b) a conclusion that you make about an experiment
(c) an educated guess of the answer to a question
(d) the technology used in an experiment
By research on subjects linked to scientific investigation, hypothesis is established as well-informed supposition. A hypothesis, or prediction of outcome of experiment, can be made once study has been done.
A assertion that is backed up by evidence is called a hypothesis. Here is where any investigation that seeks to translate the research questions into forecasts begins. Population, variables, and their interrelationships are examples of components. A research hypothesis is a claim that is put to the test to determine how two or more factors interact.
A list of the information's sources is provided below:
the similarities between the phenomena.historical analysis, current events, and rivals' observations.Learn more about hypothesis here:
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Which of the following does NOT influence an organism’s niche?
A. Competition with other species
B. Mutualism
C. Commensalism
D. Parasitism
Answer:B
Explanation:
Commensalism does not influence an organism’s niche.
What is parasitism interaction?Parasitism is a relationship between two living species in which one organism gains an advantage at the expense of the other. The parasite reaps the rewards, whilst the host is the organism that is harmed. Other examples of parasites are barnacles, fleas, and tapeworms.
What kind of animal exemplifies commensalism?A bird constructing a nest in a tree is an example of a simple animal practising commensalism. The tree offers the bird protection and refuge without suffering any serious damage or effects from the bird. The cow egrets, which are birds, are another typical example. They eat the insects that the feeding cattle stir up.
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a cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis 1.how many daughter cells are produced? 2.how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
When a cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis,
1) Two daughter cells are produced.
2) Each daughter cell has 10 chromosomes.
Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. The cell begins with 10 chromosomes.
2. During the S phase of the cell cycle, each chromosome is replicated, resulting in 20 sister chromatids.
3. During mitosis, the sister chromatids are separated and equally distributed to two new cells.
4. Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, creating two separate daughter cells.
5. Each daughter cell now has 10 chromosomes, maintaining the original chromosome number.
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of all organisms.
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the mitotic cell cycle and involves the division of the cell's cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.
Mitosis and cytokinesis lead to the production of two daughter cells from one parent cell.
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A parent cell with five duplicated chromosomes will produce daughter cells with five chromosomes consisting of one chromatid each.
Answer:
meiosis I
Explanation:
Meiosis is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome
Meiosis 1 refers to the initial stage of meiosis where one parent cell divides into two daughter cells. This stage is where homologous pairs of chromosomes will segregate and separate from each other and move into the two daughter cells which result in the division of the total chromosomal number by half.
in order to protect an mrna from nuclease activity in the cytosol of a cell, a(n) is added to the 3' end during rna processing.
In order to protect an mRNA from nuclease activity in the cytosol of a cell, a cap is added to the 3' end during RNA processing.
The cap enables the cap-binding complex and safeguards the RNA against nuclease destruction. For other reasons, exporting nuclear technology depends on this. The cap facilitates in the identification of the mRNA once it has been transported into the cytoplasm. It accomplishes this with the aid of a little ribosomal subunit. This aids in starting the translation process.
RNA-stabilizing proteins are first applied to pre-mRNAs to prevent RNA breakdown as it is processed and released from the nucleus. The addition of stabilizing and signaling components to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule. The mRNA transcript can occasionally be "edited" after it has been transcribed.
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2) how long does it take for the immune system to provide protection by producing disease-specific antibodies and memory cells? imminization
It takes around three weeks for the immune system to provide protection by producing disease-specific antibodies and memory cells.
The vulnerable system is the body's defence medium, defending us from raiders similar as origins and contagions. Cells are the abecedarian structure units of our bodies. Our vulnerable system is made up of numerous distinct types of cells, each of which plays a vital part.
Numerous of them, particularly white blood cells, which are the crucial element of the mortal vulnerable system, may be set up in our rotation. White blood cells are set up strategically throughout the body, including the lymph bumps, spleen, lungs, bowel, and skin. This enables them to manage with infections no matter where they enter the body.
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A Labrador retriever breeder needs to determine if three male pups who were born to Sadie, his black Labrador
retriever, are the offspring of Sam, a yellow Labrador retriever from another breeder. Which process could the breeder
use to determine if Sam is the father of the pups?
O PCR analysis
O STR analysis
O mtDNA analysis
O Y-chromosome analysis
The process that the breeder could use to determine if Sam is the father of the pups is STR analysis.
The correct option is B
What is STR analysis?STR (short tandem repeat) analysis is a DNA profiling technique that compares the number of repeated DNA sequences at specific locations on the chromosomes of different individuals.
This technique is commonly used in paternity testing and can determine if a male dog is the biological father of a litter of puppies by comparing the STR profiles of the potential father and the offspring.
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Brett sets up an experiment to test how sound waves are
affected by the type of medium through which they travel.
Which of the following is the independent variable for Brett's
experiment? A.sound waves B. The type of medium C. The wavelength
Answer: B. The type of medium
Explanation: As B. is what you are changing. The indipendent variable levels are the different types of mediums.
crocodile comparison to human arm in function
you are examining two neurons that are connected by an electrical synapse. you observe that an action potential in neuron 1 causes a psp in neuron 2 (see image below). if you were to add on omega-conotoxin (the toxin described in the previous question), what would you see in neuron 2 the next time neuron 1 fires an action potential?
The PSP would have a reduced amplitude in neuron 2 the next time action potential from neuron 1 if omega-conotoxin (the toxin stated in the preceding question) was added.
Two neurons that are joined by an electrical synapse are under your observation. You see that a neuron 2 psp is triggered by an action potential in neuron 1. A poison called omega-conotoxin inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, which are necessary for the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses.
Omega-conotoxin wouldn't have a direct impact on the electrical synapse itself since they don't rely on neurotransmitter release. The voltage-gated calcium channels required for action potential initiation, however, might theoretically be blocked if omega-conotoxin were introduced to neuron 1.
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Correct Question:
You are examining two neurons that are connected by an electrical synapse. you observe that an action potential in neuron 1 causes a psp in neuron 2 (see image below). if you were to add on omega-conotoxin (the toxin described in the previous question), what would you see in neuron 2 the next time neuron 1 fires an action potential?
can you make a prediction about the rflp patterns of identical twins cut with the same restriction enzymes? how about the rflp patterns of fraternal twins or triplets?
When considering identical twins cut with the same restriction enzymes, we can make a prediction about the RFLP patterns. They will have the same RFLP patterns because they have identical DNA.
However, when considering fraternal twins or triplets, we cannot make a prediction about the RFLP patterns. They will have different RFLP patterns because they have different DNA.RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis is used in forensic science to compare DNA samples from crime scenes with those of suspects.
RFLP analysis is based on the presence of variations in the length of DNA fragments that are produced by restriction enzymes when they cut DNA samples. Different people have different DNA sequences, which results in different lengths of DNA fragments after restriction enzyme digestion.
RFLP patterns can be used to determine whether or not a DNA sample is related to a particular individual. Identical twins have the same DNA sequences, so they have the same RFLP patterns. Fraternal twins, on the other hand, have different DNA sequences, so they have different RFLP patterns.
Triplets also have different DNA sequences and thus different RFLP patterns. Therefore, the RFLP patterns of identical twins cut with the same restriction enzymes will be identical, while those of fraternal twins or triplets will differ.
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an individual develops atelectasis from an external pressure exerted by a tumor. which type of atelectasis would this be classified?
The type of atelectasis that would be classified in this scenario is called extrinsic or compressive atelectasis.
Extrinsic atelectasis occurs when an external pressure compresses or collapses a part of the lung, preventing it from expanding and filling with air. In this case, the tumor is causing the external pressure and therefore leading to the development of atelectasis.
Tumors that are located in or near the lungs can compress the lung tissue and cause atelectasis. Other causes of external pressure that can lead to atelectasis include fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion), enlarged lymph nodes, or other masses that push against the lung tissue.
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what force of evolution occurs when populations migrate and interbreed? group of answer choices mutation genetic drift natural selection gene flow
The force of evolution that occurs when populations migrate and interbreed is called gene flow.
The correct answer is gene flow.
Gene flow is the transfer of genetic information from one population to another due to the movement of individuals or their gametes (reproductive cells). This process plays a significant role in maintaining genetic diversity and preventing the negative effects of inbreeding within isolated populations.
When individuals from different populations mate and produce offspring, new genetic combinations are introduced to both populations. This exchange of genetic material can lead to increased genetic variation and promote adaptation to changing environments.
In some cases, gene flow can also counteract the effects of genetic drift and natural selection by reintroducing lost genetic traits or promoting the spread of advantageous traits.
Therefore the correct answer is gene flow.
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true or false: a twitch is a sustained contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached
When a stimulus reaches a threshold level, a twitch is a sustained contraction of the entire muscle. Tetany is a prolonged contraction. The correct answer is false.
A muscle twitch is an uncontrollable contraction of the muscle's fibers. Nerves control muscle filaments. A twitch occurs when a stimulus damage or stimulates a nerve. This causes the muscle fibers to contract. These twitches beneath the skin are frequently visible or perceptible.
Actin and myosin form cross-bridges during the contraction phase. As the sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts, myosin moves actin, releases cross-bridges and reforms them multiple times. During this phase, ATP is used, and energy is released as heat.
A motor neuron's single action potential will cause the muscle fibers of its motor unit to contract once. A twitch is a name given to this isolated contraction.
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6. What similarities did the French and American Revolutions share? What were
the end results of the French Revolution and the American Revolution that they
had in common?
The French and American Revolutions shared several similarities. Both were inspired by Enlightenment ideals and a desire for greater political and individual freedoms.
Both involved popular uprisings against oppressive governments and were fueled by economic grievances. The revolutions also resulted in the establishment of democratic republics and the adoption of new constitutions.
In terms of end results, both revolutions led to the overthrow of monarchies and the establishment of democratic governments. They also paved the way for the expansion of individual rights and liberties.
However, both revolutions also experienced periods of instability and violence, particularly in the aftermath of the French Revolution, which included the Reign of Terror and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Overall, the French and American Revolutions represented significant turning points in modern history and had a lasting impact on the world.
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the researchers placed white and brown mouse models both in abandoned fields on the mainland (dark soil) and on sand dunes on the islands (light soil) and then measured the percentage of models that were attacked by predators. what is the take-home message of the data? do the data support or reject the hypothesis that mouse color is adaptive?
According to the results, mice that do not match the soil's color are attacked more frequently than mice that do. The idea that mice's fur color is an adaptation to help them evade predators is supported by the fact that these mice are more likely to live and have progeny.
have poorer survival rates than mice that are light in color on light-colored dirt. Dark-furred mice would have better rates of survival on dark backgrounds. Throughout generations, groups close to the white beaches have exhibited an increase in fur and the genes that result in light fur. According to a report in Science Magazine, molecular and cell biologists claimed that at least nine different mutations within a single gene were responsible for the alterations in mouse coat color. Agouti is the gene that causes variations in the color of various animals' coats.
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salivary amylase has an optimum ph of 6.8, where it functions best. what happens to the enzyme when it is swallowed and enters the stomach which has a ph of around 2.0?
Salivary amylase functions best when it is in an environment with pH 6.8. But in stomach the pH is 2 and the salivary amylase denatures, changes shape and loss activity.
Salivary amylase is an enzyme to carryout breaking of starch in the oral cavity and is present in saliva and is produced by salivary glands. When chewed the food is mixed with the enzyme and it breaks down the complex carbohydrates to smaller units like disaccharides, oligosaccharides and starches. Its optimum pH is 6.8.
When food is swallowed the enzyme reaches stomach, where it has a pH is 2. The range of optimal activity will be from pH 6 to 7. Above and below this range the enzyme denatures and loses activity.
So in stomach it is denatured and show no enzymatic activity. The digestion further happens in small intestine in presence of pancreatic amylase.
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due tomorrow!! please help
Answer: read below!!
Explanation: So, I'm assuming you are checking off the boxes or writing yes/no.
IN ORDER!!
Archaea- Prokaryotic-Has a cell wall- Unicellular-Get nutrition from Autotrophy & Heterotrophy- Binary fission- swimming motility(swimming movement)- Examples, Halobacterium & Thermophiles
Bacteria- Prokaryotic- Unicellular- Peptidoglycan- Passive diffusion-Binary fission-Flagella- Examples: Flagella & Escherichia coli
Protista- Eukaryotes-Unicellular- Cellulose- Autotrophic and heterotrophic- flagella- Examples: Amoebas & ciliates
Fungi-Eukaryotes- Can be multicellular and/or unicellular- Biosynthesis-Heterotrophic- Spores- Growth
Plantae- Eukaryote -multicellular- Cellulose-Autotrophic-sexual or asexual reproduction- Non-motile- Examples: ((any type of plant. Moss, flowers, etc..))
Animalia -Eukaryotic - Multicellular- Does not have a cell wall- heterotrophy- Sexual reproduction- motile (walking, running, jumping)- Examples: Humans!!, Invertebrates (look up to pick creatures with spines)
I hope that was not too confusing. All the bold words are seperated as so from above ..: Eukaryotic = cell type, -, Multicellular= number of cells, -, cellulose =cell wall,... And so forth
:D
does this information reinforce or contradict the data based on mapping the prevalence of malaria and the sickle cell allele published above?
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder that is more prevalent in areas where malaria is or was common. This is because individuals with sickle cell trait (having one copy of the sickle cell allele) are less likely to develop severe malaria than individuals without the trait.
Therefore, in regions where malaria is endemic, the sickle cell allele can provide a survival advantage, and as a result, the allele may be more prevalent in these populations.
That being said, the relationship between malaria and sickle cell allele prevalence can be complex and context-dependent, and it is possible that other factors could influence the relationship between the two.
Thus, it would be important to examine the specific data and context in question to determine whether the information reinforces or contradicts the data based on mapping the prevalence of malaria and the sickle cell allele.
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these data provide evidence to directly support which statement about starch that is formed as the result of photosynthesis in plants?
Answer:These data provide evidence to directly support which statement about starch that is formed as the result of photosynthesis in plants? Starch stored within a plant's leaves provides a source of chemical energy for the plant at night when its light reactions do not occur.
Explanation:
Starch stored within a plant's leaves provides a source of chemical energy for the plant at night when its light reactions do not occur. Option 2 is correct.
The increase in starch content during the light period is consistent with the process of photosynthesis, during which plants produce glucose, which is then converted to starch for storage. The decrease in starch content during the dark period suggests that the plant is using stored starch as a source of energy.
Therefore, these data support the idea that starch serves as a storage form of carbohydrates generated during photosynthesis. Hence Option 2 is correct.
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The complete question is:
Mustard plants were grown under 16 hours (hour 0 to 16) of light followed by 8 hours (hour 16 to 24) of dark for several weeks. Leaves were then excised at different times during a single 24-hour cycle and measured for mass before starch content was determined. The graph summarizes the results of these analyses, showing starch content expressed as starch mass per leaf mass.
These data provide evidence to directly support which statement about starch that is formed as the result of photosynthesis in plants?
- Starch is a polymer of glucose and in plants serves as a storage form of carbohydrates generated during photosynthesis.- Starch stored within a plant's leaves provides a source of chemical energy for the plant at night when its light reactions do not occur.- Starch is stored in roots, seeds, and fruits of a plant in addition to its storage in a plant's leaves.- Starch and sucrose are formed from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, each of which requires three molecules of carbon dioxide to be fixed by rubisco.- Starch is stored within chloroplasts in the form of granules, which can be observed using microscopy techniques.In Mendel's first set of experiments, he crossed pure-breeding plants with
different forms of the same trait. Which of the following statements
summarizes his results from these experiments?
A. In each case, 100% of the offspring presented what Mendel called
the recessive trait.
B. In each case, about 50% of the offspring presented each form of
the trait.
C. In each case, 100% of the offspring presented what Mendel called
the dominant trait.
OD. In each case, about 75% of the offspring presented what Mendel
called the dominant trait.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
CccccccccccccccccccccccccCcc
which of the following is a type of post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism? mechanical isolation increased hybrid viability reduced hybrid fertility temporal gene flow allopatric speciation
Reduced hybrid fertility is a type of post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanism.
It occurs when hybrid offspring of two different species have reduced fertility and/or viability, which makes it difficult or impossible for them to produce offspring of their own. This mechanism helps to prevent the gene flow between different species and maintain their genetic identities. Reduced hybrid fertility can occur due to a variety of factors, such as differences in chromosome number, abnormal gamete formation, or problems during meiosis.
This mechanism is an important factor in the speciation process, as it can contribute to the development of reproductive barriers that prevent the interbreeding of different species. Other types of post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms include reduced hybrid viability and hybrid breakdown.
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