Wang bh, campbell g (2009) formulations of polyvinyl alcohol cryogel that mimic the biomechanical properties of soft tissues in the natural lumbar intervertebral disc. spine 34:2745–2753
Current lumbar intervertebral disc prostheses gives suboptimal symptom relief and do not restore natural load-cushioning.
PVA-C is a likely material due to its high water capacity , excellent biocompatibility, and cosmopolitan mechanical properties. PVA-C samples were made with different PVA concentrations and number of freeze thaw cycles (FTC). Unconfined concretion was conducted to characterize various PVA-C formulations. concretive stress relaxation and creep were performed to evaluate the stability of PVA-C under stress. The results were distinguised to the mechanical properties of human lumbar intervertebral discs obtained from literature.PVA-C compressive elastic modulus jumped with elevating PVA concentration and no. of FTC's. The 3% 3FTC is the best formulation for mimicking the nucleus pulposus in concretion .
In general, concretive stress relaxation and creep falllen with elevated PVA concentration and no. of FTC's. concretive stress relaxation and creep were lower for PVA-C than human lumbar intervertebral discs, proposed that PVA-C will mostly exhibit stable and affirmable mechanical response in vivo.
All formulations furnished good mimicry of the human IVD in stress relaxation and creep. PVA-C also furnished good match to the anulus fibrosus matrix.
Good unimprisoned compression, stress releasing and creep behavior, summed with excellent biocompatibility, makes PVA-C a suitable choice as a major component of a tissue-mimicking artificial IVD.
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as-120 overcomes resistance to atp-competitive fgfr inhibitors in patients with fgfr2 fusion–positive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinom
TAS-120 helps the patients in becoming resistant to BGJ398 and FGFR2 mutations.
Anti-tumor activity has been observed in the patient with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) that activates ATP-competitive fibroblast growth factor receptor gene fusions. This results in resistance and results in the development of mutation of FGFR2 kinase.
It was further reported in 4 patients with FGFR2 that they developed Debio 1347. It was due to the activation of TAS-120 that fight the FGFR2.TAS-120 is the inhibitor of FGFR and it is irreversible. In patients with FGFR2, an increase in the duration of FGFR inhibition, FGFR inhibitors can be sequenced in a planned manner along with the biopsy.
TAS-120 helps the patients in becoming resistant to BGJ398 and FGFR2 mutations.
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natalizumab treatment 28 days after infection led to stabilization of neuronal injury, reduced numbers of monocytes/macrophages, and reduced productive infection.
The discussion of natalizumab treatment 28 days after infection led to stabilization of neuronal injury, reduced numbers of monocytes/macrophages, and reduced productive infection is given in below paragraph-
HIV peripheral neuropathy's pathogenesis depends on the flow of activated monocytes into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In SIV-infected macaques, we have demonstrated that increase of freshly recruited (bromodeoxyuridine+ MAC387+) monocytes is linked to severe DRG pathology and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers. Here, we used natalizumab, which binds to 4-integrins, to treat mice to prevent leukocyte flow. When natalizumab was administered either early (the day of infection) or late (28 days after infection), SIV-infected CD8-depleted macaques were compared to untreated SIV-infected animals slain at comparable dates.
Histopathology revealed diminished DRG pathology with natalizumab therapy, including diminished neuronophagia, inflammation, and Nageotte nodules. When given natalizumab, DRG tissues had less bromodeoxyuridine+ (early), MAC387+ (late), CD68+ (early and late), and SIVp28+ (late) macrophages. Natalizumab treatment had no impact on the quantity of CD3+ T cells in DRGs. All mice given natalizumab experienced decreased levels of the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, which regulates leukocyte flow. These results indicate a role for monocyte traffic and activation in HIV peripheral neuropathy by demonstrating that restricting monocyte traffic to the DRG, but not T lymphocyte traffic, reduces inflammation and disease.
What are macrophages?Macrophages are a specific type of white blood cell that surround and eliminate pathogens, clear away dead cells, and activate other immune system cells.
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Ruminants are mammals that have a specialized stomach
adapted for digesting plant material. Use the Internet and
other sources to find information to help you answer the
following questions:
(a) Give three examples of ruminant animals.
(b) Name the four compartments of the stomach of ruminants. Briefly explain the function of each.
(c) How is the specialized stomach of the ruminant adapted to digesting plant material?
(d) What does the word ruminate mean in everyday language?
a. The examples of ruminants include cattle, sheep, and goats.
b. It should be noted that ruminant stomachs have four compartments absthay are the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum
c. Animals that eat plants, such as ruminants, have specialized four-chambered stomachs with a distinctive microbial flora for breaking down stiff cellulose. The enzyme needed to break down cellulose, cellulase, is not produced by the majority of vertebrates; instead, microorganisms in the rumen do it.
d. Ruminate means to go over in the mind repeatedly.
What are ruminants?Ruminants are herbivores who digest their meal several times. They repeatedly chew and re-digest grass or other vegetation in different parts of their stomachs.
It should be noted that the compartment areas serve as storage for chewed grain and plant matter, absorb vitamins and nutrients, denature proteins, help with the start of digestion, and break down materials into bits that can be processed.
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Two parents are concerned that their new baby, who has blonde hair, may have been switched in the hospital. The mother is homozygous for her brown hair, and the father is heterozygous with brown hair as well. Some members of the family have blonde hair. Is this possible? Did the hospital make a mistake? Justify your answer. Be very detailed in your explanation in order to receive full credit. Be sure to include the genotypes the parents would need to have.
Answer:
Yes, this is possible because the baby could have inheritted it fromthe parents family
Explanation:
Although the genes passed down from a child's parents determine hair color, variations can result in a child having a different hair color than both parents. The genetics of hair color is the result of many genes working together to control the amount and type of melanin
which term best describes the part of a control system that receives information about a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response?
Integrating center is the term that best describes the part of a control system that receives information about a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response.
Integrating center acts a s reflex for homeostasis. It monitors the signals from the stimulus, and activates pathways to maintain the homeostasis of the body. It sends signals to the tissues, cells, of the target site to perform the task.
Homeostasis is the phenomenon of constant conditions inside the body of an organism. The organism's body remains under a stable temperature unaffected by the outer conditions. This property is exhibited by humans, dogs, birds, etc.
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2. Using the ABO blood type alleles, cross a type O parent and a parent with AB blood.
Provide a Punnett Square and write out the genotype and phenotype probabilities of the offspring.
The IA allele offers kind A, IB offers kind B, and IO offers kind O. As each, IA and IB are dominant over IO, best IO/IO human beings have kind O blood.
Individuals with IA/IA or IA/IO have kind A blood and people with IB/IB or IB/IO have kind B. IA/IB human beings have each phenotypes due to the fact A and B explicit a unique dominance relationship is codominance, because of this that that kind A and B dad and mom will have an AB baby. A couple with kind A and kind B also can have a kind O baby if they're each heterozygous (IB/IO, IA/IO).
So, the viable blood organizations of the offspring of the dad and mom with blood institution O and AB are A and B due to the fact their dad and mom' genotypes are IO/IO and IA/IB. So, below crossing, we get best A and B blood organizations.
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F. Thomas Edison developed______in 1891 the first motion picture system
Answer:
I know that he invebted both the kinetograph which is a camera as well as a kinetoscope which is like a picture viewer. I found an extremely interesting article online about this for your reference. https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-motion-pictures/origins-of-motion-pictures/
Explanation:
please see the link above for further explanation
the condition called macular degeneration involves decreased function of the macula of the retina. what is the effect of this condition on vision?
The condition called macular degeneration involves decreased function of the macula of the retina. The effect of this condition on vision is that: there occurs a loss of the central part of the field of vision.
Macular degeneration is caused due to damage in the blood vessels that leak any fluid or blood into the macula of the retina. As a result central vision is lost as the condition worsens with time. In older people, the disease may also cause permanent blindness.
Retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye which is most light-sensitive. It receives the light of the image and send the signals to the brain. As a result, the image of the object is formed.
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Sensory and motor neurons of the nervous system are associated with activities traditionally.
Sensory and motor neurons of the somatic nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
What is the nervous system?
The nervous system is the system of the living body that is associated with controlling and functioning the body functions.
The somatic nervous system contains the afferent nerve fibers that link with the senses of the body to the central nervous system. It voluntarily controls the body.
Thus, the somatic nervous system is associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
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The question is incomplete. Your most probably complete question is given below:
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
To reduce pain and swelling, john had been taking an anti-prostaglandin medication. Which enzyme is involved in the formation of prostaglandins associated with pain and swelling?.
Cyclooxygenase- 2 is the enzyme that is involved in the formation of prostaglandins associated with pain and swelling.
Cyclooxygenase-2 is activated and creates more prostaglandins when the body is damaged (or when there is inflammation in any part of the body). These extra prostaglandins aid in the body's response to the injury.
A subclass of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications is COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs). Prostaglandins, which are molecules that stimulate inflammation, pain, and fever, are inhibited by NSAIDs.
An enzyme that accelerates the formation of substances that cause inflammation and pain. It can also cause the growth of tumor cells. Some tumors have high levels of cyclooxygenase-2, and blocking its activity can reduce tumor growth.
Substance that uses an enzyme to change arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced and are linked to edema and inflammation.
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. jermakowicz wj, ivan me, cajigas i, ribot r, jusue-torres i, desai mb, et al. visual deficit from laser interstitial thermal therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy: anatomical considerations. oper neurosurg (hagerstown). 2017;13(5):627-633.
The most frequent side effect of LITT for mesiotemporal epilepsy is visual impairments, and individuals who are most at risk may have low levels of cerebrospinal fluid in the choroidal fissure, which allows heat to transfer from the hippocampus body to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
What is laser interstitial thermal therapy ?A newly developed method for treating primary and metastatic brain cancers that are difficult to access with traditional surgery is laser interstitial thermal treatment (LITT). In order to perform LITT, a laser catheter must be inserted into the tumour and heated to temperatures high enough to destroy the tumour.
Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, which entails seizures that don't respond to medicine, can undergo laser interstitial thermal treatment (LiTT), a minimally invasive procedure. Some persons with focal seizures, which are seizures coming from one specific area, may benefit from LiTT.Learn more about Laser interstitial thermal therapy here:
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The example states that humans killed off the dogs that couldn't be trained. this is an example of
Answer:
A trait's inheritance in a population
please help me on this question
The statement that is most likely true about the patient that has a BP of 138/88 is that the patient has a daily diet that mainly consists of greasy food, causing an increase in blood flow.
What is blood pressure (BP)?Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries and veins.
The blood pressure varies during the heartbeat cycle, and according to a person's age, health and physical condition.
According to this question, a patient has a blood pressure of 138/88mm/Hg, which is quite high compared to the normal blood pressure of 120/80mmHg.
This suggests that the patient blood's flow has increased due to certain reasons.
Therefore, statement that is most likely true about the patient that has a BP of 138/88 is that the patient has a daily diet that mainly consists of greasy food, causing an increase in blood flow.
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the organelle within the cytoplasm that is involved in the oxidative conversion of foodstuffs into usable cellular energy is the .
The mitochondria are an organelle found in the cytoplasm that is involved in the oxidative transformation of food into useful cellular energy.
function of mitochondria
Foods are degraded in part to release the energy from chemical bonds into the energy-dense complex adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores the chemical energy from food molecule breakdown and releases it to power other cellular functions.
What do the mitochondria mostly do?By using the energy created during the breakdown of the food we eat, oxidative phosphorylation—the traditional function of mitochondria—generates ATP. The majority of biochemical and physiological functions, including growth, mobility, and equilibrium, all require ATP as their main energy source.learn more about mitochondria here
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phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and stimulation of t-cell factor signaling following activation of ep2 and ep4
The discussion of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and stimulation of t-cell factor signaling following activation of ep2 and ep4 is given in below paragraph-
Recently, we demonstrated that the T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef)-mediated transcriptional activation is triggered by the FP(B) prostanoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor that connects to Galpha(q). The EP(2) and EP(4) prostanoid receptors, which couple to Galpha(s), are now reported to also stimulate Tcf/Lef signaling. In HEK cells that were stably transfected with the human EP(2) and EP(4) receptors, transcriptional activity was enhanced by a prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment for 1 hour in a manner that increased it by around 10-fold over basal levels. Akt kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) were both phosphorylated more frequently as a result of this PGE(2)-dependent activation of reporter gene activity.
The FP(B) prostanoid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds to Galpha, has recently been shown to be the cause of the T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef)-mediated transcriptional activation (q). It is now known that the EP(2) and EP(4) prostanoid receptors, which link to Galpha(s), also promote Tcf/Lef signaling. A prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment for 1 hour elevated transcriptional activity in HEK cells that had been stably transfected with the human EP(2) and EP(4) receptors by an amount that was roughly 10-fold greater than baseline. This PGE(2)-dependent stimulation of reporter gene activity resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3).
What is phosphorylation?The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion is known as phosphorylation in chemistry. Biology frequently uses this mechanism and its opposite, dephosphorylation. Activation or inactivation of several enzymes by protein phosphorylation is common.
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What do the arrows show about the movement of the winds in this pressure center? What else indicates wind direction? I need to get this done asap... I'm not playing no games
Answer:
this is answers
scan and see
Explanation:
hope it was usefull
Augusto is a farmer who encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call?.
To determine whether the bones he encountered while plowing his farm are for humans, Augusto should call a physical or biological anthropologist.
What is anthropology?Anthropology is the holistic scientific and social study of humanity, mainly using ethnography as its method.
According to this question, Augusto is a farmer who encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human.
A physical or biological anthropologist would be the best to call to know if the bone is human's because they deal with the study of human beings from biological (bone) and behavioural perspectives.
Therefore, to determine whether the bones he encountered while plowing his farm are for humans, Augusto should call a physical or biological anthropologist.
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QUE RELACION GUARDAN LAS IMAGENES DE LA DERECHA CON LA BIODIVERSIDAD
No la relación de las imágenes de derecho con la biodiversidad ya que la biodiversidad, la Biodiversidad está relacionada, entre otros factores, con la diversidad de especies y también con las variaciones presentes dentro de una misma especie.
¿Qué tiene que ver con la biodiversidad?La biodiversidad está relacionada, entre otros factores, con la diversidad de especies y también con las variaciones presentes dentro de una misma especie. La biodiversidad se refiere a las diferentes especies de seres vivos que habitan en una región, así como a la diversidad que existe entre estos seres vivos.
How important is biodiversity to our lives?This diversity of life is called biodiversity, which is the variety of life existing in nature. It is thanks to biodiversity that food, clothing, medicines and energy can be obtained, representing one of the greatest riches of planet earth, although it is undervalued.
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How many moles of iron will be made from 13.54 moles of carbon?
81.51×10^23 molecules
are present in 13.54 moles of carbon.
1 mole of carbon = 6.02×10^23 molecules
13.54 moles of carbon = 13.54×6.02×10^23 =
81.51×10^23 molecules.
Divide the quantity of particles by
Avogadro's number.
To reduce a mole to a particle (such as an atom or a molecule): Multiply the quantity of moles by Avogadro's number.
One typical sort of skin development is the
mole (nevi).
They frequently take the form of tiny, dark brown spots and are brought on by clumps of pigment-forming cells (melanocytes). The majority of people have between 10 and 40 moles, which usually form during childhood and adolescence and may change or disappear over time.
A molecule
is the smallest unit of a substance that keeps its content and properties. It is made up of two or more atoms that are joined together by
chemical bonds.
Therefore,
81.51×10^23 molecules
are present in 13.54 moles of carbon
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The correct question is:
How many molecules of carbon will be made from 13.54 moles of carbon?
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ellie may, a mother with type B blood, had a child with O type blood. She claims that Jethro who has type A blood
A triallelic gene determines a person's blood type according to the allele combination. This gene expresses complete dominance and codominance. Option B) Jethro is right and is a winner-winner (chicken dinner).
What is the ABO blood type?
The ABO blood type is determined by a triallelic gene I. Depending on the allelic interaction, this gene can express complete dominance or co-dominance. Let us see,
Alleles
IAIBi→ IA and IB are codominant, meaning that when they are together in the same genotype, both of them are expressed.
→ IA and IB express complete dominance over i, meaning that the dominant IA and IB alelles hide the expression of the recessive allele i in heterozygous individuals.
Genotypes Phenotype
IAIA, IAi ⇒ Blood type A
IBIB, IBi ⇒ Blood type B
IAIB ⇒ Blood type AB
ii ⇒ Blood type 0
Now, let us analyze the situation,
Ellie May has B blood type. Her genotype might be either homozygous IBIB or heterozygous IBi.Ellie May had a child who has 0 blood type (genotype ii). This child inherited two recessive alleles, one from each parent. This fact suggests that Ellie May is heterozygous (IBi), and she provided an i recessive allele to the child. The other recessive allele must have been inherited from the father.Jethro has A blood type and he is homozygous IAIA, which means he could not provide the other recessive allele to the child. He can not be the father. The biological father can be either IAi, IBi, or ii.
The correct option is b) Jethro is right and is a winner-winner (chicken dinner).
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Complete question
Ellie May, a mother with type B blood, has a child with type O blood.
She claims that Jethro, who has type A blood, is the father.
He claims that he cannot possibly be the father.
Further, blood tests ordered by the judge reveal that the father is homozygous.
The judge rules that:
a) Ellie May is right and Jethro must pay up.
b) Jethro is right and is a winner-winner (chicken dinner).
c) Ellie May cannot be the real mother of the child. There must have been an error made at the hospital.
d) It is impossible to reach a decision based on the limited data available.
e) none of these are correct.
In the Population Lab, what part of the world had the highest population?
*
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America
Northern America
The part of the world that has the highest population is B. Asia
What is population?The term "population" usually refers to the total number of people living in a certain area, such as a city or town, region, nation, continent, or the entire world. The population should be in harmony with available means and resources because it is one of the key aspects in maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
It should be noted that Asia has the highest population. China is the country that has the highest population. Also, India too has a great population.
Therefore, the part of the world that has the highest population is Asia.
In conclusion, the correct option is B.
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By studying how a storm is moving,
meteorologists can
A. predict the direction a storm is heading
B. know exactly how much damage a storm will have
C. not tell anything about a storm
A, predict the direction a storm is heading.
name two problems in developing a new and better system of classification
Two problems in developing a new and better system of classification are
Reliability, or how consistent diagnoses are, and validity, or if the syndromes in the system are actual, are two problems with categorization.
As more and more novel creatures are found, a new approach must be applied to categorize them. To categorize species based on their shared traits, a new classification system is continually established.
The categorization system offers a wealth of knowledge regarding the traits of creatures. Therefore, using a scientific term as a shorthand to describe a plant or animal might be useful.
Aristotle was the first scientist to categorize organisms. He identified straightforward morphological traits and used them to divide organisms into the categories of plants, shrubs, trees, and herbs. Animals with red blood cells (Enaima) and those without red blood cells (other species) were divided into two categories by him (Anaima).
Modern times have seen the development of classification schemes that are more intricate and distinct. Biological classification systems can be artificial or natural.
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Which two atoms form an ionic bond?
Answer:
metals and nonmetals.
Explanation:
Equus caballus is a scientific name. Which of the following is the genus?
caballus
scientific
none of these
Equus
Answer:
Equus
Explanation:
The genus in the scientific name "Equus caballus" is "Equus."
A scientific name is also known as a binomial name or Latin name. It is a formal name given to a species in the field of taxonomy. It consists of two parts: the genus name (with a capital letter) and the specific epithet (in lowercase). Together, they form a unique and standardized name for each species.
The scientific naming system is known as binomial nomenclature and was developed by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus. It provides a universal method for scientists to refer to and categorize different species.
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goldstein sa. the mechanical properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic location and function. journal of biomechanics
A complicated substance with significant heterogeneity is trabecular bone. Depending on the anatomical region and with age, its elastic and strength qualities change significantly also sickness.
The relevance of architecture and tissue material qualities is still unclear, despite the fact that these characteristics are highly dependent on density. Interesting facts about the strains the point at which the bone fails is essentially independent of density. Currently being done, there are more sophisticated structure-function relationships that underlie such behavior mechanical characteristics such time-dependent failure, damage, and multiaxial loading accumulation.
The microstructural class of finite element models, especially the "high-resolution" models, offers a special method for investigating such phenomena. With continuing research in this area, it is anticipated that significant understanding will be gained into issues including osteoporosis, bone fracture, bone remodeling, and the design/analysis of bone-implant systems. This article examines the current status of trabecular bone biomechanics, concentrating on the mechanical elements, and makes an effort to pinpoint crucial areas for present and future study.
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why does heart rate increase during exercise? a) to move sweat to the skin b) to increase the signals to the muscles that cause muscle contraction c) because the blood pressure increases, which causes the heart rate to increase d) because the "adrenaline rush" signals for the heart to beat faster e) to increase oxygen (o2) delivery to muscles
"The heart rate increases during the exercise because the "adrenaline rush" signals for the heart to beat faster and to increase the oxygen delivery to muscles."
The heart normally beats more quickly during physical activity so that more blood can reach the body. By pumping more vigorously or by increasing the volume of blood that fills the left ventricle before it pumps, the heart increases the stroke volume. The amount of oxygen the muscles need to make energy increases during exercise. The heart needs to pump more oxygen-rich blood through the arteries during the exercise to meet the energy requirement.
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Oxygen is taken into the body from the environment, and carbon dioxide is removed from the body and released into the environment. Which body system is responsible for exchanging gases with the environment?.
The respiratory system is in charge of exchanging gases with the environment.
The respiratory system is a collection of tissues and organs that facilitates breathing. It consists of your lungs, airways, and blood vessels. The muscles that move your lungs are also a part of the respiratory system. Together, these elements support the body's ability to remove waste gases like carbon dioxide and circulate oxygen.Along with this, the circulatory system also works to absorb and transport those dissolved gases in blood to the entire body. There are several uses for the respiratory system. It not only facilitates breathing and exhalation but also:allows for speaking and smell.raises the air's temperature to that of your body and increases its humidity to the appropriate level.oxygenates the cells of your body.protects your lungs from harmful chemicals and pollutants.your body releases waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, when you exhale.So, the answer is the respiratory system.
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a bacterial is the nontranscribed region of the dna to which rna polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription.
A bacterial promotor is the nontranscribed region of the dna to which rna polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription.
What is Transcription ?A DNA fragment is copied into RNA during transcription. Messenger RNA is the term for DNA segments that are translated into RNA molecules that can encode proteins. Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that contain copies of other DNA sequences.
Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three steps of transcription that are depicted here. Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three stages of transcription.A multisubunit enzyme termed RNA polymerase, which requires double-stranded DNA as a substrate and the ribonucleotides ATP, UTP, CTP, and GTP as cofactors, catalyses the transcription process.Learn more about Transcription here:
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Which of the following statements is true for sexual reproduction?
Choose 2 answers:
a)Single organism makes an exact copy of itself
b)Occurs in prokaryotes
c)Sperm fertilizes egg
d)Provides genetic variation, but time-consuming
Answer:
answer would be the options C and D.
The true statements about sexual reproduction are: (c) Sperm fertilizes egg; (d) Provides genetic variation, but time-consuming.
In sexual reproduction, two specialized reproductive cells known as gametes from different individuals, typically male and female, unite to form a zygote. In many organisms, sperm from the male fertilizes the egg from the female, resulting in the development of a new organism.
Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation because it involves the recombination of genetic material from two parents, creating offspring with a unique combination of traits. This genetic diversity is beneficial for the survival and adaptation of species to changing environments.
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