Unit 6 Critical Thinking Questions! (HELP) - 30 POINTS


1. Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops of the endocrine system. Provide a specific example of each, including which gland is responsible for the hormone related to that loop.



2. What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of both form and function? Why is one type not considered part of the endocrine system?



3. Describe the cascade of events that occurs when blood glucose levels decline, including which organ and cells respond, which hormones are released, and how the process helps maintain homeostasis. Your answer should cover all three ways glucose is re-introduced to the body. What is the ultimate use of the glucose created in this process?



4. Why can both type I and type II diabetes, untreated, result in impaired vision or blindness as someone ages? How does type II diabetes turn into type I diabetes as someone ages?



5. Imagine you have a patient who has come to you and is exhibiting symptoms such as fatigue and increased thirst and urination. What would you check for to determine whether the patient has Cushing’s, type I diabetes, or type II diabetes?

The reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is responsible for acid rain. The reaction is: SO₂(g) + O₂(g) + H₂O(l) -> H₂SO₄(aq).

When flue gas from a coal-burning furnace is discharged into the atmosphere, it contains sulfur dioxide (SO₂) as one of its components. SO₂ can react with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), which is a strong acid that can cause harm to the environment. Sulfuric acid is one of the main components of acid rain, which can damage crops, forests, and bodies of water, as well as erode buildings and other structures.

Acid rain can also be harmful to human health, as it can cause respiratory problems and other illnesses. Therefore, it is important to control the emissions of SO₂ from coal-burning furnaces and other sources to reduce the formation of sulfuric acid and the occurrence of acid rain.

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At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L of volume. Therefore, 8.19 L of gas at STP represents 0.364 moles and 21.7 L of gas at STP represents 0.969 moles.

Moles are a unit of measurement for the amount of matter present in an object. The number of moles in an object is proportional to the amount of matter present, and it is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its molar mass. The molar mass of a substance is its molecular mass expressed in grams.

At STP, the number of moles of a gas in a given volume can be calculated by dividing the volume of the gas (in liters) by 22.4. This is because 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L of volume at STP. Therefore, by dividing the volume of the gas by 22.4, the number of moles of gas is obtained.

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The molecular mass of the unknown acid is 100 g/mol.

To find the molecular mass, first determine the moles of acid present. Since 50.0 mL of 0.25 M NaOH is required for neutralization, calculate the moles of NaOH using the formula: moles = Molarity × Volume (in L).

Moles of NaOH = 0.25 mol/L × (50.0 mL × 0.001 L/mL) = 0.0125 mol

Since the acid donates one proton per molecule, the moles of acid present equal the moles of NaOH: 0.0125 mol.

Next, find the mass of one mole of the unknown acid. You have 1.0 g of the acid, so divide the mass by the moles to get the molecular mass:

Molecular mass = Mass / Moles = 1.0 g / 0.0125 mol = 100 g/mol

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Concentration of the diluted HCl solution : 0.00389 M

To find the concentration of the diluted HCl solution, we can use the equation:

C1V1 = C2V2

Where C1 is the initial concentration of the HCl solution (0.09714 M), V1 is the initial volume of the solution (10.00 mL), C2 is the final concentration of the diluted HCl solution, and V2 is the final volume of the diluted HCl solution (250.00 mL).

Plugging in the values, we get:

(0.09714 M)(10.00 mL) = C2(250.00 mL)

Solving for C2, we get:

C2 = (0.09714 M)(10.00 mL) / (250.00 mL)

C2 = 0.00389 M

Therefore, the concentration of the diluted HCl solution is 0.00389 M.

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The concentration of the H₂CO₃ solution is 0.162 M.

To solve this problem, we can use the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between H₂CO₃ and Fe(OH)₃:

2 Fe(OH)₃ + 3 H₂CO₃ → Fe₂(CO₃)+ 6 H₂O

From the balanced equation, we can see that the mole ratio between Fe(OH)3 and H₂CO₃ is 2:3. We can use this information along with the volume and concentration of the Fe(OH)₃ solution to calculate the number of moles of H₂CO₃:

Moles of Fe(OH)₃  = volume x concentration = 0.0880 L x 1.22 M = 0.10776 moles

Moles of H₂CO₃= (2/3) x moles of Fe(OH)₃ = (2/3) x 0.10776 moles = 0.07184 moles

Now, we can calculate the concentration of the H₂CO₃ solution using the volume of the solution provided: concentration = moles / volume = 0.07184 moles / 0.225 L = 0.162 M

Therefore, the molarity of the H₂CO₃ solution has been determined to be 0.162 M.

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The standard potential of the galvanic cell where X is the anode and Y is the cathode is 1.99 V.

The standard potential of a galvanic cell can be calculated by subtracting the reduction potential of the anode (X) from the reduction potential of the cathode (Y).

E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode

In this case, Y has a higher reduction potential than X, so Y will be the cathode and X will be the anode.

E°cell = E°Y - E°X

E°cell = (-0.44 V) - (-2.43 V)

E°cell = 1.99 V

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The sample has approximately 0.000155 moles.

To determine the number of moles in a sample of a substance given the number of particles, we need to use Avogadro's number, which states that there are[tex]6.022 x 10^23[/tex] particles in one mole of a substance.

Using this conversion factor, we can calculate the number of moles in the sample as follows:

[tex]9.3541 x 10^13[/tex]particles x 1 mole / [tex]6.022 x 10^23[/tex] particles ≈ 0.000155 moles

Therefore, the sample has approximately 0.000155 moles.

It's important to note that the number of particles in a sample does not depend on the substance's molar mass or atomic weight, but rather on the number of atoms, molecules, or ions present in the sample. Knowing the number of moles in a sample can be useful in determining other properties of the substance, such as its mass or volume.

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Christina can conclude that Substance A will float.

Part A: Substance A will float.

Part B: To determine which substance will float, we need to compare their densities with the density of water. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. We can calculate the density of each substance by dividing its mass by its volume:

Density of Substance A = 4 g / 6 mL = 0.67 g/mL
Density of Substance B = 8 g / 6 mL = 1.33 g/mL
Density of Substance C = 10 g / 6 mL = 1.67 g/mL

The density of water is approximately 1 g/mL. A substance will float if its density is less than the density of water. In this case, Substance A has the lowest density (0.67 g/mL), which is less than the density of water, so it will float. Substance B and Substance C have densities greater than the density of water, so they will sink. Therefore, Christina can conclude that Substance A will float.

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Approximately 88.67 grams of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex] are formed when [tex]1.67*10^{23}[/tex] atoms of Fe react completely with oxygen.

The balanced chemical equation for reaction between iron and oxygen to form iron (III) oxide can be written as:

4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex]

To find the number of moles  [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex] formed when [tex]1.67*10^{23[/tex] atoms of Fe react, we first need to convert the given number of atoms of Fe to moles:

1.67x[tex]10^{23}[/tex] atoms of Fe × (1 mol/6.022 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] atoms) = 0.2777 mol of Fe

The number of moles of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex] formed :

0.2777 mol of Fe × (1 mol of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex]/0.5 mol of Fe) = 0.5554 mol of[tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex]

We can calculate the mass of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex] :

0.5554 mol of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex] × 159.69 g/mol = 88.67 g of [tex]Fe_2O_3[/tex]

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To answer the given questions, we will utilize Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and the Ideal Gas Law. Let's go through each part step by step:

a. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas. In this case, we have two gases, N2 and He2, in the sealed container.

The contribution of N2 gas to the total pressure can be calculated by multiplying the mole fraction of N2 by the total pressure. Similarly, the contribution of He2 gas to the total pressure can be calculated by multiplying the mole fraction of He2 by the total pressure.

b. To calculate the moles of N2 gas, we need to use its molar mass. The molar mass of N2 is approximately 28 g/mol. We divide the mass of N2 (5 grams) by its molar mass to obtain the number of moles.

c. To calculate the moles of He2 gas, we need to use its molar mass. The molar mass of He2 is approximately 4 g/mol. We divide the mass of He2 (20 grams) by its molar mass to obtain the number of moles.

d. To calculate the partial pressure of N2 gas, we will use the Ideal Gas Law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Rearranging the formula, we can solve for P: P = (n * R * T) / V. Plug in the values of n (moles of N2 gas), R (ideal gas constant), T (temperature in Kelvin), and V (volume) to calculate the partial pressure of N2 gas.

e. To calculate the partial pressure of He2 gas, we use the same formula as in part d, but this time we plug in the moles of He2 gas and other known values to calculate the partial pressure.

f. To calculate the total pressure of the gas inside the container, we use Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, which states that the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas. Add the partial pressures of N2 gas and He2 gas to obtain the total pressure.

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In general, a system tends to favor a reaction that results in an increase in entropy, which is a measure of the number of possible arrangements of the system's particles. The answer is A) lower energy and higher entropy.

This is due to the fact that the increase in the number of particles in the system or the increase in the number of ways the particles can be arranged leads to an increase in entropy. On the other hand, a system also tends to favor a reaction that results in a decrease in energy, which is a measure of the system's ability to do work.

Therefore, when a system undergoes a reaction that decreases its energy while increasing its entropy, it is moving towards a more stable and disordered state.

This is because a lower energy state means that the system is releasing energy, while a higher entropy state means that the system is becoming more disordered and spread out. This tendency towards lower energy and higher entropy is known as the second law of thermodynamics, which governs the behavior of all physical systems.

The answer is A) lower energy and higher entropy.

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There are 1.18x10²³ grams of nitrogen in 5.6x10²³ liters of nitrous oxide at STP.

To solve this problem, we need to use the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. At STP (standard temperature and pressure), P = 1 atm and T = 273.15 K.

We can rearrange the equation to solve for n:

n = PV/RT

We can then convert the number of moles to grams using the molar mass of nitrogen (N₂), which is 28.02 g/mol.

n(N₂) = n(N₂O) x 2 moles of N per mole of N₂O

n(N₂) = (PV/RT) x 2

n(N₂) = (1 atm x 5.6x10²³ L) / (0.08206 L·atm/mol·K x 273.15 K) x 2

n(N₂) = 4.22x10²¹ mol

mass(N) = n(N₂) x MM(N₂)

mass(N) = 4.22x10²¹ mol x 28.02 g/mol

mass(N) = 1.18x10²³ g

As a result,  1.18x10²³ grammes of nitrogen are present in 5.6x10²³ liters of nitrous oxide at STP.

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The pressure exerted by 200 g of Ar in a rigid 4.50 L container at 21.0 ˚ C would be 19.6 atm.

To calculate the pressure exerted by the Argon gas, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

where

First, we need to determine the number of moles of Argon gas present:

Next, we convert the volume and temperature:

Now we can substitute the values into the ideal gas law and solve for P:

In other words, the pressure exerted by 200 g of Argon gas in a 4.50 L container at 21.0 ˚C is 19.6 atm.

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The addition of more [tex]SO2[/tex] to the reaction at equilibrium, [tex]2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ↔ 2 SO3(g) + heat[/tex], will increase the rate of the forward reaction. This is because the forward reaction is an exothermic reaction, meaning it releases heat. The correct answer is option d.

According to Le Chatelier's principle, adding more [tex]SO2[/tex] will shift the equilibrium position to the right and favor the forward reaction, leading to an increase in the concentration of the products, [tex]SO3[/tex].

As the concentration of [tex]SO3[/tex] increases, the rate of the forward reaction will increase due to an increase in the number of molecular collisions between reactants. Therefore, adding more[tex]SO2[/tex] will increase the rate of the forward reaction, favoring the production of [tex]SO3[/tex].

The correct answer is option d.

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According to the balanced chemical equation, 1 mole of SiC is produced from 1 mole of C. Therefore, the number of moles of SiC produced from 9.3 moles of C is also 9.3 moles.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between SiO₂ and C to produce SiC and CO is:

SiO₂ + C ⇒ SiC + CO

The stoichiometric coefficients of C and SiC are both 1. This means that for every 1 mole of C reacted, 1 mole of SiC is produced. Therefore, if we have 9.3 moles of C, we can expect to produce 9.3 moles of SiC.

It is important to note that the balanced chemical equation assumes that the reaction goes to completion, meaning that all of the reactants are consumed and converted into products. In reality, some of the reactants may not be fully consumed, leading to a lower yield of the desired product.

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Answer: I believe it's A

Source: Trust me bro

Concentration of Pb2+ in the anode compartment is 0.088 M
To answer this question, we'll need to use the Nernst equation, which relates the cell potential (emf) to the concentrations of the species involved in the redox reaction. The Nernst equation is:

E = E₀ - (RT/nF) * ln(Q)

Where E is the cell potential (emf, 0.21 V), E₀ is the standard cell potential, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (assumed to be 298 K), n is the number of electrons transferred in the redox reaction (2 for Sn and Pb), F is Faraday's constant (96485 C/mol), and Q is the reaction quotient, which is the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants.

For the Sn2+/Pb2+ system, the standard cell potential (E₀) is given by the difference in their standard reduction potentials:

E₀(Sn2+/Pb2+) = E₀(Sn2+) - E₀(Pb2+)

To solve for the concentration of Pb2+ in the anode compartment, we need to rearrange the Nernst equation to find Q:

Q = exp(nF(E - E₀)/RT)

As we are given the concentration of Sn2+ (1.30 M), and we know the stoichiometry of the redox reaction, we can express Q as:

Q = [Pb2+] / [Sn2+]

Now, we can solve for [Pb2+]:

[Pb2+] = Q * [Sn2+] = exp(nF(E - E₀)/RT) * [Sn2+]

Substituting the values into the equation above, we get:

[Pb2+]/1.30 = exp[(0.01 - 0.21) * (2 * 96485 / (8.314 * 298))]

Solving for [Pb2+], we get:

[Pb2+] = 0.088 M

Therefore, the concentration of Pb2+ in the anode compartment is 0.088 M.

Once you have the values for E₀(Sn2+) and E₀(Pb2+), you can plug them into the equation along with the given values to find the concentration of Pb2+ in the anode compartment.

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The rate of the reaction will increase because the concentration of the reactants increases.

When the volume of a reaction vessel with gaseous reactants is reduced to one-fourth of its original volume, the gaseous particles are brought closer together. This results in an increased concentration of the reactants, as there are more particles in a smaller space.

Higher concentrations of reactants lead to a greater likelihood of successful collisions between reactant particles, which in turn leads to an increased rate of the reaction.

So, by decreasing the volume and increasing the concentration of reactants, you effectively speed up the reaction rate.

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The size of the Kf indicate regarding the stability of the transition metal complexes is the large values of the Kf indicate that transition metal complexes are often very stable.

The larger the value of the Kf of the complex ion, the more stable will be the transition metal complexes. Due to the how large formation constants are often is not uncommon to listed as the logarithms in the form of the log Kf.

The Kf values that are the very large in the magnitude for the complex ion formation that indicate that the reaction is heavily favors the products. The complex ions that are the poorly formed and this value will be the very small.

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Ten different pollinators plants or trees or flowers are Bee balm, Black-eyed Susan, Butterfly weed, Coneflower, Lavender, Milkweed, Redbud tree, Sunflower, Wild rose, and Zinnia.

Pollinator plants are known as plants that attract and support pollinators, such as bees, butterflies, birds, and other insects or animals. The pollinators they attract help transfer pollen from one flower to another.

When pollinators tranfer pollens, they facilitate the fertilization and reproduction of flowering plants.

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The molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution is 1.93 M.

In this titration, a solution of hydrochloric acid of unknown concentration is titrated with a standard solution of magnesium hydroxide. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

[tex]Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl[/tex] →[tex]MgCl2 + 2H2O[/tex]

moles HCl = moles Mg(OH)2 * (2/1)

From the problem, we know that 14.3 mL of 1.35 M Mg(OH)2 is required to titrate 20.0 mL of HCl of unknown concentration.

moles Mg(OH)2 = (1.35 mol/L) * (0.0143 L) = 0.019305 mol

Finally, we can calculate the molarity of the hydrochloric acid solution:

Molarity of HCl = moles HCl / volume of HCl solution in liters

Molarity of HCl = 0.03861 mol / 0.0200 L = 1.93 M

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The strength of bonds formed and broken depends on the specific chemical reaction involved. In some reactions, the bonds formed are stronger than the bonds broken, while in other reactions, the opposite is true.

When a chemical reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases energy, the bonds formed are typically stronger than the bonds broken. This is because energy is released when the bonds are formed, indicating that they are more stable and stronger than the bonds that were broken.

On the other hand, in an endothermic reaction, meaning that it absorbs energy, the bonds broken are usually stronger than the bonds formed. This is because energy is required to break the existing bonds, indicating that they are stronger and more stable than the new bonds that are formed.

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The correct set of modifications to the given chemical equations is to multiply the second equation by 2 and reverse it, option D is correct.

To obtain the final chemical equation, we need to cancel out the reactants that appear as intermediates in the two given chemical equations. In this case, we need to cancel out H₂ and F₂. The second equation shows that one H₂ molecule reacts with one F₂ molecule to produce two HF molecules. Therefore, we need two molecules of the second equation, which can be achieved by multiplying it by 2.

However, the second equation has to be reversed before multiplying it by 2. This is because, in the final chemical equation, we need to form HF and O₂ from H₂O and F₂, whereas the given second equation shows the formation of HF from H₂ and F₂, option D is correct.

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The complete question is:

Consider the following intermediate chemical equations.

2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l)

H₂(g) + F₂(g) → 2HF(g)

In the final chemical equation, HF and O₂ are the products that are formed through the reaction between H₂O and F₂. Before you can add these intermediate chemical equations, you need to alter them by multiplying the:

A) second equation by 2 and reversing the first equation.

B) first equation by 2 and reversing it.

C) first equation by (1/2) and reversing the second equation.

D) second equation by 2 and reversing it.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

When 8.00 g of lithium reacts with [tex]AlCl_{3}[/tex], 10.39 g of aluminum is produced.

The molar mass of lithium (Li)= 6.94 g/mol

Moles of Li = mass of Li / molar mass of Li= 8.00 g / 6.94 g/mol = 1.154 moles

Now, 3 moles of Li produce 1 mole of Al
moles of Al produced = 1.154 moles / 3 = 0.385 moles

The molar mass of aluminum (Al)= 26.98 g/mol

Mass of Al = moles of Al × molar mass of Al= 0.385 moles × 26.98 g/mol = 10.39 g

So, when 8.00 g of lithium reacts with [tex]AlCl_{3}[/tex], 10.39 g of aluminum is produced.

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6. The mass (in grams) present is 9.72×10⁸ grams

7. The number of atoms is 8.50×10²⁴ atoms

8. The mass (in grams) present is 3.73×10¹⁰ grams

First, we shall determine the mole of LiNO₃. Details below:

6.022×10²³ atoms = 1 mole of LiNO₃

Therefore,

8.48×10³⁰ atoms = 8.48×10³⁰ / 6.022×10²³

8.48×10³⁰ atoms = 1.41×10⁷ moles of LiNO₃

Finally, we shall determine the mass of LiNO₃. Details below:

Mass = Mole × molar mass

Mass of LiNO₃ = 1.41×10⁷ × 68.95

Mass of LiNO₃ = 9.72×10⁸ grams

First, we shall determine the mole in 2105 g of (NH₄)₃PO₃. Details below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Mole of  (NH₄)₃PO₃ = 2105 / 149.09

Mole of  (NH₄)₃PO₃ = 14.12 moles

Finally, we shall determine the number of atoms. Details below:

From Avogadro's hypothesis,

1 mole of (NH₄)₃PO₃ = 6.022×10²³ atoms

Therefore,

14.12 moles of (NH₄)₃PO₃ = 14.12 × 6.022×10²³

14.12 moles of (NH₄)₃PO₃ = 8.50×10²⁴ atoms

Thus, the number of atoms is 8.50×10²⁴ atoms

First, we shall determine the mole of (NH₄)₂SO₄. Details below:

6.022×10²³ atoms = 1 mole of (NH₄)₂SO₄

Therefore,

1.7×10³² atoms = 1.7×10³² / 6.022×10²³

1.7×10³² atoms = 2.82×10⁸ moles of (NH₄)₂SO₄

Finally, we shall determine the mass of (NH₄)₂SO₄. Details below:

Mass = Mole × molar mass

Mass of (NH₄)₂SO₄ = 2.82×10⁸ × 132.14

Mass of (NH₄)₂SO₄ = 3.73×10¹⁰ grams

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To calculate the solubility of a gas when the pressure increases, the ideal gas law can be used. According to the law, the solubility of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure, meaning that as the pressure increases, the solubility decreases. T

herefore, if the pressure increases from 345 atm to 445 atm, the solubility will decrease.

Using the equation S1/P1 = S2/P2, the new solubility can be calculated. The equation can be rearranged to S2 = (S1 x P2) / P1. Plugging in the given values, the new solubility at 445 atm is 1.97 g/L. This is a decrease of 0.39 g/L.

In conclusion, when the pressure of a gas increases, its solubility decreases. Using the ideal gas law, the new solubility can be calculated using the equation S2 = (S1 x P2) / P1. In this case, the solubility of a gas decreased from 2.36 g/L to 1.97 g/L when the pressure increased from 345 atm to 445 atm.

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a) The neutralization reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide can be written as follows:

[tex]H_{2}SO_{4} + 2KOH - > K_{2}SO_{4} + 2H_{2}O[/tex]

b) Mass of [tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex]= 104.6 g; mass of [tex]H_{2}O[/tex]= 5.4 g

c) Volume of 1.6 M [tex]H_{2}SO_{4}[/tex] needed to produce 250 g of [tex]K_{2}SO_{4}[/tex]= 0.896 L or 896 mL.

A neutralization reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base, producing a salt and water as products. The reaction involves the transfer of hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid to the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base.

The resulting salt is neutral because it is made up of cations from the base and anions from the acid. The reaction can be represented by the general equation: acid + base → salt + water.

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The mass of I2 reacted is  142.2 g

The mass of PCl3 reacted is 153.4 g

Stoichiometry is a fundamental concept in chemistry and is used in many different areas of science and industry.

We know that;

Number of moles of the F2 produced = 21.1 g/38 g/mol

= 0.56 moles

If 1 mole of I2 produced 1 mole of F2

Then 0.56 moles of I2 reacted

Mass of the I2 reacted = 0.56 mol * 254 g/mol

= 142.2 g

Number of moles of PCl5 = 234.1 g/208 g/mol

= 1.12 moles

If the reaction is 1:1:1

Mass of the PCl3 reacted = 1.12 moles * 137 g/mol

= 153.4 g

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Some things that you use in your life that uses sound energy are car horn honking and car door closing.

Sound is the longitudinal (compression or rarefaction) wave-based transfer of energy through materials.

When a force, such as sound or pressure, causes an item or substance to vibrate, the result is sound energy. Waves of that energy pass through the substance. We refer to the sound waves as kinetic mechanical energy.

Everyday Examples of Sound Energy

•An air conditioning fan.

•An airplane taking off.

•A ballerina dancing in toe shoes.

•A balloon popping.

•The bell dinging on a microwave.

•A boom box blaring.

•A broom swishing.

•A buzzing bee.

To know more about sound energy

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