Two pellets, each with a charge of 1.2 microcoulomb
(1.2×10−6 C), are located 2.6 cm(2.6×10−2 m) apart. Find the
electric force between them.

Both the length and diameter of a wire are doubled, the wire's resistance increases by a factor of 8.

When both the length and diameter of a wire are doubled, the resistance of the wire will change.

The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area (which is determined by the diameter).

To understand how the resistance changes, we can use the formula for the resistance of a wire:

[tex]R = (ρ * L) / A[/tex]

Where R is the resistance,

ρ is the resistivity of the material,

L is the length of the wire, and

A is the cross-sectional area of the wire.

Let's consider the initial wire with length L and diameter D, and the resistance R.

Now, when the length and diameter are doubled, we have a new length of 2L and a new diameter of 2D.

To find the new resistance, let's compare the initial and final wire's resistance:

Initial resistance: [tex]R = (ρ * L) / A[/tex]

New resistance: [tex]R' = (ρ * 2L) / A'[/tex]

We can express the new cross-sectional area A' in terms of the initial diameter D and the new diameter 2D:

[tex]A' = π * (2D/2)^2[/tex]

[tex]A' = π * D^2[/tex]

Substituting the values into the new resistance equation:

[tex]R' = (ρ * 2L) / (π * D^2)[/tex]

Since both the length L and diameter D are doubled, the new resistance can be simplified as:

[tex]R' = (2 * ρ * L) / (π * (D/2)^2)[/tex]

[tex]R' = (2 * ρ * L) / (π * (D^2/4))[/tex]

[tex]R' = (8 * ρ * L) / (π * D^2)[/tex]

The new resistance R' is 8 times the initial resistance R.

Therefore, when both the length and diameter of a wire are doubled, the wire's resistance increases by a factor of 8.

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The mass of the object is approximately 2551.02 kg.

The weight of an object is the force acting on it due to gravity, and it is given by the equation F = mg, where F is the weight, m is the mass, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. In this case, we are given the weight of the object, Fw = 25000 N.

To find the mass, we can rearrange the equation F = mg to solve for m: m = F/g. The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately 9.8 m/s^2. Therefore, the mass can be calculated as follows:

m = Fw/g = 25000 N / 9.8 m/s^2 = 2551.02 kg.

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The frequency of the standing wave is calculated as 10.53 Hz. The formula for frequency of the wave can be calculated by the formula: frequency = velocity / wavelength.

A 1.9 m -long string is fixed at both ends and tightened until the wave speed is 40 m/s. The velocity of the wave is given as 40 m/s and the length of the string is given as 1.9m.

The frequency of the wave can be calculated by the formula: frequency = velocity / wavelength where v is the velocity of the wave, λ is the wavelength of the wave, f is the frequency of the wave

We can calculate the wavelength of the wave using the formula given below: wavelength (λ) = 2L/n where L is the length of the string n is the harmonic number

Let's substitute the given values in the above formulas and calculate the frequency of the standing wave: wavelength (λ) = 2L/n= 2 x 1.9/1= 3.8 m

The frequency of the wave can be calculated by the formula given below: f = v/λ= 40/3.8≈ 10.53 Hz

Therefore, the frequency of the standing wave is 10.53 Hz.

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Red Riding Hood was pulling the handle of the basket at an angle of 45.6° with respect to the vertical.

To find the angle at which Red Riding Hood was pulling from the vertical, we can use the concept of vector addition. Since the net force on the basket is straight up, the vertical components of the forces must be equal and opposite in order to cancel out.The vertical component of the wolf's force can be calculated as 6.40 N * sin(25°) = 2.73 N. For the net force to be straight up, Red Riding Hood's force must have a vertical component of 2.73 N as well.Let θ be the angle between Red Riding Hood's force and the vertical. We can set up the equation: 14.1 N * sin(θ) = 2.73 N.Solving for θ, we find θ ≈ 45.6°.Therefore, Red Riding Hood was pulling the handle of the basket at an angle of approximately 45.6° with respect to the vertical.

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The wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is 3.49 × 10⁻⁷ m. It is an ultraviolet ray.

Given the frequency of an electromagnetic wave is 8.57 × 10¹⁴ Hz.

We are to find the wavelength and classify the EM wave.

Let's solve it:

Part A:

The formula to calculate the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is

λ = c / f

Where λ is the wavelength in meters,c is the speed of light in vacuum, and f is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave.

Given that the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is 8.57 × 10¹⁴ Hz.

We know that c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s.

Using the formula above,

λ = c / f

= 3 × 10⁸ / (8.57 × 10¹⁴)

= 3.49 × 10⁻⁷ m

Therefore, the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is 3.49 × 10⁻⁷ m.

Part B:

The range of visible light is from 4.0 × 10⁻⁷ m (violet) to 7.0 × 10⁻⁷ m (red).

The wavelength of the given electromagnetic wave is 3.49 × 10⁻⁷ m, which is less than the wavelength of red light. Hence, this electromagnetic wave is classified as ultraviolet radiation.

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a. The gravitational field strength of the Sun at a radius of 3.87 × 10^12 m is 2.770 × 10⁻³ m/s². b. The gravitational potential energy of the asteroid as it orbits the Sun is-2.277 × 10²⁰ Joules. c. The velocity of the asteroid as it orbits the Sun is 3.034 × 10³ m/s, and the kinetic energy 1.607 × 10²⁷ Joules.

3. a) To calculate the gravitational field strength (g) of the Sun at a radius (r), we can use the formula:

g = G × M / r²

where G is the gravitational constant (6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²) and M is the mass of the Sun (1.989 × 10³⁰ kg).

Plugging in the values:

g = (6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²) × (1.989 × 10³⁰ kg) / (3.87 × 10¹² m)²

g = 2.770 × 10⁻³ m/s²

Therefore, the gravitational field strength of the Sun at a radius of 3.87 × 10¹²m is approximately 2.770 × 10⁻³ m/s².

b) The gravitational potential energy (PE) of the asteroid as it orbits the Sun can be calculated using the formula:

PE = -G × M × m / r

where m is the mass of the asteroid.

Plugging in the values:

PE = -(6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²) × (1.989 × 10³⁰ kg) × (2.09 × 10¹⁴ kg) / (3.87 × 10¹² m)

PE = -2.277 × 10²⁰ J

Therefore, the gravitational potential energy of the asteroid as it orbits the Sun is approximately -2.277 × 10²⁰ Joules.

c) The kinetic energy (KE) of the asteroid as it orbits the Sun can be calculated using the formula:

KE = 1/2 × m × v²

where v is the velocity of the asteroid in its circular orbit.

Since the asteroid is in a perfect circular orbit, its velocity can be calculated using the formula:

v = √(G × M / r)

Plugging in the values:

v = √((6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²) × (1.989 × 10³⁰ kg) / (3.87 × 10¹² m))

KE = 1/2 × (2.09 × 10¹⁴ kg) × [√((6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m^3 kg⁻¹ s⁻²) × (1.989 × 10³⁰ kg) / (3.87 × 10¹² m))]²

KE = 1.607 × 10²⁷ J

Therefore, the velocity of the asteroid as it orbits the Sun is approximately 3.034 × 10³ m/s, and the kinetic energy of the asteroid is approximately 1.607 × 10²⁷ Joules.

QUESTION 4:

To calculate the intended orbital altitude of the satellite, we can use the conservation of mechanical energy. In a circular orbit, the mechanical energy (E) is equal to the sum of the gravitational potential energy (PE) and the kinetic energy (KE).

E = PE + KE

The gravitational potential energy is given by:

PE = -G × M × m / r

where m is the mass of the satellite, M is the mass of the Earth (5.972 × 10²⁴ kg), and r is the radius of the orbit (altitude + radius of the Earth).

The kinetic energy is given by:

KE = 1/2 × m × v²

where v is the velocity of the satellite in its circular orbit.

Setting E equal to the sum of PE and KE, we have:

PE + KE = -G × M × m / r + 1/2 × m × v²

Since the mechanical energy is conserved, it remains constant throughout the orbit.

Plugging in the known values for the mass of the Earth, the mass of the satellite, and the initial velocity of the satellite, we can solve for the intended orbital altitude (r) in terms of the radius of the Earth (R):

E = -G × M × m / r + 1/2 × m × v²

Solving for r:

r = -G × M × m / [2 × E - m × v²] + R

Substituting the known values, including the gravitational constant (G = 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²) and the radius of the Earth (R = 6.371 × 10^6 m), we can calculate the intended orbital altitude in kilometers.

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The gold coin is not made of pure gold. The density of the coin is 19.292 x 10³ Kg/m³, which is slightly lower than the density of pure gold (19.3 x 10³ Kg/m³).

The density of an object can be calculated by dividing its mass by its volume. In this case, the mass of the coin is 0.30478 N, and the volume is calculated by dividing the mass by the density of water (1000kg/m³). This gives us a volume of 3.0478 x 10⁻⁶ m³.

The density of the coin is then calculated by dividing the mass by the volume, which gives us 19.292 x 10³ Kg/m³. This is slightly lower than the density of pure gold, which means that the coin must contain some other material, such as an alloy.

The most common alloy used to make gold coins is silver. Silver is a less dense metal than gold, so it will lower the overall density of the coin. Other common alloys used to make gold coins include copper and platinum.

The amount of other material in the coin will affect its value. A coin that is made of pure gold will be worth more than a coin that is made of an alloy. However, even a coin that is not made of pure gold can still be valuable, depending on the karat of the gold and the weight of the coin.

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The answer is power dissipated across the resistor with resistance R1 is 2.42 W, and the power dissipated across the resistor with resistance R2 is 8.62 W.

Potential difference V = 32V Resistance R1 = 20.00Ω Resistance R2 = 72.00Ω. The two resistors are connected in series. Total resistance in the circuit is given by R = R1 + R2 = 20.00 Ω + 72.00 Ω = 92.00 Ω

Current I in the circuit can be calculated as, I = V/R= 32V/92.00 Ω= 0.348A

Power P dissipated across the resistor can be calculated as P = I²R= 0.348² × 20.00 Ω = 2.42 W

The power dissipated across the resistor with resistance R2 is, P2 = I²R2= 0.348² × 72.00 Ω = 8.62 W

Therefore, the current through the circuit is 0.348 A.

The power dissipated across the resistor with resistance R1 is 2.42 W, and the power dissipated across the resistor with resistance R2 is 8.62 W.

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Yes, the overlap will occur during the slope of the waves.

option C.

Constructive interference occurs when two or more waves come together and their amplitudes add up, resulting in a wave with a greater amplitude.

Constructive interference occurs when the two waves are travelling in the same direction.

Destructive interference occurs when two waves are traveling in opposite  direction resulting a zero amplitude or lower amplitude waves.

Thus, based on the given diagram, the two waves will undergo destructive interference at point X.

Thus, we can conclude that, Yes, the overlap will occur during the slope of the waves.

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The given problem involves a monatomic gas undergoing different thermodynamic processes: an isothermal compression, an isobaric expansion, and an isochoric processwe have  P = 1 atm,  T = 300 K (constant), V=98.52 L.

(a) Drawing the processes on a p V diagram:

Starting at standard temperature and pressure (STP) of 1 atm and 300 K, the isothermal compression will move the gas along a downward curve on the diagram, increasing the pressure while maintaining the temperature constant. The gas will reach four times its original pressure (4 atm).

The subsequent isobaric expansion will move the gas along a horizontal line on the diagram, maintaining constant pressure while increasing the volume. Finally, the isochoric process will move the gas vertically on the diagram, maintaining constant volume while changing the pressure back to the original 1 atm.

(b) Calculating the properties at each point:

Initial state (A): P = 1 atm, V = ?, T = 300 K (given)

Isothermal compression (B): P = 4 atm (given), V = ?, T = 300 K (constant)

Isobaric expansion (C): P = 4 atm (constant), V = ?, T = ? (to be determined)

Isochoric process (D): P = 1 atm (constant), V = ?, T = ? (to be determined)

Final state (E): P = 1 atm (constant), V = ?, T = 300 K (constant)

We need to apply the ideal gas law: PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin. Starting with the initial state (A), we know P = 1 atm, V = ?, and T = 300 K.

Since we have four moles of gas, we can rearrange the ideal gas law to solve for V: V = (nRT)/P = (4 mol * 0.0821 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ * 300 K) / 1 atm = 98.52 L.

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It takes approximately 1.41 seconds for the object to move from x = 0.0 cm to x = 5.5 cm in SHM.

To determine the time it takes for the object to move from x = 0.0 cm to x = 5.5 cm in simple harmonic motion (SHM), we can use the equation for displacement in SHM:

x = A * sin(2πt / T)

where:

x is the displacement from the equilibrium position,

A is the amplitude of the motion,

t is the time,

and T is the period of the motion.

We know that the amplitude (A) is 15 cm and the period (T) is 4.0 s. We want to find the time it takes for the object to move from x = 0.0 cm to x = 5.5 cm.

Let's set up the equation and solve for time (t):

5.5 cm = 15 cm * sin(2πt / 4.0 s)

Dividing both sides by 15 cm:

0.3667 = sin(2πt / 4.0 s)

Now, to find the inverse sine of 0.3667, we can use the arcsine function (sin^(-1)):

2πt / 4.0 s = sin^(-1)(0.3667)

t = (4.0 s / 2π) * sin^(-1)(0.3667)

t ≈ 1.41 s

Therefore, it takes approximately 1.41 seconds for the object to move from x = 0.0 cm to x = 5.5 cm in SHM.

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The angular momentum of the particle about the origin is zero for all values of time t.

The angular momentum of the particle about the origin as a function of time can be determined using the given position vector. The position vector is given as r = (6.00 î + 5.40 tſ), where î and ſ are unit vectors in the x and y directions, respectively. The angular momentum L of a particle about a point is given by the cross product of its position vector r and its linear momentum p, i.e., L = r × p.

In this case, since the particle is moving only in the x-direction, its linear momentum is given by p = m(dx/dt) = m(5.40 ſ), where m is the mass of the particle. Thus, the angular momentum of the particle about the origin is L = r × p = (6.00 î + 5.40 tſ) × (2.20)(5.40 ſ). Simplifying this expression will give us the angular momentum as a function of time.

To calculate the cross product, we use the determinant method. The cross product of two vectors can be written as L = (r × p) = det(i, j, k; 6.00, 0, 0; 0, 5.40 t, 0; 2.20(5.40 t), 2.20(0), 0). Expanding this determinant, we get L = (0)(0) - (0)(0) + (6.00)(0) - (0)(0) + (0)(2.20)(0) - (0)(2.20)(5.40 t). Simplifying further, we find that the angular momentum L = 0. Therefore, the angular momentum of the particle about the origin is zero for all values of time t.

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Given information:

Charge, q = 28 × 10^-6 C

Electric field, E = 50.7 N/C

Displacement, d = 0.68 m.

The formula to calculate the potential difference is given as, V = Ed

Where V is the potential difference,E is the electric field strength, and d is the displacement.

Substitute the given values in the above formula, we ge

tV = 50.7 × 0.68=34.476 volts.

The potential difference is 34.476 V.

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The initial rate of increase of current in the circuit can be calculated by making use of the expression of time constant.

The formula for the time constant of an LR circuit can be given as:

τ = L/R

where, τ is the time constant of the LR circuit,

L is the inductance of the inductor in Henry,

R is the resistance of the resistor in Ohm.

The current in the LR circuit increases from zero to maximum at an exponential rate.

The exponential rate is defined as the time taken by the current to reach its maximum value.

The formula to calculate the current in an LR circuit at any given time is given as:

I(t) = (ε/R) (1-e-t/τ)

where, I(t) is the current at any time t,ε is the emf of the battery,

R is the resistance of the resistor,

it is the time elapsed,τ is the time constant of the LR circuit.

Part A: Find the initial rate of increase of current in the circuit:

In order to find the initial rate of increase of current in the circuit, we need to differentiate the expression of current with respect to time.

The initial rate of increase of current in the circuit is zero.

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The electric field at x = 8.5 meters is -17.4 N/C (newtons per coulomb). The negative sign indicates that the field is directed opposite to the positive x-direction.

Explanation:

To find the electric field at a certain point from a given potential function, you can use the relationship between the electric field (E) and the potential (V) given by the equation: E = -dV/dx, where dV/dx represents the derivative of the potential with respect to x.

In this case, the potential function is

            V(x) = 10(x²/xo) + 4(x/xo) - 14 volts,

            where xo = 10 meters.

To find the electric field at x = 8.5 meters,

we need to take the derivative of V(x) with respect to x and evaluate it at x = 8.5 meters.

Taking the derivative of V(x) with respect to x:

dV/dx = 10(2x/xo) + 4/xo

Substituting xo = 10 meters:

dV/dx = 20x/10 + 4/10

= 2x + 0.4

Now we can evaluate the electric field at x = 8.5 meters:

E = -dV/dx

= -(2(8.5) + 0.4)

= -(17 + 0.4)

= -17.4

Therefore, the electric field at x = 8.5 meters is -17.4 N/C (newtons per coulomb). The negative sign indicates that the field is directed opposite to the positive x-direction.

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The magnitude of the torque from the 0.289 kg mass (in newton-meters) about the center of mass is 2.532 N.m.

The given values are:

Mass of the clamp = 0.289 kg

Distance from the clamp to the center of mass = 0.893 m

Lever arm is the perpendicular distance between the force and the pivot point. Here, the pivot point is the center of mass. The weight of the clamp is acting downwards. Thus, the perpendicular distance is the horizontal distance between the clamp and the center of mass. Lever arm, l = 0.893 m

The torque about the center of mass is given by the product of the force and the lever arm.

The force acting on the clamp is the weight of the clamp.

Weight, W = mg

where m is the mass of the clamp and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Substituting the given values,

Weight, W = (0.289 kg)(9.81 m/s²)

Weight, W = 2.833 N

The torque about the center of mass,

Torque = Fl

where F is the force and l is the lever arm.

Substituting the given values,Torque = (2.833 N)(0.893 m)

Torque = 2.532 N.m

Therefore, the magnitude of the torque from the 0.289 kg mass (in newton-meters) about the center of mass is 2.532 N.m.

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In a charge-to-mass experiment, a certain particle traveling at 7.0x10^6 m/s is deflected in a circular arc of radius 43 cm by a magnetic field of 1.0x10^-4 T.

We can determine the charge-to-mass ratio for this particle by using the equation for the centripetal force.The centripetal force acting on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is given by the equation F = (q * v * B) / r, where q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, B is the magnetic field, and r is the radius of the circular path.

In this case, we have the values for v, B, and r. By rearranging the equation, we can solve for the charge-to-mass ratio (q/m):

(q/m) = (F * r) / (v * B)

Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the charge-to-mass ratio.

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The amount of heat transferred to the environment is 14 J.

First, let us find the number of moles of gas that are present in the container:

Given, Number of molecules of X gas = 4.0 × 1022Then, Avogadro's number, NA = 6.022 × 1023

∴ A number of moles of X gas = 4.0 × 1022/6.022 × 1023=0.0664 mol. At the beginning of compression, the temperature of the gas is 0°C (273 K).

At the end of the compression, the gas temperature increased to 10°C (283 K).

The work done by the piston, W = 30 J

The change in internal energy of the gas, ΔU = q + W, Where, q = heat transferred to or from the environment during the compression.

We know that internal energy depends only on temperature for an ideal gas.

Therefore, ΔU = (3/2) nRΔT = (3/2) × 0.0664 × 8.31 × (283 - 273) ≈ 16 J

Therefore,q = ΔU - W= 16 - 30= -14 J

Here, the negative sign indicates that heat is transferred from the system (gas) to the environment (surrounding) during the compression process.

The amount of heat transferred to the environment is 14 J.

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Unpolarised light passes through two polaroid sheets. The axisof the first is horizontal, and that of the second is 50◦ above the horizontal. Approximately 75.6% of the initial light is transmitted through the two polaroid sheets.

When unpolarized light passes through two polaroid sheets with different orientations, the percentage of light transmitted can be determined using Malus' law.

Malus' law states that the intensity of transmitted light (I) through a polarizing filter is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle (θ) between the polarization direction of the filter and the direction of the incident light.

Given:

Axis of the first polaroid sheet: Horizontal

Axis of the second polaroid sheet: 50° above the horizontal

To calculate the percentage of the initial light transmitted, we need to find the angle between the polarization directions of the two sheets.

The angle between the two polarizing axes is 50°. Let's denote this angle as θ.

According to Malus' law, the intensity of transmitted light through the two polaroid sheets is given by:

I_transmitted = I_initial × cos²(θ)

Since the initial light is unpolarized, its intensity is evenly distributed in all directions. Therefore, the initial intensity (I_initial) is the same in all directions.

The percentage of the initial light transmitted is then given by:

Percentage transmitted = (I_transmitted / I_initial) × 100

Substituting the values into the equations, we have:

Percentage transmitted = cos²(50°) ×100

Calculating the value:

Percentage transmitted ≈ 75.6%

Therefore, approximately 75.6% of the initial light is transmitted through the two polaroid sheets.

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The radius of the path of this electron if its velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field is 3.31 × 10⁻³ meter.

Given data: Energy of the electron, E = 116 eV

Magnetic field, B = 33.7 × 10⁻³ Tesla

Frequency of revolution of an electron with an energy of 116 eV in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 33.7 T is given by the Larmor frequency, [tex]ω = qB/m[/tex]

Where

q = charge on an electron = -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ Coulomb

B = Magnetic field = 33.7 × 10⁻³ Tesla.

m = mass of the electron = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg

Putting all these values in the formula we get,ω = 1.76 × 10¹¹ rad/s.

Now, we need to calculate the radius of the path of this electron if its velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field.

The path of the electron moving perpendicular to the magnetic field is circular.

The radius of the path of the electron is given by: [tex]r = (mv)/(qB)[/tex]

Where,m = mass of the electron = 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg

v = velocity of the electron

q = charge on an electron = -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ Coulomb

B = Magnetic field = 33.7 × 10⁻³ Tesla.

Putting all these values in the formula we get,

r = (9.1 × 10⁻³¹ × √(2E/m))/(qB)

= 3.31 × 10⁻³ meter.

Consequently, the frequency of revolution of an electron with an energy of 116 eV in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 33.7 T is 1.76 × 10¹¹ rad/s.

The radius of the path of this electron if its velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field is 3.31 × 10⁻³ meter.

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Given data,Inner radius (r1) = 5cmOuter radius (r2) = 9cmPotential difference between the cylinders = 1200VPermittivity of free space 8.854 × 10−12 C²/N·m²a).

Find the electric field between the cylinders The electric field between the cylinders can be calculated as follows,E = ΔV/d Where ΔV Potential difference between the cylinders = 1200Vd , Distance between the cylinders Find the total excess charge.

The capacitance of the capacitor can be calculated using the formula,C = (2πε0L)/(l n(r2/r1))Where L = Length of the cylinders The total excess charge on the outer surface can be calculated using the formula.cylinder between the cylinders the electric field.

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The velocity of the helicopter with respect to Earth can be calculated by adding or subtracting the wind velocity vector from the velocity of the helicopter with respect to the air.

a. When the wind velocity is 18 m/s [N], the resultant velocity of the helicopter with respect to Earth will be 80 m/s [N]. This is because the wind is blowing in the same direction as the helicopter's velocity, so the vectors add up.

b. When the wind velocity is 18 m/s [S], the resultant velocity of the helicopter with respect to Earth will be 44 m/s [N]. In this case, the wind is blowing in the opposite direction to the helicopter's velocity, so the vectors subtract.

c. When the wind velocity is 18 m/s [W], the resultant velocity of the helicopter with respect to Earth will be 62 m/s [N] because the wind is blowing perpendicular to the helicopter's velocity, and there is no effect on the magnitude of the resultant velocity.

d. When the wind velocity is 18 m/s [N 42deg W], the resultant velocity of the helicopter with respect to Earth will depend on the angle between the wind and helicopter's velocity. Using vector addition, we can find the resultant velocity to be approximately 70.3 m/s [N 23.3deg W].

The velocity of the helicopter with respect to Earth varies based on the wind velocity. When the wind blows in the same direction as the helicopter's velocity, the resultant velocity increases. When the wind blows in the opposite direction, the resultant velocity decreases. When the wind blows perpendicular to the helicopter's velocity, there is no change in the resultant velocity. The angle between the wind and helicopter's velocity affects the direction of the resultant velocity.

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The angle of refraction when light from water is incident on the glass at an angle of 38 degrees is approximately 29.48 degrees.

To find the angle of refraction, we can use Snell's law, which relates the angles of incidence and refraction to the indices of refraction of the two mediums involved. Snell's law is given by:

n₁ * sin(θ₁) = n₂ * sin(θ₂)

Where n₁ and n₂ are the indices of refraction of the two mediums, and θ₁ and θ₂ are the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively.

In this case, the incident medium is water with an index of refraction of n₁ = 1.33, and the refracted medium is glass with an index of refraction of n₂ = 1.43.

We are given the angle of incidence as θ₁ = 38 degrees. We need to find the angle of refraction, θ₂.

Plugging in the values into Snell's law, we have:

1.33 * sin(38°) = 1.43 * sin(θ₂)

To find θ₂, we can rearrange the equation:

sin(θ₂) = (1.33 * sin(38°)) / 1.43

Taking the inverse sine (arcsin) of both sides, we get:

θ₂ = arcsin[(1.33 * sin(38°)) / 1.43]

Using a calculator, we can evaluate the expression:

θ₂ ≈ 29.48 degrees

Therefore, the angle of refraction when light from water is incident on the glass at an angle of 38 degrees is approximately 29.48 degrees.

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The work done by frictional forces in slowing the car from 25.3 m/s to rest is approximately -3.22 × 10^5 J.

To calculate the work done by frictional forces in slowing down the car, we need to use the work-energy principle, which states that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

The initial kinetic energy of the car is given by:

KE_initial = 1/2 * mass * (velocity_initial)^2

The final kinetic energy of the car is zero since it comes to rest:

KE_final = 0

The work done by frictional forces is equal to the change in kinetic energy:

Work = KE_final - KE_initial

Given:

Mass of the car = 1000 kg

Initial velocity = 25.3 m/s

Final velocity (rest) = 0

Plugging these values into the equation, we get:

Work = 0 - (1/2 * 1000 kg * (25.3 m/s)^2)

Calculating this expression, we find:

Work ≈ -3.22 × 10^5 J

The negative sign indicates that work is done against the motion of the car, which is consistent with the concept of frictional forces opposing the car's motion.

Therefore, the work done by frictional forces in slowing the car from 25.3 m/s to rest is approximately -3.22 × 10^5 J.

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The modulus of elasticity obtained from a flexural test of composite materials may not necessarily be the same as the modulus of elasticity obtained from the stress-strain curve. The purpose of extracting the modulus of elasticity from either test is to characterize the material's stiffness and understand how it deforms under specific loading conditions.

In a flexural test, a composite material is subjected to a three-point or four-point bending setup, where a load is applied to the material causing it to bend. The resulting deformation and stress distribution in the material are different from the uniaxial tensile or compressive stress-strain testing, where the material is pulled or compressed in a single direction.

The flexural test provides information about the bending behavior and strength of the composite material. It helps determine properties such as flexural modulus, flexural strength, and the load-deflection response. The flexural modulus is a measure of the material's resistance to bending and is often reported as the modulus of elasticity in flexure.

On the other hand, the stress-strain curve obtained from a uniaxial tensile or compressive test provides information about the material's response to applied stress in the direction of the applied load. It gives insights into the material's elastic behavior, yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility.

While both tests provide valuable information about the mechanical properties of a composite material, the modulus of elasticity obtained from a flexural test may not be directly comparable to the modulus of elasticity obtained from the stress-strain curve. However, they are related and can provide complementary information about the material's behavior under different loading conditions.

The purpose of extracting the modulus of elasticity from either test is to characterize the material's stiffness and understand how it deforms under specific loading conditions. This information is crucial for designing and analyzing structures made from composite materials, as it helps predict the material's response to different types of loads and ensures the structural integrity and performance of the final product.

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The power delivered to resistor R of resistance 2.3 ohms and across which a potential difference of 20 V is applied is 173.91 W.

The given circuit diagram is shown below: We know that the power delivered to a resistor R of resistance R and across which a potential difference of V is applied is given by the formula:

P=V²/R  {Power formula}Given data:

Resistance of the resistor, R= 2.3

Voltage, V=20 V

We can apply the above formula to the given data and calculate the power as follows:

P = V²/R⇒ P = (20)²/(2.3) ⇒ P = 173.91 W

Therefore, the power delivered to the resistor is 173.91 W.

From the given circuit diagram, we are supposed to calculate the power delivered to the resistor R of resistance 2.3 ohms and across which a potential difference of 20 V is applied. In order to calculate the power delivered to the resistor, we need to use the formula:

P=V²/R, where, P is the power in watts, V is the potential difference across the resistor in volts, and R is the resistance of the resistor in ohms. By substituting the given values of resistance R and voltage V in the above formula, we get:P = (20)²/(2.3)⇒ P = 400/2.3⇒ P = 173.91 W. Therefore, the power delivered to the resistor is 173.91 W.

Therefore, we can conclude that the power delivered to resistor R of resistance 2.3 ohms and across which a potential difference of 20 V is applied is 173.91 W.

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The point at which the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales have the same numerical value is -40°C. The point at which the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales have the same numerical value is 459.67°F the expansion gap that should be left between the steel railroad rails is 0.0045 m or 4.5 mm.

(a) The point at which the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales have the same numerical value is -40°C. This is because this temperature is equivalent to -40°F.  At this temperature, both scales intersect and meet the same numerical value.
(b) The point at which the Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales have the same numerical value is 459.67°F. At this temperature, both scales intersect and meet the same numerical value.
For the second part of the question:
Given that the original length of the steel railroad rails is 12.5m, the maximum temperature rise is 30℃, and the coefficient of linear expansion (a) is 1.2×10⁻⁵/℃.
Therefore, the expansion ΔL can be calculated as:
ΔL = L×a×ΔT
Where L is the original length of the steel railroad rails, a is the coefficient of linear expansion, and ΔT is the temperature rise.
Substituting the given values, we have:
ΔL = 12.5×1.2×10⁻⁵×30
ΔL = 0.0045 m
Therefore, the expansion gap that should be left between the steel railroad rails is 0.0045 m or 4.5 mm. This gap allows the rails to expand without buckling or bending.

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When arranged in order of greatest ability to penetrate human tissue to least ability, the order of nuclear radiation forms is as follows: 1. gamma radiation, 2. beta radiation, and 3. alpha radiation.

Gamma radiation is the most penetrating form of nuclear radiation. It consists of high-energy photons and can easily pass through most materials, including human tissue. Due to its high penetrating power, gamma radiation poses significant risks to living organisms.

Beta radiation, which includes beta particles (high-speed electrons) and positrons, has intermediate penetrating power. It can penetrate through materials to a certain extent, but its ability to penetrate human tissue is less compared to gamma radiation.

Alpha radiation, on the other hand, consists of alpha particles, which are composed of two protons and two neutrons. Alpha particles have the least penetrating power among the three forms of radiation. They can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air, and they cannot penetrate human tissue easily.

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Beta minus decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a nucleus transforms a neutron into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino.

The type of radioactive decay is Beta minus decay. Nuclear radioactive decay is incompletely written: 12Mg 23 → 11Na 23 + ⋯ Without knowing the nature of the outgoing particle, the type of radioactive decay can be assigned.

In this case, the type of radioactive decay is beta minus decay. Beta minus decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a neutron is transformed into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. When a nucleus undergoes beta minus decay, a neutron is transformed into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino.

The proton remains in the nucleus, while the electron and antineutrino are emitted from the nucleus.

The electron is known as a beta particle. Because the electron is negatively charged, beta minus decay is a type of negative beta decay. Beta minus decay is common in neutron-rich nuclei.

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The current across the inductor after 2 time constants will be approximately 1.948 Amperes.

To determine the current across the inductor after 2 time constants, we need to calculate the time constant and then use it to find the current at that time.

The time constant (τ) for an RL circuit can be calculated using the formula:

τ = L / R

where L is the inductance and R is the resistance.

Given that the inductance (L) is determined by the number of turns (N) and the radius of the solenoid (rsolenoid) as:

L = μ₀ * N² * A / L

where μ₀ is the permeability of free space, A is the cross-sectional area, and L is the length of the solenoid.

Calculating the inductance (L):

A = π * (rsolenoid)²

L = μ₀ * (N)² * A / L

Next, we can calculate the time constant (τ) using the resistance (R) and the inductance (L).

Using the given values:

rsolenoid = 0.0100 m

rwire = 0.00100 m

N = 60,000

Vs = 2.00 Volts

R = 0.325 Ω

After finding L and R, we can calculate τ.

Then, the current at 2 time constants (2τ) can be calculated using the equation:

I = (Vs / R) * (1 - e^{(-t/ \tow))

Substituting the values of Vs, R, and 2τ, we can find the current across the inductor after 2 time constants , Therefor the current across the inductor after 2 time constants will be 1.948 Amperes

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