Vertebrates are most closely related phylogenetically to a group of animals called tunicates and lancelets.
According to the chordate family tree, the physical characteristics of vertebrates are very much similar to tunicates and lancelets.
Lancelets are elongated and small marine invertebrates while tunicates are marine invertebrates with a hard and rubbery outer coat.
The family tree of chordates shows that vertebrates have come similarities with tunicates. However, the notochord disappears in adult tunicates while in vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by a backbone in the adult stage.
According to molecular analysis of animals, vertebrates are more closely related to lancelets than tunicates.
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knockout of the circadian clock protein per1 exacerbates hypertension and increases kidney injury in dahl salt-sensitive rats
Knockout of the circadian clock protein per1 exacerbates hypertension and increases kidney injury in dahl salt-sensitive rats resulting in worsening of the SS hypertensive phenotype (1).
A circadian clock factor BMAL1, significantly found in kidneys, is known to affect blood pressure. Moreover, a diet high in salt is associated with immune cell infiltration in the kidney and consequently increases blood pressure. The BMAL1 factor is also responsible for expressing various genes. Mice, when treated with BMAL1 showed aging phenotypes like muscle weakness, changed gait, decreased mobility, inactivity, etc.
PER1 is a circadian clock transcription factor and is regulated by aldosterone. Nice on PER1 knock-out develops reduced sodium excretion with day and night differences. This is done in response to a high-salt diet.
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When sampling repeatedly from a population, the pattern describing the values a statistic can take and how often it takes those values is the.
The correct answer is option 3) Sampling distribution of the statistic.
The Sampling distribution of the statistics describes the pattern that emerges while repeatedly sampling from a population and describing the possible values and frequency at which those values can be obtained.
Sampling distributions are vital for inferential statistics because they allow comprehending a single sample statistic in the context of other potential values. It outlines a variety of potential possibilities for a statistic, such as the mean or mode of a variable in a population. These distributions explain how a sample statistic fluctuates from one sample to the next.
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When sampling repeatedly from a population, the pattern describing the values a statistic can take and how often it takes those values is the
the bias of the statisticsampling variability of the statisticsampling distribution of the statisticstandard error of the statisticA Ornithologist is a bird expert.
which of the following is most closely related to the unique density patterns of water described?
Answer: Actually, the exact density of water is not really 1 g/ml, but rather a bit less (very, very little less), at 0.9998395 g/ml at 4.0° Celsius (39.2° Fahrenheit).
Explanation: Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity. is a constant, so their respective concentrations are inversely proportional to each other.
Actually, at 4.0 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit), water has a density of 0.9998395 g/ml, which is very, very slightly less than 1 g/ml. Its numerous distinctive characteristics.
What is Density patterns?A solid form that is less dense than its liquid form, a comparatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity, are all brought about by its hydrogen bonding.
The density equation is straightforward: Take the mass of an item with uniformly distributed material.
A substance's density is a measurement of how heavy it is in relation to its size. When placed in water, an object will float if its density is lower than that of the water, whereas it will sink if its density is higher. The density of a material is a distinguishing quality that is independent of the substance's volume.
Therefore, Actually, at 4.0 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit), water has a density of 0.9998395 g/ml, which is very, very slightly less than 1 g/ml. Its numerous distinctive characteristics.
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which of the following represents the highest structural level in the elephant body?
a-the muscular tissue
b-the stomach
c-the nervous system
d-the foot
Elephants walk on their toes, distributing their body weight equally over the fatty/connective tissue near the heel, tilted foot shape. Thus, option D is correct.
What is the highest structural level in the elephant?Elephant feet have an inclined bone and a thick pad of fat and connective tissue near the heel.
Elephants walk on their toes, distributing their body weight equally over the fatty/connective tissue near the heel to the tilted foot shape having. The highest structural level in the elephant body.
For instance, a 2.88 m tall, 4,167 kg adult male Asian elephant distributes just 3.8 kg (8.38 lb) of weight per square inch on its heels.
Elephants can move safely over uneven terrain and muddy ground thanks to their unusual foot anatomy.
Therefore, the foot represents the highest structural level in the elephant body.
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Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction and photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction. How does the required activation energy compare for these two reactions?.
The required activation energy compare for the two reactions is that (D) Cellular respiration needs a smaller amount of energy to activate the reaction because the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants.
Chlorophyll absorbs energy from light (photons/quanta) to create ATP molecules in the process of photosynthesis, which is primarily an intricate endothermic mechanism. Both the creation of glucose and oxygen is aided by them.
In contrast to photosynthesis, respiration takes place in specialized organelles called mitochondria and is an exothermic activity. Numerous enzymes break down glucose in this step to generate energy that is then combined with ATP Synthase to create ATP molecules.
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Question correction:
Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction and photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction. How does the required activation energy compare for these two reactions?
A. Photosynthesis needs a higher amount of energy to activate the reaction because the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants.
B. Cellular respiration needs a higher amount of energy to activate the reaction because the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants.
C. Photosynthesis needs a smaller amount of energy to activate the reaction because the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants.
D. Cellular respiration needs a smaller amount of energy to activate the reaction because the products are at a lower energy state than the reactants.
donoghue pcj, purnell ma. genome duplication, extinction and vertebrate evolution. trends ecol evol. 2005;20:312–9.
Vertebrate evolution has been punctuated by way of three episodes of huge gene or genome duplication, which have been linked with the foundation of vertebrates, gnathostomes and teleosts, respectively. These three events coincide with bursts of character acquisition and increases in phenotypic complexity, and many researchers have recommended a causal relationship between the two. However, this pattern is derived from statistics for residing taxa only; we argue here that, when fossils are taken into account, bursts of character acquisition disappear and gen(om)e duplication in vertebrate phylogeny can no longer be correlated with the foundation of physique plans. If patterns of persona acquisition or morphological gaps between greater taxa are a reflection of phenotypic complexity, then extra inclusive statistics units incorporating fossil taxa provide no assist for hypotheses linking gen(om)e duplications and the evolution of complexity in vertebrates.
Vertebrates are animals that possess a vertebral column and/or notochord at any factor in their lives.” One of the methods existence is classified is thru the presence or absence of the vertebrate. Vertebrates and invertebrates developed from a common ancestor that was speculated to have lived around 600 million years ago.
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why does a fever become dangerous to body functions if it continues to rise? why does a fever become dangerous to body functions if it continues to rise? dehydration will occur. proteins become denatured and are unable to complete their jobs. osmosis may be affected due to lack of water. a fever breaking is more dangerous than the fever itself.
A fever can become dangerous to body functions if it continues to rise because: the proteins become denatured and are unable to complete their jobs.
Fever is the physiological condition of the body where the body temperature is higher than normal. The normal temperature of the body is around 98.6°F. If the temperature rises above 99°F, then the body can be said to be in a state of fever.
Proteins are the polymers of amino acids. These are the most important macromolecules that perform major of the functions and reactions in the body. Protein can only work in a specific form of structure and if that structure is ruptured the protein is said to be denatured.
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due to the of natural resources, we cannot have all the housing and all the forests we may want.
Due to the scarcity of natural resources, we cannot have all the housing and all the forests we may want.
What are the types of natural resources ?The resources which are independent of human action that are found in the environment, such as air, sunlight, water, soil, stone, plants, animals and fossil fuels.
Natural resources contain the materials useful to man and conceivable technological, economic or social circumstances drawn from the earth, food, building and clothing materials, fertilizers, water and geothermal power.
There are two types of natural resources such as Renewable resources are found to be in infinite quantity and used in a repeated manner For Example Forest, wind, water, etc.
Non-Renewable resources that are limited due to their non-renewable nature, for example fossil fuels, minerals, etc.
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The most accurate nucleotide base composition of the dna double helix is _____ (t = thymine, a = adenine, c = cytosine, g = guanine) a) a=u b) g=a c) t+g = a+c d) t=c e) t+a=c+g
The most accurate nucleotide base composition of the dna double helix is t+g = a+c (t = thymine, a = adenine, c = cytosine, g = guanine)
According to the Chargaff's rule, DNA from any mobileular of all organisms have pyrimidine and purine bases in 1:1 ratio. Hence, the quantity of guanine is same to cytosine and the quantity of adenine is same to thymine.
This is because, in a dsDNA, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.There are 4 nucleotides, or bases, in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
These bases shape precise pairs (A with T, and G with C).Watson and Crick advanced their thoughts approximately genetic replication in a 2d article in Nature, posted on May 30, 1953. The had proven that during DNA, shape is function: the double-stranded molecule may want to each produce genuine copies of itself and deliver genetic instructions.
Hence, the correct option is (c)
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How does the valve on the cooler compare with the switch in an electric circuit
The valve on the cooler compare with the switch in an electric circuit such that opening the valve allows water to flow, just like opening a switch allows charges to flow.
What is Valve?This refers to a substance which regulates the flow of a liquid by opening or closing it and is commonly used in pipes and other types of fittings. It also has some similarities in functions with that of a switch which is used in an electric circuit.
Opening the valve allows water to flow which is the same as how opening a switch allows charges to flow and vice versa which is the most appropriate comparison between the two substances.
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in trying to determine whether a fossil is a human ancestor, we should always look for traits that make us human today.
Trying to determine whether a fossil is a human ancestor, we should always look for skeleton or bone that make us human today.
What is bone?Bone is a connective tissue which is metabolically active and the main function of bone is to provide mechanical or structural support as well as perform movement, and protect important organs of the body.
The bone is made up of bone cells known as osteocytes and extracellular matrix. The total number of bone human body contain is 206 bones including bones of spine, legs, arms, ribs, and skull.
Bones are made up of calcium and carbonate and they have bone marrow in which blood cells are produced. By nature bones came in category of living and they are active tissue .
There are several types of bones such as flat bones, short bones, sesamoid bones, and long bones. The function of bone is to protect vital organs of the body.
Therefore, trying to determine whether a fossil is a human ancestor, we should always look for skeleton or bone that make us human today.
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when we view a stimulus with a specific property, neurons tuned to that property fire and will eventually become fatigued, an effect called adaptation.
Selective adaptation is when we view a stimulus with a specific property, and the neurons tune to that property fire, eventually becoming fatigued.
Neurons tune to a particular attribute fire when we see a stimulus with that property; over time, this firing fatigues the neurons or causes them to adapt. The neuron's firing rate drops due to this adaptation and fires less often when the same stimulus is provided to it again right away.
For instance, a page of plain black text on a white backdrop will undoubtedly capture your attention and make it easier for you to identify important information. However, if you keep viewing pages and pages of mainly neon pink highlights, you'll probably grow accustomed to them, and they will eventually stop drawing your attention.
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In humans, mitochondrial genetic disorders are inherited from only the mother. The severity of such diseases can vary greatly, even within a single family. What form of inheritance does this represent?.
The form of inheritance represented by mitochondrial genetic disorders is cytoplasmic inheritance.
The cell contains several cell organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
Among the organelles present inside the cell, mitochondria and chloroplast are the two organelles that contain their own DNA.
During fertilization, the fusion of sperm and the ovum takes place to form the zygote.
The majority of the cytoplasm present inside the zygote is from the maternal cytoplasm i.e., the ovum. The paternal contribution to the zygote’s cytoplasm is negligible.
Therefore, if any disorder occurs in the maternal mitochondrial DNA, it will get inherited by the offspring.
As the mitochondria are present in the cytoplasm of the cell, the inheritance of mitochondrial traits is known as cytoplasmic inheritance.
Hence, the form of inheritance represented by mitochondrial genetic disorders is cytoplasmic inheritance.
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Which of the following isn’t one of the eight characteristics of life?
A) Homeostasis
B) growth
C) movement
D) using energy and resources
Answer: c)movement
Explanation:
IS NEEDED ASAP
The human population grows constantly and at an exponential rate. A bigger human population means more humans are having more children, which means the human population grows even bigger.
This is an example of a:
negative feedback loop
positive feedback loop
Answer:
positive
Explanation:
more and more
What type of plants contain tubes that help transport water and nutrients into their other parts?
Note: Im in 6th grade
Plants like ferns and conifers have xylem “straws” that are made of slender cells called tracheids. At maturity these cells die, leaving behind a rigid cell wall scaffolding tube to conduct water and minerals.
describe how you can test for the presence of oxygen in the air
Answer:
Explanation:
Oxygen. Oxygen supports combustion . If oxygen is present in a test tube, a glowing splint relights when it is held inside.
Structured questions
In an experiment on the action of the enzyme amylase, equal volumes of enzyme and starch
solution were mixed. The quantity of maltose (product) was measured during two separate
experiments, one at 18 °C, the other at 25 °C. The results are shown in the graph below.
1.
a.
b.
C.
quantity of maltose produced
(arbitrary unit)
12.
10-
8.
0 2 4
6
25 °C
18 °C
8 10 12 14 16 18
time (min)
Explain why the quantity of maltose produced eventually levelled off at both
temperatures.
[1 mark]
Explain why, at 4th minute time, more maltose had been produced at 25 °C than at 18 °C.
[4 marks]
In terms of the properties of enzyme, explain why amylase is the only enzyme that breaks
down starch.
[1 mark]
1) The levelling is due to the attainment of saturation point
2) The production of more maltose show that 25 °C is the optimum temperature of the enzyme.
What is an enzyme?An enzyme is a biological catalyst that see to the speeding up of the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Recall that an enzyme must be specific in its action. This implies that no two enzymes are able to catalyze the same reaction. The owes largely to the fact that the enzyme fits with the substrate in a lock and key model.
Let us recall that us recall that an enzyme does have an optimum temperature at which it functions, At the optimum temperature of the enzyme, the productivity of the enzyme is highest.
It then follows that;
1) The enzymes level off in the both curves because it has reached the saturation point.
2) The at 4th minute time, more maltose had been produced at 25 °C than at 18 °C because 25 °C is the optimum operating temperature of maltose
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Which best expresses a theme of “Church”
1.Many religions speak of peace but support war.
2.Kindness is a major principle of religion.
3.People become religious for their own personal gain.
4.Religion brings peace into people’s lives.
The correct option should be Religion brings peace into people’s lives; option 4
What is religion?
Religion is a set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force.
Many people have differing views about religion and its impact on the society.
Religion in its purest form was designed to bring peace into people’s lives.
The major religions of the world are:
Christianity IslamBuddhismHinduismChristians follow the teachings of Jesus Christ and worship in a Church.
The main teaching in Churches are centred on peace and harmony in people's lives.
Therefore, religion is meant to bring peace in people' s lives.
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calcium signaling in individual app/ps1 mouse dentate gyrus astrocytes increases ex vivo with aβ pathology and age without affecting astrocyte network activity
Astrocytes are a group of cells with functional characteristics and distinctive morphological that vary within specific areas of the brain.
For healthy brain function, astrocytes are essential. those become reactive in the case of Alzheimer's disease, which impacts the signaling properties. while experimenting, there was the measurement for instinctive calcium transients ex vivo in hippocampal astrocytes in brain slices containing the dentate gyrus of 9-month-old and 6-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice. when they investigated the duration of calcium transients and frequency concerning amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, the proximity of the astrocyte to Aβ plaques, and aging. there was no change in spontaneous calcium-transient properties of 6M APP/PS1 astrocytes compared to wild-type astrocytes, whereas there was hyperactivity in 9M APP/PS1 astrocytes compared to wild -type, which were longer in duration, also there was an effect of aging too, there was an increase in calcium in the 9-month astrocytes than to the 6-month astrocytes, also there was an increase in the calcium waves in the 9-month astrocytes because of the increase network activity. The findings were that the change in calcium signaling in individual astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice is because of both pathology and aging but these don't have any impact on changes in the astrocyte network activity, which leads to helping to understand changes in neuronal physiology.
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Multiple Choice
Which of the following is the term used when pollen from GMO crops fertilizes non-GMO plants?
O gene splicing
O genetic drift
O crossbreeding
O outcrossing
The term used when pollen from GMO crops fertilizes non-GMO plants is: (c) crossbreeding.
GMO crops are the genetically modified crops. These are those plants that get their genetic sequence modified using various techniques so as to bring out the best characteristics and yield from the plant. The modification can be in the form of addition, deletion or exchange of genes. Various crops that have been modified are: soybean, cotton, potato, etc.
Cross-breeding is the mating between two organisms that may be of different species, breed or variety. Since GMO crops and non-GMO crops do not belong to the same variety, they can have cross-breeding between them.
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Which of the following agricultural practices decreases biodiversity?
O Tiling soil
O Monoculture
O Synthetic fertilizers
O Flood irrigation
A cross between an aabb individual and an aabb individual will produce what type of offspring?.
A cross between an aabb individual and an aabb individual will produce all aabb offspring.
For crossing of aabb with an aabb individual , the homozygous gametes separate from the dihybrid parents . produce ab gametes of each individual which are fused to give heterozygous progeny aabb individual in F1 generation.
Then there is dihybrid cross occur which results in F2 generation with all aabb offspring .
What is crossing ?
Artificial pollination between plants having contrasting genes for a character is known as crossing and product of such cross is known as hybrid F1 generation .
depending upon the genes pairs involved crosses are of the three types they are monohybrid cross , dihybrid cross and poly-hybrid cross .
What is dihybrid cross ?
In such cross two pairs of genes are involved , each affecting a different character e.g., cross between plant having yellow and round seed and green and wrinkled seed .
such a cross gives a phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 and a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 .
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518, 3645–3661. molyneaux, b.j., goff, l.a., brettler, a.c., chen, h.h., hrvatin, s., rinn, j.l., and arlotta, p. (2015). decon: genome-wide analysis of in vivo transcriptional dynamics during
To achieve distinct cellular identities during neuronal development, a complicated dance of transcriptional choices is needed.
A genome-wide investigation of the kinetics of in vivo transcription during the neocortical selection of pyramidal neuronThe immense complexity in time and space during development has made it difficult to achieve the ultimate objective of identifying genome-wide markers that define and drive specific neuronal destinies.In order to clarify lineage choice decisions, we have combined high-throughput purification of pyramidal neuron subclasses with in-depth tracking of spatiotemporal transcriptional dynamics during corticogenesis. We discovered a variety of characteristics, from the use of different mRNA isoforms and promoters in space and time to a large number of mRNA genes that are altered during fate specification. Notably, we found a large number of long non-coding RNAs that expressed only under specified conditions and in certain cell types. We offer an interactive online database that enables multidimensional data processing and dissemination in order to aid future exploration. This comprehensive work creates a valuable resource and advances knowledge of the transcriptional control that underlies pyramidal neuron diversity in the neocortex.learn more about pyramidal neuron here
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the question you are looking for is
DeCoN: genome-wide analysis of in vivo transcriptional dynamics during pyramidal neuron fate selection in neocortex
circle the bacterial structures that are located on the surface of a bacteria cell: cell wall pilus nucleoid capsule flagella ribosomes
The cell wall, capsule, pilus, and flagella are the bacterial structure that is located on the surface of a bacterial cell.
Cell wall: It is composed of a protein-sugar(polysaccharide) molecule which gives the cell its shape, and rigidity and protects it from the environment.
Capsule: It is a third protective covering that is made up of polysaccharides. It plays many roles but the important ones are to keep the bacterium from drying out and to protect it from engulfing by larger microorganisms.
Pilus: These are specifically small hairlike projections that emerges from the outside of the cell surface. It helps bacteria to attach to the host organism.
Flagella: (singular, flagellum) a hairlike structure that provides a means of location for bacteria. These are mainly found at either or ends of all over its surface.
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When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the law of conservation of energy, from where does this energy come?.
New energy is created by our cells whenever we need it heat mechanical energy stored in ATP chemical energy.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the supply of electricity for use and storage at the mobile level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups.
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In a forest biome, the trees are a ____________ factor and the rainfall per year is a _______________ factor. independent, dependent biotic, abiotic living, non-living abiotic, biotic
In a forest biome, the trees are a biotic factors. and the rainfall per year is a dependent biotic factor. Biotic elements of a woodland environment consist of all of the dwelling matters gift at the woodland floor, bushes or even human beings. Abiotic elements are sunlight, water, temperature, soil, salinity, etc.Rainfall Erosivity Factor.
The rainfall erosivity factor (R-factor) is primarily based totally on kinetic power concerns of falling rain (Whelan 1980) and represents a degree of the erosive pressure and depth of rain in a ordinary 12 months.
Mean Annual Rainfall approach the common overall quantity of rainfall recorded all through a 12 months in a specific place.Examples of biotic elements consist of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
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Define kinesiology and list seven types of science it encompasses
Answer:
Kinesiology is the study of human or non-human body movement. The seven types of sciences it encompasses are physiology, anatomy, biomechanics, psychology, sociology, motor learning and sports pedagogy.
Match each property of water with the most appropriate biologically
related situation by to its matching property.
Excellent solvent
Cohesive
High specific heat
Ice floats
[Choose ]
[Choose]
[Choose ]
[Choose ]
27
Hydrogen bonds lead water molecules to exhibit intense intermolecular attraction. We refer to this as cohesiveness.
The specific heat of water is high.These two characteristics result from the need for additional energy to break hydrogen bonds. The term "specific heat" refers to the amount of heat that 1 g of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by 1°C. Water has a high specific heat (1 calorie/g/°C). This characteristic guarantees gradual water heating and maintains the environment's and living things' stable temperatures.
When water freezes, its density decreases:At 4°C, water has its highest density. On the other hand, ice is less dense than liquid water and floats on surface water, insulating the underwater film freezing and protecting aquatic life. However, at 4°C, water becomes less dense due to their separation.
The dielectric constant of water is high.This fights against the attraction of ions with opposing charges. As a result, water is an effective solvent for many non-ionizable organic compounds and salts.
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