Heterogeneous hydrogenation is a type of hydrogenation where the catalyst and the reactants are in different phases, usually with the catalyst being solid and the reactants in liquid or gas form. A common example of a heterogeneous hydrogenation reaction is the hydrogenation of alkenes using a solid metal catalyst like palladium on carbon (Pd/C).
Homogeneous hydrogenation, on the other hand, involves the catalyst and the reactants being in the same phase, usually in a liquid solution. This type of hydrogenation typically uses soluble metal complexes as catalysts, such as Wilkinson's catalyst (RhCl(PPh3)3).
To determine which type of hydrogenation you performed, consider the following observations:
1. Catalyst phase: If your catalyst was a solid, it is likely that you performed heterogeneous hydrogenation. If your catalyst was soluble in the reactants, you likely performed homogeneous hydrogenation.
2. Reaction setup: Heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions often involve the use of a stirrer or shaking to maintain contact between the solid catalyst and the reactants. Homogeneous hydrogenation reactions may not require such agitation, as the catalyst and reactants are already well-mixed.
Using these observations, you should be able to identify the type of hydrogenation performed in your experiment.
learn more about Heterogeneous hydrogenation here: brainly.com/question/16549693
#SPJ11
calculate δh∘ for the following reaction: ch3oh(l)+o2(g) → hco2h(l)+h2o(l)
The standard enthalpy change (ΔH∘) for the reaction:
CH3OH(l) + O2(g) → HCO2H(l) + H2O(l)
can be calculated using standard enthalpies of formation (ΔHf∘) of reactants and products. The equation for the calculation of ΔH∘ is:
The standard enthalpy change (ΔH∘) for the given reaction is -738.8 kJ/mol.
ΔH∘ = ΣΔHf∘ (products) - ΣΔHf∘ (reactants.where Σ means the sum of, and ΔHf∘ is the standard enthalpy of formation.The standard enthalpies of formation for the given compounds are:
ΔHf∘(CH3OH) = -238.6 kJ/mol
ΔHf∘(O2) = 0 kJ/mol
ΔHf∘(HCO2H) = -691.0 kJ/mol
ΔHf∘(H2O) = -285.8 kJ/mol
Using the equation above, we can calculate ΔH∘ for the reaction:
ΔH∘ = [ΔHf∘(HCO2H) + ΔHf∘(H2O)] - [ΔHf∘(CH3OH) + ΔHf∘(O2)]
ΔH∘ = [(-691.0 kJ/mol) + (-285.8 kJ/mol)] - [(-238.6 kJ/mol) + (0 kJ/mol)]
ΔH∘ = -977.4 kJ/mol + 238.6 kJ/mol
ΔH∘ = -738.8 kJ/mol.
Therefore, the standard enthalpy change (ΔH∘) for the given reaction is -738.8 kJ/mol.
To learn more about δh∘:
https://brainly.com/question/567211
#SPJ11
in any chemical reaction, the rate of the reaction can be increased by select one: a. decreasing the temperature. b. changing the size of the container. c. adding water to the reaction. d. adding product molecules to the reaction mixture. e. increasing the concentrations of the reactants.
The increase in the concentrations of the reactants will increase the rate of the reaction. So, the correct answer is e. increasing the concentrations of the reactants.
The rate of a chemical reaction is the speed at which reactants are consumed and products are formed. The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the frequency of collisions between the reactant molecules, and this can be achieved by increasing the concentration of the reactants.
When the concentration of the reactants is increased, the number of reactant molecules per unit volume also increases, and this leads to an increase in the frequency of collisions between the reactant molecules. This, in turn, increases the probability that the reactant molecules will collide with enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and form products.
Therefore, increasing the concentrations of the reactants will increase the rate of the reaction. So, the correct answer is e. increasing the concentrations of the reactants.
For more such questions on concentrations
https://brainly.com/question/26255204
#SPJ11
If the following elements were to form an ionic compound, which noble-gas configuration would they most likely attain?
a. Li
b. Na
c. Br
d. Sr
Li would attain the noble-gas configuration of helium (1s²), Na would attain the noble-gas configuration of neon (2s²2p⁶), Br would attain the noble-gas configuration of krypton (3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶) and Sr would attain the noble-gas configuration of krypton (4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶).
When atoms of certain elements react to form an ionic compound, they tend to lose or gain electrons in order to achieve a stable electronic configuration similar to that of a noble gas.
The noble gases have completely filled outermost electron shells and are thus chemically inert. Therefore, in order to achieve a similar electronic configuration, atoms of other elements tend to gain or lose electrons to either achieve a completely filled outer shell or an empty outer shell.
a. Lithium (Li) has one valence electron and is likely to lose it to attain the stable electron configuration of helium (He).
b. Sodium (Na) has one valence electron and is likely to lose it to attain the stable electron configuration of neon (Ne).
c. Bromine (Br) has seven valence electrons and is likely to gain one electron to attain the stable electron configuration of krypton (Kr).
d. Strontium (Sr) has two valence electrons and is likely to lose them to attain the stable electron configuration of krypton (Kr).
To know more about noble-gas configuration refer to-
https://brainly.com/question/7036466
#SPJ11
Compare and contrast Einstein's equation with Planck's equation by completing the following sentence. Planck's equation, demonstrates mathematically that the energy of a quantum is related to the of the emitted radiation. Einstein went further by explaining that , in addition to its wavelike characteristics , a beam of light can be thought of as a stream of called
Planck's equation demonstrates mathematically that the energy of a quantum is related to the frequency of the emitted radiation.
Einstein went further by explaining that, in addition to its wave like characteristics, a beam of light can be thought of as a stream of particles called photons. Planck's equation is used to calculate the energy of a photon based on its frequency:
E = hν
where E is the energy of the photon, ν is the frequency of the radiation, and h is Planck's constant.
Einstein built upon Planck's equation by proposing that light could have both wave-like and particle-like properties. He suggested that light could be thought of as a stream of particles called photons, each with a discrete amount of energy given by Planck's equation. This idea helped to explain certain phenomena, such as the photoelectric effect, which could not be explained by wave theory alone.
To know more about the Einstein, here
https://brainly.com/question/2058557
#SPJ4
Osmotic pressure measurements are commonly used to determine the molecular weights of proteins and polymers.
a. True
b. False
The statement "Osmotic pressure measurements are commonly used to determine the molecular weights of proteins and polymers" is false because osmotic pressure is a property of solutions and is not directly related to the molecular weight of proteins or polymers.
There are other methods that are commonly used to determine the molecular weights of proteins and polymers, such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and mass spectrometry.
These methods rely on principles such as separation based on size, molecular weight, or charge, and provide more accurate and precise measurements of molecular weights compared to osmotic pressure measurements.
Therefore, the correct answer is b. False, as osmotic pressure measurements are not commonly used to determine the molecular weights of proteins and polymers.
To know more about Osmotic pressure refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/15501096#
#SPJ11
How many mL of 0.650 M LiF solution will contain 30.0g LiF?
Answer:
First, we need to calculate the molar mass of LiF:
LiF: Li = 6.941 g/mol, F = 18.998 g/mol
1 Li + 1 F = 6.941 g/mol + 18.998 g/mol = 25.939 g/mol
So, 1 mole of LiF weighs 25.939 g.
Now, we can calculate how many moles of LiF are in 30.0 g:
moles = mass ÷ molar mass
moles = 30.0 g ÷ 25.939 g/mol
moles = 1.157 mol
Finally, we can use the formula for molarity to find the volume of the solution:
Molarity = moles ÷ volume (in liters)
We want to solve for volume in milliliters, so we can rearrange the formula:
Volume (in liters) = moles ÷ molarity
Volume (in mL) = (moles ÷ molarity) × 1000
Plugging in the values, we get:
Volume (in mL) = (1.157 mol ÷ 0.650 mol/L) × 1000 = 1778.5 mL
Rounding to three significant figures, the answer is:
The solution contains 1780 mL of 0.650 M LiF.
Inhibiting Na+/K+ pumps in the basolateral membranes of distal tubule epithelial cells would increase the volume of urine production by the kidneys.
TRUE or FALSE
The following statement is "Inhibiting Na+/K+ pumps in the basolateral membranes of distal tubule epithelial cells would increase the volume of urine production by the kidneys." is True.
Inhibition of Na+/K+ pumps in the basolateral membranes of distal tubule epithelial cells will reduce the reabsorption of sodium ions from the tubular fluid into the blood, thereby increasing the concentration of sodium ions in the tubular fluid.
This will reduce the osmotic gradient for water reabsorption and increase the amount of water that will remain in the tubular fluid and eventually be excreted as urine. Therefore, the volume of urine production by the kidneys will increase.
Here you can learn more about basolateral membranes
https://brainly.com/question/28234377#
#SPJ11
Determine the pH of each solution.
1. 0.15M NH4Cl (Kb(NH3)=1.76 x 10-5).
2. 0.12M NaC2H3O2 (Ka(HC2H3O2)=1.8 x 10-5).>
3. 0.11 M NaCl
The pH of a 0.15 M NH4Cl solution is 8.42.
The solution contains the NH4Cl salt which is the salt of a weak base (NH3) and strong acid (HCl). The NH4+ ion is acidic in nature and can undergo hydrolysis in water to produce H+ ions. The NH3 is a weak base, and it can accept the H+ ions produced in the solution to form NH4+ ions.
The hydrolysis reaction is as follows: NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH3 + H3O+
Using the Kb expression for NH3, we can write:
Kb = [NH3][OH-] / [NH4+]
1.76 x 10^-5 = x^2 / (0.15 - x)
Assuming x is small, we can simplify to:
x = [OH-] = 1.33 x 10^-3 M
pOH = -log[OH-] = 2.88
pH = 14 - pOH = 11.12
Therefore, the pH of the solution is 11.12.
The solution contains the NaC2H3O2 salt, which is the salt of a weak acid (HC2H3O2) and strong base (NaOH). The acetate ion (C2H3O2-) is basic in nature and can undergo hydrolysis in water to produce OH- ions. The HC2H3O2 is a weak acid, and it can donate H+ ions in the solution.
The hydrolysis reaction is as follows: C2H3O2- + H2O ⇌ HC2H3O2 + OH-
Using the Ka expression for HC2H3O2, we can write:
Ka = [H+][C2H3O2-] / [HC2H3O2]
1.8 x 10^-5 = x^2 / (0.12 - x)
Assuming x is small, we can simplify to:
x = [H+] = 1.08 x 10^-4 M
pH = -log[H+] = 3.97
Therefore, the pH of the solution is 3.97.
The solution contains the NaCl salt, which is the salt of a strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH). Since both the ions (Na+ and Cl-) are neutral in nature, the solution is neutral. Therefore, the pH of the solution is 7.
To learn more about pH, refer below:
https://brainly.com/question/15289741
#SPJ11
calculate the molarity of a solution made by adding 175.0 ml of water to 95.00 ml of a 0.157 m solution
The molarity of the solution after adding 175.0 ml of water to 95.00 ml of a 0.157 m solution is 0.0553 M.
To calculate the molarity of the solution, we first need to calculate the moles of the solute (the substance being dissolved) in the original solution.
moles = molarity x volume (in liters)
moles = 0.157 mol/L x 0.09500 L
moles = 0.01492 mol
Next, we need to calculate the total volume of the solution after adding 175.0 ml of water.
total volume = 175.0 ml + 95.00 ml
total volume = 270.0 ml
Since the volume is in milliliters, we need to convert it to liters for use in the molarity equation.
total volume = 270.0 ml x 1 L/1000 ml
total volume = 0.270 L
Finally, we can use the moles of solute and the total volume to calculate the molarity of the diluted solution.
molarity = moles of solute / total volume
molarity = 0.01492 mol / 0.270 L
molarity = 0.0553 M
Therefore, the molarity of the solution after adding 175.0 ml of water to 95.00 ml of a 0.157 m solution is 0.0553 M.
Learn more about molarity at
brainly.com/question/4401006
#SPJ11
Consider a 1.0-L solution that is initially 0.690 M NH3 and 0.540 M NH4Cl at 25 °C. What is the pH of this solution after 0.190 moles of NaOH have been added?
The pH of the solution after adding 0.190 moles of NaOH can be calculated as 9.25.
The reaction that takes place between NH₃ and NH₄Cl in water is given by:
NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
Initially, the solution contains both NH₃ and NH₄⁺ ions in equilibrium with each other. When NaOH is added, it reacts with NH₄⁺ to form NH₃ and water:
NaOH + NH₄⁺ → NH₃ + H₂O + Na⁺
This reaction shifts the equilibrium of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ towards the formation of more NH₃. As a result, the concentration of NH₃ increases while the concentration of NH₄⁺ decreases.
To calculate the new concentration of NH₃ and NH₄⁺, we need to use the stoichiometry of the reaction between NaOH and NH₄⁺. For every mole of NaOH added, one mole of NH₄⁺ is consumed and converted to NH₃. Therefore, the final concentration of NH₃ can be calculated as follows:
[NaOH] = 0.190 mol / 1.0 L = 0.190 M
Since the reaction between NaOH and NH₄⁺ is 1:1, the concentration of NH₄⁺ is reduced by the same amount:
[NH₄⁺] = 0.540 M - 0.190 M = 0.350 M
The concentration of NH₃ is increased by the same amount as the amount of NaOH added, since every mole of NaOH converts one mole of NH₄⁺ to NH₃:
[NH₃] = 0.690 M + 0.190 M = 0.880 M
Now we can use the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction of NH₃ with water to calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions:
Kb = [NH₄⁺][OH⁻] / [NH₃]
At 25 °C, the Kb of NH₃ is 1.8 × 10⁻⁵. Rearranging the above expression to solve for [OH⁻], we get:
[OH⁻] = Kb[NH₃] / [NH₄⁺]
Plugging in the values, we get:
[OH⁻] = (1.8 × 10⁻⁵)(0.880 M) / (0.350 M) = 4.56 × 10⁻⁵ M
Finally, we can use the expression for the ion product of water to calculate the pH:
pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - log([OH⁻]) = 9.25
Therefore, the pH of the solution after adding 0.190 moles of NaOH is 9.25.
To know more about stoichiometry refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/30215297#
#SPJ11
a 500. gram iron ore sample was determined to contain 242 grams of iron. what is the mass percent of iron in the ore?
The mass percent of iron in the 500-gram iron ore sample is 48.4%.
To calculate the mass percent of iron in the 500-gram iron ore sample, you can use the following formula:
Mass percent = (mass of iron / total mass of sample) × 100
In this case, the mass of iron is 242 grams and the total mass of the sample is 500 grams. So the calculation is:
Mass percent = (242 grams / 500 grams) × 100
Mass percent = 0.484 × 100
Mass percent = 48.4%
Therefore, in the 500-gram iron ore sample, the mass percent of iron is 48.4%.
Learn more about mass percent here: https://brainly.com/question/26150306
#SPJ11
a phenol has a(n) ________ group attached to a benzene ring.
A phenol has a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a benzene ring.
This hydroxyl group makes phenols unique from other benzene derivatives, as it is a functional group that allows for various chemical reactions. The hydroxyl group in phenol is polar, which makes it able to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules.
This property of phenols allows them to dissolve in water and other polar solvents. Furthermore, the hydroxyl group can undergo reactions such as esterification, oxidation, and substitution. These reactions make phenols useful in various applications, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and preservatives. Overall, the hydroxyl group in phenols plays a crucial role in determining the properties and applications of these compounds.
to know more about hydroxyl OH pls visit
https://brainly.com/question/4682253
#SPJ11
predict the ideal values for the bond angles about the underlined carbon atom: c−−h3ccch2cooh.
The underlined carbon in the molecule c−−h3ccch2cooh is a sp3 hybridized carbon, which means that it has four hybrid orbitals. Therefore, we can predict that the ideal values for the bond angles about the underlined carbon atom would be approximately 109.5 degrees.
The provided molecule (C−H3CCH2COOH), the underlined carbon atom appears to be the second carbon in the sequence (the one bonded to three hydrogen atoms). This carbon is sp3 hybridized, meaning it forms four sigma bonds, in this case, three bonds with hydrogen atoms and one bond with another carbon atom. In an ideal sp3 hybridized carbon atom, the bond angles should be approximately 109.5 degrees. This is due to the tetrahedral arrangement of the four sigma bonds around the carbon atom, which results in the most stable, least repulsive configuration between the electron pairs.
So, the ideal values for the bond angles about the underlined carbon atom would be approximately 109.5 degrees.
learn more about bond angles here: brainly.com/question/31501310
#SPJ11
The decrease in freezing point of a dilute solution compared to that of the pure solvent, ATf, is called the freezing point ___ and is directly proportional to the __ concentration of the solute
The decrease in freezing point of a dilute solution compared to that of the pure solvent is called the freezing point depression. This phenomenon occurs because the presence of solute particles in the solution disrupts the crystal lattice structure of the solvent, which lowers its freezing point.
The magnitude of the freezing point depression is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute, which is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. This relationship is described by the equation:
ΔTf = Kf × molality
where ΔTf is the freezing point depression, Kf is the cryoscopic constant (a constant characteristic of the solvent), and molality is the molal concentration of the solute.
Thus, the greater the concentration of solute particles in the solution, the greater the freezing point depression.
For more questions like concentration visit the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/30549424
#SPJ11
please help super important im in a hurry please please
The molar composition of the constituents are:
nA = 0.008 molnB = 0.08012 molnX = 0.0213 molnH₂O = 0.0213 molYield of the esterification reaction is 72.74%.
How to find molar composition and yield?3.1. To determine the molar composition of the constituents at equilibrium, use balanced chemical equation for the esterification reaction :
A + B + H₂SO₄ → X + H₂O
From the equation, one mole of acid (A) and one mole of alcohol (B) react to form one mole of ester (X) and one mole of water.
Therefore, the initial moles of acid (A) and alcohol (B) are equal:
nA = mA / MA = 1.76 g / 60 g/mol = 0.0293 mol
nB = VB × dB / MB = 1.5 mL × 0.81 g/cm³ / 12 g/mol = 0.10125 mol
where MA and MB = molar masses of acid (A) and alcohol (B), respectively.
At equilibrium, 0.8 × 10⁻² mol of acid (A) is remaining, means 0.0293 - 0.008 = 0.0213 mol of acid (A) has reacted with alcohol (B) to form ester (X). Since the molar ratio of acid (A) to alcohol (B) is 1:1, the amount of alcohol (B) reacted also 0.0213 mol.
Therefore, the molar composition of the constituents at equilibrium is:
nA = 0.008 mol
nB = 0.08012 mol
nX = 0.0213 mol
nH₂O = 0.0213 mol
3.2. The yield of the esterification reaction can be calculated using the formula:
yield = (moles of ester formed / moles of limiting reactant) × 100%
In this case, the limiting reactant is acid (A), which has a stoichiometric coefficient of 1 in the balanced chemical equation. Therefore, the moles of ester formed is also 0.0213 mol. Thus, the yield of the reaction is:
yield = (0.0213 mol / 0.0293 mol) × 100% = 72.74%
3.3. According to Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the temperature will shift the equilibrium towards the products to absorb the excess heat. Therefore, increasing the temperature will increase the yield of the reaction and the amount of ester formed.
Find out more on molar composition here: https://brainly.com/question/29385601
#SPJ1
Consider the reaction of 25. 0 mL of. 20 M AgNO3(aq) with 25. 0 mL of. 20 M NaBr(aq) to form AgBr(s) at 25 C. What is ΔG for this reaction? The Ksp of AgBr is 5. 0x10-13 at 25 C.
The answer is -58. 8 kJ
Please explain how you arrived at this answer
The value of ΔG comes out to be -58.8 kJ, and the calculations for the same are shown in the below section.
Net ionic equation for silver bromide can be depicted as follows-
Ag⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) ---------> AgBr(s)
Total volume is 50 ml
so, [Ag⁺] = 0.20M * 25.0ml/50.0ml = 0.10 M
likewise, [Br⁻] = 0.20M * 25.0ml/50.0ml = 0.10 M
reaction quotient, Q = 1/[(Ag⁺)(Br⁻)]
Q = 1/(0.10)²
Q = 100
The reaction is going in forward direction since Q is greater than Ksp, means precipitate would be forming.
so, K = 1/Ksp = 1/(5.0 x 10¹³) = 2.0 x 10¹²
delta G = delta G⁰ + RT lnQ
we know that, delta G⁰ = - RT ln K
So, ΔG = - RT ln K + RT ln Q
ΔG = -RT(ln k - ln Q)
ΔG = - 8.314 * 298 * [(2.0 x 10¹²) - (ln 100)
ΔG = -8.314 * 298 * (28.32 - 4.605)
ΔG = -8.314 * 298 *23.715
ΔG = - 58755.62 J or -58.8 kJ
Thus, the value of ΔG comes out to be -58.8 kJ.
To learn more about net ionic equation check the link below-
https://brainly.com/question/28193640
#SPJ4
The velocity of a flow field is defined by u = (2x^2 - y^2) m/s and v = (-4xy) m/s, where x and y are in meters. Determine the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration of a particle that passes through point ( 1 m, 1 m). Then find the equation of the streamline passing through this point.
To determine the magnitude of the velocity at point (1 m, 1 m), we need to calculate the velocity vector at that point by plugging in x = 1 m and y = 1 m into the given velocity components:
u = (2x^2 - y^2) m/s = 2(1)^2 - (1)^2 = 1 m/s
v = (-4xy) m/s = (-4)(1)(1) = -4 m/s
The velocity vector at (1 m, 1 m) is therefore given by:
V = (u, v) = (1 m/s, -4 m/s)
To find the acceleration of a particle passing through this point, we need to take the time derivative of the velocity vector, since acceleration is the rate of change of velocity:
a = dV/dt = (du/dt, dv/dt)
Since the flow field is steady (i.e., the velocity does not change with time), the acceleration is zero:
a = (0, 0)
To find the equation of the streamline passing through (1 m, 1 m), we can use the fact that streamlines are defined as curves that are everywhere tangent to the velocity vector. Therefore, at any point on the streamline, the velocity vector must be parallel to the tangent vector of the streamline.
The equation of a streamline passing through (1 m, 1 m) can be obtained by integrating the differential equation:
dx/u = dy/v
Substituting the given expressions for u and v and integrating, we obtain:
y^2 = x^4 - 4x^2 + C
where C is an integration constant. To determine the value of C, we can use the fact that the streamline passes through (1 m, 1 m):
1 = 1^4 - 4(1)^2 + C
C = 2
Therefore, the equation of the streamline passing through (1 m, 1 m) is:
y^2 = x^4 - 4x^2 + 2
To know more about acceleration please visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12550364
#SPJ11
what additive improves water's ability to penetrate porous materials such as bales of cotton, stacked hay, or mattresses and increases water's efficiency for heat absorption?
The additive that improves water's ability to penetrate porous materials such as bales of cotton, stacked hay, or mattresses and increases water's efficiency for heat absorption is a wetting agent or surfactant.
1. Wetting agents or surfactants are substances that reduce the surface tension of water, making it more effective at penetrating porous materials.
2. When added to water, these agents break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, making the water "wetter."
3. As a result, the water can more easily penetrate porous materials like cotton bales, hay, or mattresses, reaching deeper into their structure.
4. This increased penetration allows for more efficient heat absorption, as the water can access and cool a larger portion of the material.
5. In firefighting applications, for example, wetting agents help water penetrate burning materials more effectively, making it easier to extinguish fires.
Wetting agents or surfactants are the additives that improve water's ability to penetrate porous materials and increase its efficiency for heat absorption.
To know more about heat absorption, refer
https://brainly.com/question/30836915
#SPJ11
what is the ground state electron configuration of mn 2? group of answer choices [ar] 3d7 [ar] 4s2 3d7 [ar] 4s2 3d3 [ar] 3d5 [ar] 4s2 3d5
The ground state electron configuration of Mn2+ is [Ar] 3d5 4s2, where two electrons have been removed from the neutral state of Mn.
Mn2+ has lost two electrons from its neutral state, Mn.
The electron configuration of Mn is [Ar] 4s2 3d5, where [Ar] represents the electron configuration of the noble gas, argon.
When Mn loses two electrons, they are first removed from the highest energy level, which is the 4s orbital. Therefore, the electron configuration of Mn2+ becomes [Ar] 3d5 4s0. However, the 3d orbitals have a lower energy than the 4s orbital, so one electron from the 4s orbital moves to the 3d orbital to create a half-filled subshell. This results in the ground state electron configuration of [Ar] 3d5 4s2.
In summary, the ground state electron configuration of Mn2+ is [Ar] 3d5 4s2, where two electrons have been removed from the neutral state of Mn.
Learn more about electron click here:
https://brainly.com/question/860094
#SPJ11
Draw the organic product expected from the reaction. include all hydrogen atoms.
CH3CH2CH2OH + K2Cr2O7(aq) ---->
Answer:
Sure, I can draw the organic product you asked for. Here it is:
CH3COO-K+ + Cr3+ + 5H2O
The organic product expected from the reaction of CH₃CH₂CH₂OH with K₂Cr₂O₇(aq) is CH₃CH₂COOH.
This is a result of the alcohol group being oxidized to a carboxylic acid group. The K₂Cr₂O₇(aq) acts as an oxidizing agent, providing the necessary oxygen to remove hydrogen from the alcohol and form a double bond with the carbon. The hydrogen atoms are replaced by the oxygen molecule, creating a carboxylic acid group.
The reaction is commonly known as the Jones oxidation and is used to convert primary alcohols into carboxylic acids.
It is important to note that the reaction is carried out under acidic conditions to promote the oxidation of the alcohol group. The balanced equation for the reaction is: 3CH₃CH₂CH₂OH + 2K₂Cr₂O₇(aq) + 8H₂SO₄ → 3CH₃CH₂COOH + 2Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 2K₂SO₄ + 11H₂O.
To know more about Jones oxidation click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/31316740#
#SPJ11
Addition of hbr to 1-phenylpropene yields only (1-bromopropyl)benzene. propose a mechanism for the reaction, and explain why none of the other regioisomer is produced.
As the reaction mechanism involves electrophilic addition and carbocation stabilization via resonance, which reports in exclusive formation of (1-bromopropyl)benzene and prevents the formation of other regioisomers.
The reaction you're referring to is the addition of HBr to 1-phenylpropene, which results in the exclusive formation of (1-bromopropyl)benzene.
This reaction proceeds through a two-step mechanism involving electrophilic addition and carbocation rearrangement:
1. Electrophilic addition: HBr reacts with the double bond of 1-phenylpropene, breaking the π bond and forming a carbocation intermediate.
The hydrogen atom attaches to the less substituted carbon of the double bond, following Markovnikov's rule. This generates a secondary carbocation at the benzylic position.
2. Carbocation rearrangement: The secondary carbocation formed in the first step is stabilized through resonance with the phenyl ring.
This stabilization prevents further rearrangement or attack at the more substituted carbon, leading to the exclusive formation of the observed product, (1-bromopropyl)benzene.
In conclusion, the reaction mechanism involves electrophilic addition and carbocation stabilization via resonance, which results in the exclusive formation of (1-bromopropyl)benzene and prevents the formation of other regioisomers.
To learn more about benzene, refer below:
https://brainly.com/question/14944833
#SPJ11
would an-acylated amino acids give a color reaction with ninhydrin
Yes, N-acylated amino acids would give a color reaction with ninhydrin.
Ninhydrin is a chemical reagent commonly used to detect the presence of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. When ninhydrin reacts with an amino acid, a purple or blue color is produced. This reaction occurs because the amino acid reacts with ninhydrin to form a compound known as a Schiff base, which undergoes further reactions to form a complex that absorbs light in the visible region of the spectrum, producing the characteristic color.
N-acylated amino acids, which have an acyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the amino group, can also react with ninhydrin to produce a purple or blue color. This is because the acyl group is removed during the reaction, leaving behind an amino acid that can form a Schiff base with ninhydrin.Therefore, both amino acids and N-acylated amino acids can give a positive color reaction with ninhydrin.
To know more about Ninhydrin refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/30155061#
#SPJ11
How many moles of oxygen are formed when 75.0 g of Cu(NO3)2 decomposes according to the following reaction? 2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
0.1996 moles of oxygen are formed when 75.0 g of Cu(NO3)2 decomposes according to the given reaction.
The molar mass of Cu(NO3)2 can be calculated as follows:
Cu: 1 x 63.55 g/mol = 63.55 g/mol
N: 2 x 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g/mol
O: 6 x 16.00 g/mol = 96.00 g/mol
Cu(NO3)2: 63.55 + 28.02 + 96.00 = 187.57 g/mol
To determine the number of moles of Cu(NO3)2 in 75.0 g, we divide the mass by the molar mass:
75.0 g / 187.57 g/mol = 0.3992 mol Cu(NO3)2
From the balanced equation, we see that 2 moles of Cu(NO3)2 produce 1 mole of O2.
So, 0.3992 mol Cu(NO3)2 will produce:
0.3992 mol Cu(NO3)2 x (1 mol O2 / 2 mol Cu(NO3)2) = 0.1996 mol O2
Therefore, 0.1996 moles of oxygen are formed when 75.0 g of Cu(NO3)2 decomposes according to the given reaction.
For more such questions on oxygen
https://brainly.com/question/15457775
#SPJ11
a(n) _____ is a chemical exfoliant that works by dissolving keratin protein in the surface cells.
AHA (alpha hydroxy acid) is a chemical exfoliant that works by dissolving keratin protein in the surface cells. The long answer is that AHAs are water-soluble acids derived from fruits and milk. They work by breaking down the bonds between dead skin cells, allowing them to be sloughed away more easily.
AHAs can be used to improve skin texture, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and brighten dull skin. Common types of AHAs include glycolic acid, lactic acid, and mandelic acid. It's important to note that AHAs can increase sun sensitivity, so it's recommended to use sunscreen when incorporating them into your skincare routine.
An alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) or beta-hydroxy acid (BHA) is a chemical exfoliant that works by dissolving keratin protein in the surface of cells. These acids help to remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and promote cell renewal, resulting in a smoother and more radiant complexion.
Examples of AHAs include glycolic acid and lactic acid, while salicylic acid is a common BHA.
to know more about keratin protein here:
brainly.com/question/12906205
#SPJ11
The F-B-F bond angle in the BF−2 ion is approximately:
a) 90°
b) 109.5°
c) 120°
d) 180°
e) 60°
The F-B-F bond angle in the BF−2 ion is approximately 120°, which is option c). This is due to the fact that the BF−2 ion has a trigonal planar molecular geometry, where the boron atom is at the center of the triangle and the three fluorine atoms are positioned at the vertices of the triangle.
This geometry is a result of the three electron pairs around the boron atom, which repel each other and push the fluorine atoms as far apart as possible.
The ideal bond angle for a trigonal planar molecular geometry is 120°. Therefore, the F-B-F bond angle in the BF−2 ion is close to 120°.
Understanding the molecular geometry and the electronic structure of a molecule or ion is crucial in predicting the properties and behavior of chemical substances in different chemical reactions.
To know more about F-B-F bond, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/13782150#
#SPJ11
175 g of water was heated from 15°C to 88°C. How many kilocalories (kcal) of heat were absorbed by the water? Water has a specific heat of 1.00 cal/gC
The water absorbed 12.775 kcal of heat as it was heated from 15°C to 88°C.
The amount of heat absorbed by the water can be calculated using the formula:
q = m * c * ΔT
where q is the heat absorbed (in calories), m is the mass of the water (in grams), c is the specific heat of water (1.00 cal/g°C), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in °C).
Substituting the given values, we get:
q = 175 g * 1.00 cal/g°C * (88°C - 15°C)
q = 175 g * 1.00 cal/g°C * 73°C
q = 12,775 cal
To convert calories to kilocalories, we divide by 1000:
q = 12,775 cal / 1000 = 12.775 kcal
To know more about specific heat click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/11297584#
#SPJ11
assume that all of the hi(g) is removed from a vessel containing this reaction, and equilibrium is re-established. what will be the new equilibrium concentration of hi if the equilibrium concentrations of h2 is 0.450m and i2 is 0.450m?
New equilibrium concentration of HI is 0.716 M. This is higher than the initial concentration of H₂ and I₂, which indicates that the system has shifted towards the formation of more HI to re-establish equilibrium.
H₂(g) + I₂(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
According to the equation, two moles of HI are formed for every mole of H₂ and I₂ that react. At equilibrium, the reaction rate of the forward reaction (formation of HI) is equal to the reaction rate of the reverse reaction (breakdown of HI).
Now, let's assume that all of the HI(g) is removed from the vessel. This will disturb the equilibrium and cause the system to shift towards the formation of more HI(g) to re-establish the equilibrium. This means that the reaction will proceed in the forward direction until a new equilibrium is reached.
To determine the new equilibrium concentration of HI, we need to use the equilibrium constant expression (Kc) for the reaction:
Kc = [HI]² / ([H₂] x [I₂])
where [H₂], [H₂], and [I₂] are the equilibrium concentrations of the respective species.
At the start of the reaction, before any HI is formed, the concentrations of H₂ and I₂ are both 0.450 M. We don't know the concentration of HI at this point, so we can call it x M. Then, the expression for Kc becomes:
Kc = (x)² / (0.450)²
At equilibrium, the value of Kc remains constant. Therefore, we can use the new equilibrium concentration of HI (also denoted by x) to solve for Kc using the same expression. Setting the two expressions for Kc equal to each other, we get:
(x)² / (0.450)² = Kc
Solving for x, we get:
x = √(Kc x (0.450)²)
Now, we need to look up the value of Kc for this reaction. At a temperature of 298 K, the value of Kc is 54.3. Substituting this value into the equation for x, we get:
x = √(54.3 x (0.450)²) = 0.716 M
Therefore, the new equilibrium concentration of HI is 0.716 M. This is higher than the initial concentration of H₂ and I₂, which indicates that the system has shifted towards the formation of more HI to re-establish equilibrium.
To know more about equilibrium concentrations, refer
https://brainly.com/question/13414142
#SPJ11
a 0.25 m solution of the sugar sucrose (c12h22o11) in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. bulb wires solution being tested plugged into wall outlet what do you predict will happen?
Based on the information provided, we can predict that the 0.25 m solution of sugar sucrose in water will not conduct electricity.
This is because sugar (sucrose) does not dissociate into ions in solution, which are necessary for conductivity to occur. The bulb wires solution being tested plugged into a wall outlet is simply a means of providing electricity to the circuit, but the sugar solution will not allow the electricity to flow through it due to its lack of conductivity.
A 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose (C12H22O11) in water is tested for conductivity using an apparatus with bulb, wires, and the solution being tested, plugged into a wall outlet. I predict that the bulb will not light up because sugar sucrose is a non-electrolyte and does not dissociate into ions in water, resulting in low conductivity.
Visit here to learn more about conductivity:
brainly.com/question/12136944
#SPJ11
explain how a molecular formula distinguishes two distinct substances sharing the same empirical formula
A molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the actual number and type of atoms present in a molecule of a substance. While empirical formula only shows the simplest whole number ratio of the different types of atoms present in a compound. Therefore, two distinct substances can have the same empirical formula but different molecular formulas. For example, both glucose and fructose have the empirical formula CH2O, but their molecular formulas are C6H12O6 and C6H12O respectively. Hence, the molecular formula helps to distinguish between two distinct substances sharing the same empirical formula.
A molecular formula distinguishes two distinct substances sharing the same empirical formula by providing the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule, while the empirical formula only shows the simplest whole number ratio of these atoms.
This difference in representation can result in two substances having the same empirical formula, but different molecular formulas, making them distinct compounds with unique properties.
To know more about molecular formula visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/28647690
#SPJ11
Complete and balance each of the following double-replacement reactions. Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer. Enter noreaction if there is no reaction.
Part A
AgC2H3O2(aq)+BaCl2(aq)→
Part B
CaBr2(aq)+K2CO3(aq)→
The complete and balanced reaction AgC2H3O2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → AgCl(s) + Ba(C2H3O2)2(aq) and CaBr2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2KBr(aq)
Part A:
AgC2H3O2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → AgCl(s) + Ba(C2H3O2)2(aq)
Note: AgCl is insoluble and precipitates out of the solution as a solid.
Part B:
CaBr2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2KBr(aq)
Note: CaCO3 is insoluble and precipitates out of the solution as a solid.
A double-replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two ionic compounds in aqueous solution exchange ions to form two new compounds. The general form of a double-replacement reaction is:
AB + CD → AD + CB
where A, B, C, and D represent ions or compounds.
To learn more about chemical reactions:
https://brainly.com/question/13476520
#spj4