Answer:
The magnitude of the electric field intensity is [tex]E = 7.89 *10^{6} \ V/m[/tex]
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The voltage is [tex]\epsilon = 72.7 \ mV = 72.7 *10^{-3} V[/tex]
The thickness of the membrane is [tex]t = 9.22 \ nm = 9.22 *10^{-9} \ m[/tex]
Generally the electric field intensity is mathematically represented as
[tex]E = \frac{\epsilon }{t}[/tex]
substituting values
[tex]E = \frac{72.7 *10^{-3} }{9.22 *10^{-9}}[/tex]
[tex]E = 7.89 *10^{6} \ V/m[/tex]
Diamagnetic materialsA) have small negative values of magnetic susceptibility.B) are those in which the magnetic moments of all electrons in each atom cancel.C) experience a small induced magnetic moment when placed in an external magnetic field.D) exhibit the property of diamagnetism independently of temperature.E)are described by all
Answer:
C) experience a small induced magnetic moment when placed in an external magnetic field.
Explanation:
Diamagnetics materials are those that experience a small induced magnetic moment when placed in an external magnetic field. These materials, such as bismuth, copper, silver and lead, have elementary magnets in their compositions. When they are exposed to an external magnetic cap, these elemental magnets tend to follow an orientation contrary to the external magnetic field. As a result, a magnetic field is created in the opposite direction to the external magnetic field.
A record player rotates a record at 45 revolutions per minute. When the record player is switched off, it makes 4.0 complete turns at a constant angular acceleration before coming to rest. What was the magnitude of the angular acceleration (in rads/s2) of the record as it slowed down
Answer:
The angular acceleration is [tex]\alpha = 0.4418 \ rad /s^2[/tex]
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The angular speed is [tex]w_f = 45 \ rev / minutes = \frac{45 * 2 * \pi }{60 }= 4.713 \ rad/s[/tex]
The angular displacement is [tex]\theta =4 \ rev = 4 * 2 * \pi = 25.14 \ rad[/tex]
From the first equation of motion we can define the movement of the record as
[tex]w_f ^2 = w_o ^2 + 2 * \alpha * \theta[/tex]
Given that the record started from rest [tex]w_o = 0[/tex]
So
[tex]4.713^2 = 2 * \alpha * 25.14[/tex]
[tex]\alpha = 0.4418 \ rad /s^2[/tex]
An electronic stove is rated 1000w, 240v. explain this statement. please I'm in need
Answer and Explanation:
When an electronic appliance such as electric heater, electric stove e.t.c is rated, the rating actually specifies the ideal working properties of the appliance. For example if it is rated 200W, 220V, it shows that the power the appliance will consume at a voltage of 220V is 200W.
Therefore, for the electronic stove mentioned with a rating of 1000W, 240V, the stove will consume or draw a power of 1000 watts at a voltage of 240volts.
Ratings can also help determine some other properties of the appliance such as current consumption and resistance in the appliance. For the given electronic stove, the current consumed can be found by using the following relation:
P = IV -------------(i)
Where;
P = Power rating = 1000W
I = Current used
V = Voltage rating = 240V
Substituting these values into equation (i) gives;
1000 = I x 240
I = [tex]\frac{1000}{240}[/tex] = 4.17A
Therefore, the current used by the stove is 4.17A
To get the resistance R of the stove, we can use the relation;
P = [tex]\frac{V^2}{R}[/tex]
R = [tex]\frac{V^2}{P}[/tex]
R = [tex]\frac{240^2}{1000}[/tex]
R = 57.6Ω
Therefore, the resistance of the stove is 57.6Ω
A single-slit diffraction pattern is formed on a distant screen. Assuming the angles involved are small, by what factor will the width of the central bright spot on the screen change if the wavelength of the illuminating light is doubled
Answer:
Doubling the wavelength of the diffracting doubles the angle of diffraction. So, the width of the central bright spot pattern formed on the screen will also be doubled.
Explanation:
For a single slit diffraction, the path length difference is related to the wavelength of the light leaving the slit onto the screen by
D sin θ = mλ
where D sin θ is the path length of the waves, each.
mλ is the wavelength of the wavelet
where m is the the order of each minimum
m = m = 1,−1,2,−2,3, . . .
The wavelength of each wavelet is always a multiple of the wavelength of the light source, and from the equation, we can see that the angle of diffraction depend on the wavelength of the light. From this we can see that increasing the wavelength of the light increases the angle of diffraction, and hence we can say that doubling the wavelength will double the diffraction angle. Also, the width of the central bright spot of the screen will spread or increase with the angle of diffraction, so doubling the wavelength doubles the central bright spot on the screen.
A proton is released from rest at the positive plate of a parallel-plate capacitor. It crosses the capacitor and reaches the negative plate with a speed of 45000 m/s.
What will be the final speed of an electron released from rest at the negative plate?
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units
V=_________
Answer:
2.1x10^6m/s
Explanation:
One electron has a charge of –1.602e-19 C
mass of electron is 9.1e-31 kg
mass of proton is 1.6726e−27 kg
mass ratio is 1.6726e−27 / 9.1e-31 = 1838
The force is constant, F
distance is constant, d
a = F/m
a increases by a factor 1838, as m decreases by that factor
a = a₀1838
v₀² = 2a₀d
v² = 2a₀d1838
v²/v₀² = 2a₀d1838 / 2a₀d = 1838
v² = 1838v₀² = 1838(45000)²
v = 45000√1838 = 2.1e6 m/s
During a visit to the beach, you get in a small rubber raft and paddle out beyond the surf zone. Tiring, you stop and take a rest. Describe the movement of your raft during your rest. How does this movement differ, if at all, from what you would have experienced if you had stopped paddling while in the surf zone?
Answer:
The main difference in these two movements is that the first is a pure swing movement and the followed form a wave travels from the beach
Explanation:
The movement in the two parts is very different, when the surf zone has passed it is in a deeper part of the water where the seabed does not rise much, therefore due to the movement of the waves there is an upward oscillatory movement and descending, in this movement there is no horizontal displacement.
When it is within the southern zone, there is a rapid rise of the sea floor, which generates a horizontal movement, having a traveling wave, therefore your movement is more complicated, you can have some oscillating movement on the axis and, but in addition to this you have a horizontal movement that reaches you towards the beach, forming a Traveling wave.
The main difference in these two movements is that the first is a pure swing movement and the followed form a wave travels from the beach
Unpolarized light passes through a vertical polarizing filter, emerging with an intensity I0. The light then passes through a horizontal filter, which blocks all of the light; the intensity transmitted through the pair of filters is zero. Suppose a third polarizer with axis 45 ? from vertical is inserted between the first two.
What is the transmitted intensity now?
Express your answer in terms of I0. I got I0/8. But this is not right. I guess they want a number?
Answer:
I₂ = 0.25 I₀
Explanation:
To know the light transmitted by a filter we must use the law of Malus
I = I₀ cos² θ
In this case, the intensity of the light that passes through the first polarizer is I₀, it reaches the second polarized, which is at 45⁰, therefore the intensity I1 comes out of it.
I₁ = I₀ cos² 45
I₁ = I₀ 0.5
this is the light that reaches the third polarizer, which is at 45⁰ with respect to the second, from this comes the intensity I₂
I₂ = I₁ cos² 45
I₂ = (I₀ 0.5) 0.5
I₂ = 0.25 I₀
this is the intensity of the light transmitted by the set of polarizers
If a system has 4.50×102 kcal of work done to it, and releases 5.00×102 kJ of heat into its surroundings, what is the change in internal energy (ΔE or Δ????) of the system?
The change in internal energy (ΔE) of the system is equal to -18823 Kilojoules.
Given the following data:
Quantity of heat = [tex]5.00 \times 10^2 \;kJ[/tex]Work done = [tex]4.50 \times 10^2 \;kcal[/tex]Conversion:
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
[tex]4.50 \times 10^2 \;kcal[/tex] = [tex]4.50 \times 10^2 \times 4.184 = 18828 \; kJ[/tex]
To determine the change in internal energy (ΔE) of the system, we would apply the first law of thermodynamics.
Mathematically, the first law of thermodynamics is given by the formula:
[tex]\Delta E = Q - W[/tex]
Where;
[tex]\Delta E[/tex] is the change in internal energy.Q is the quantity of heat released.W is the work done.Substituting the given parameters into the formula, we have;
[tex]\Delta E = 5 - 18828\\\\\Delta E = -18823[/tex]
Change in internal energy, E = -18823 Kilojoules
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Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta in units of m/s
Answer:
The speed of blood through the aorta is 0.265 m/s
Explanation:
Given;
volumetric flow rate, Q = 5.0L/min = 0.005 m³/min x 1min/60s = 8.333 x 10⁻⁵ m³/s
radius of the aorta, r = 1.0 cm = 0.01 m
Area of the aorta = πr²
Area of the aorta = π(0.01)² = 3.142 x 10⁻⁴ m²
Volumetric flow rate is given by;
Q = Av
where;
v is the speed of blood through the aorta
v = Q /A
v = (8.333 x 10⁻⁵ ) / (3.142 x 10⁻⁴)
v = 0.265 m/s
Therefore, the speed of blood through the aorta is 0.265 m/s
The blood's speed through the aorta will be "0.265 m/s". To understand the calculation, check below.
Blood and AortaAccording to the question,
Volumetric flow rate, Q = 5.0 L/min or,
= 0.005 × [tex]\frac{1 \ min}{60 \ s}[/tex]
= 8.333 × 10⁻⁵ m³/s
Aorta's radius, r = 1.0 cm
We know the formula,
→ Q = A × v
or,
Speed, v = [tex]\frac{Q}{A}[/tex]
By substituting the values,
= [tex]\frac{8.333\times 10^{-5}}{3.142\times 10^{-4}}[/tex]
= 0.265 m/s
Thus the above answer is correct.
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g A tube open at both ends, resonated at it's fundamental frequency, to a sound wave traveling at 330m/s. If the length of the tube is 4cm, find the frequency of the sound wave.
Answer:
frequency =4125Hz
Explanation:
L = 4cm = 0.04m
f =v/2L
f = 330/2 x 0.04
f = 4125Hz
On a certain planet a body is thrown vertically upwards with an initial speed of 40 m / s. If the maximum height was 100 m, the acceleration due to gravity is
a) 15 m / s 2
b) 12.5 m / s 2
c) 8 m / s 2
d) 10 m / s 2
Answer:
C) 8 m/s²
Explanation:
Given:
v₀ = 40 m/s
v = 0 m/s
Δy = 100 m
Find: a
v² = v₀² + 2aΔy
(0 m/s)² = (40 m/s)² + 2a (100 m)
a = -8 m/s²
which of the following statements describes the formation of acid rain?...A. acid rain forms from human activities and lowers the pH of rainwater below 7 B. acid rain forms naturally and lowers the pH of rainwater below 7 C. acid rain forms from human activities raises the pH of rainwater above 7 D. acid rain forms naturally and raises the pH of rainwater above 7
The correct answer is A. Acid rain forms from human activities and lowers the pH of rainwater below 7
Explanation:
The term "acid rain" is used to refer to rainwater with a low pH or a high acidity, this includes rainwater with a pH below 7 (solutions with a pH under 7 are acidic). In terms of formation, acid rain is mainly the result of human activities such as factories or cars that release pollutants into the atmosphere including nitric and sulfuric acids and these alter the natural pH of rain and makes it more acidic. Additionally, acid rain has negative consequences such as the death of fishes and other organisms in lakes, rivers, etc. because the acidity is toxic to many organisms. Thus, acid rain is the result of human activities and it lowers the pH of rain (Option A).
A hoop, a solid disk, and a solid sphere, all with the same mass and the same radius, are set rolling without slipping up an incline, all with the same initial kinetic energy.
Which goes furthest the incline?
a. The hoop
b. The disk
c. The sphere
d. They all roll to the same height
Answer:
The sphere
Explanation:
Because it has a smaller inertia (I) value in the explanation in the attached file
In general, how do highland climates compare with nearby areas at lower elevations? They are cooler and drier. They are cooler and wetter. They are warmer and drier. They are warmer and wetter.
Answer:
They are cooler and wetter
Explanation:
Highland areas have lower temperatures compared to low lying areas. The climate is more wetter because of more rainfalls compared to low lying areas and the wind carries moist air over the highlands.
Two capacitors, CA and CB, are such that CA > CB. These are connected with a battery in various ways: each individually, series, and parallel. Rank these four cases according to the total amount of charge, greatest first.
a. (CA) > (C) > (CA and CB in series) > (CA and Co in parallel)
b. (CA)>(Cb)> (CA and CB in parallel) > (CA and CB in series)
c. (CA and CB in series) > (CA) > (CB) > (CA and CB in parallel)
d. (CA and Cg in parallel) > (CA) > (CB) > (CA and Cg in series)
Answer:
b. (CA)>(Cb)> (CA and CB in parallel) > (CA and CB in series)
Explanation:
This is because capacitors in series is the sum of the reciprocal of the capacitances while that of parallel is the sum of the individual capacitances
Two point charges attract each other with an electric force of magnitude F. If one charge is reduced to one-third its original value and the distance between the charges is doubled, what is the resulting magnitude of the electric force between them
Answer:
F' = F/12
Therefore, the electrostatic force is reduced to one-twelve of its original value.
Explanation:
The electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between to charges is given by Coulomb's Law:
F = kq₁q₂/r² ---------- equation 1
where,
F = Electrostatic Force
k = Coulomb's Constant
q₁ = magnitude of first charge
q₂ = magnitude of 2nd charge
r = distance between charges
Now, if we double the distance between charges and reduce one charge to one-third value, then the force will become:
F' = kq₁'q₂'/r'²
where,
q₁' = (1/3)q₁
q₂' = q₂
r' = 2r
Therefore,
F' = k(1/3 q₁)(q₂)/(2r)²
F' = (1/12)kq₁q₂/r²
using equation 1:
F' = F/12
Therefore, the electrostatic force is reduced to one-twelve of its original value.
Suppose a tank filled with water has a liquid column with a height of 19 meter. If the area is 2 square meters 2m squared, what’s the force of gravity acting on the column of water?
Answer:
372,400 N
Explanation:
The volume of the column is ...
V = Bh = (2 m^2)(19 m) = 38 m^3
If we assume the density is 1000 kg/m^3, then the mass of the water is ...
M = ρV = (1000 kg/m^3)(38 m^3) = 38,000 kg
The force of gravity on that mass is ...
F = Mg = (38,000 kg)(9.8 m/s^2) = 372,400 N
A sharp edged orifice with a 50 mm diameter opening in the vertical side of a large tank discharges under a head of 5m. If the coefficient of contraction is 0.62 and the coefficientof velocity is 0.98, what is thedischarge?
Answer:
0.24
Explanation:
See attached file
The inner and outer surface temperature of a glass window 10 mm thick are 25 and 5 degree-C, respectively. What is the heat loss through a 1 m x 3 m window
Answer:
The heat loss is [tex]H = 8400\ W[/tex]
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The thickness is [tex]t = 10 \ mm = 0.01 \ m[/tex]
The inner temperature is [tex]T_i = 25 ^oC[/tex]
The outer temperature is [tex]T_o = 5 ^oC[/tex]
The length of the window is L = 1 m
The width of the window is w = 3 m
Generally the heat loss is mathematically represented as
[tex]H = \frac{k * A * \Delta T}{t}[/tex]
Where k is the thermal conductivity of glass with value [tex]k = 1.4\ W/m \cdot K[/tex]
and A is the area of the window with value
[tex]A = 1 * 3[/tex]
[tex]A = 3 \ m^2[/tex]
substituting values
[tex]H = \frac{1.4 * 3 * (23-5)}{0.01}[/tex]
[tex]H = 8400\ W[/tex]
3) If a ball launched at an angle of 10.0 degrees above horizontal from an initial height of 1.50 meters has a final horizontal displacement of 3.00 meters, what is its launch velocity
Answer:
35.6 m
Explanation:
The given ball possesses a projectile motion from its initial height. So, the required launch velocity of the ball is 6.55 m/s.
What is launch velocity?The horizontal component of velocity during the projection of an object is known as launch velocity. It is obtained when the horizontal range is known.
Given data -
The angle of projection is, [tex]\theta = 10.0 {^\circ}[/tex].
The initial height of the projection is, h = 1.50 m.
The horizontal displacement is, R = 3.00 m.
The mathematical expression for the horizontal displacement (Range) of the projectile is given as,
[tex]R = \dfrac{u^{2} \times sin2 \theta}{g}[/tex]
here,
u is the launch velocity.
g is the gravitational acceleration.
Solving as,
[tex]u =\sqrt{\dfrac{R \times g}{sin2 \theta}}\\\\\\u =\sqrt{\dfrac{1.50 \times 9.8}{sin(2 \times 10)}}\\\\\\u =\sqrt{\dfrac{1.50 \times 9.8}{sin20^\circ}}\\\\\\u=6.55 \;\rm m/s[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that the required launch velocity of the ball is 6.55 m/s.
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Consider the following three objects, each of the same mass and radius:
(1) a solid sphere
(2) a solid disk
(3) a hoop
All three are released from rest at the top of an inclined plane. The three objects proceed down the incline undergoing rolling motion without slipping. Use work-kinetic energy theorem to determine which object will reach the bottom of the incline first.
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 2, 3, 1
c) 3, 1, 2
d) 3, 2, 1
e) All three reach the bottom at the same time.
Answer:
Explanation:a 1
If an X-ray beam of wavelength 1.4 × 10-10 m makes an angle of 30° with a set of planes in a crystal causing first order constructive interference, what is the plane spacing?
Answer:
Plane spacing, [tex]d=1.4\times 10^{-10}\ m[/tex]
Explanation:
It is given that,
Wavelength of x-ray, [tex]\lambda=1.4\times 10^{-10}\ m[/tex]
Angle the x-ray made with a set of planes in a crystal causing first order constructive interference is 30 degrees
We need to find the plane spacing. It is based on Bragg's law such that,
[tex]2d\sin\theta=n\lambda[/tex]
d is plane spacing
n = 1 here
[tex]d=\dfrac{\lambda}{2\sin\theta}\\\\d=\dfrac{1.4\times 10^{-10}}{2\times \sin (30)}\\\\d=1.4\times 10^{-10}\ m[/tex]
So, the plane spacing is [tex]1.4\times 10^{-10}\ m[/tex].
Two unknown resistors are connected together. When they are connected in series their equivalent resistance is 15 Ω. When they are connected in parallel, their equivalent resistance is 3.3 Ω. What are the resistances of these resistors?
Explanation:
Let x and y are two unknown resistors. When they are connected in series their equivalent resistance is 15 Ω. When they are connected in parallel, their equivalent resistance is 3.3 Ω.
For series combination,
[tex]x+y=15[/tex] ......(1)
For parallel combination,
[tex]\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=3.3[/tex] ....(2)
We need to find the resistances of these resistors. Solving equation (1) and (2) we get :
x = 0.29 and y = 14.7
Hence, the resistances of these resistors are 0.29 ohms and 14.7 ohms.
water and air are both fluids. why is it easier to lift a rock in water rather thatn lifting a rock in air? a the force of gravity. b the bouyant force is greater on the rock in water. c the bouyant force is greater on the rock in air. d the force of gravity on the rock is less in water.
Answer:
The answer is option b.the buoyant force is greater on the rock in water.
Kepler-62e is an exoplanet that orbits within the habitable zone around its parent star. The planet has a mass that is 3.57 times larger than Earth's and a radius that is 1.61 times larger than Earth's. Kepler-62e is an exoplanet that orbits within the habitable zone around its parent star. The planet has a mass that is 3.57 times larger than Earth's and a radius that is 1.61 times larger than Earth's. Kepler-62e is an exoplanet that orbits within the habitable zone around its parent star. The planet has a mass that is 3.57 times larger than Earth's and a radius that is 1.61 times larger than Earth's. Calculate the acceleration of gravity on the surface of Kepler-62e.
Answer:
g' = 13.5 m/s²
Explanation:
The acceleration due to gravity on surface of earth is given by the formula:
g = GMe/Re² --------------- euation 1
where,
g = acceleration due to gravity on surface of earth
G = Universal Gravitational Constant
Me = Mass of Earth
Re = Radius of Earth
Now, the the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Kepler-62e is:
g' = GM'/R'² --------------- euation 1
where,
g' = acceleration due to gravity on surface of Kepler-62e
G = Universal Gravitational Constant
M' = Mass of Kepler-62e = 3.57 Me
R' = Radius of Kepler-62e = 1.61 Re
Therefore,
g' = G(3.57 Me)/(1.61 Re)²
g' = 1.38 GMe/Re²
using equation 1:
g' = 1.38 g
where,
g = 9.8 m/s²
Therefore,
g' = 1.38(9.8 m/s²)
g' = 13.5 m/s²
A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 29.0 m/s and when it reaches a height of 13 m, the velocity is 24.2 m/s.
Using the formula x = v0 • t + ½ • a • t2, find the time it takes to reach this height? Why do you get two values for time? Explain.
Answer:
the value of t = 0.49 seconds shows that its upward journey
and
at t = 5.43 seconds shows in downward journey
Explanation:
Given:
initial speed, u = 29 m/s
acceleration due to gravity, g = - 9.8 m/s^2
h = 13 m
Let it is moving with velocity v at a height of 13 m.
Use third equation of motion
v² = u² + 2gh
By substituting the values
v² = 29² - (2 * 9.8 * 13)
v = sqrt 585.94
v = 24.2 m/s
Let it takes time t to reach at height 13 m
Use second equation of motion
s = u * t + 1/2 * g * t²
13 = 29t - 4.9t²
4.9t² - 29t + 13 = 0
using quadratic equation to solve time
29 ± [tex]\sqrt{29^2 - 4 * 4.9 * 13}\\[/tex]
t = ------------------------------------
2 * 4.9
t = 5.43 second or t = 0.49 second
Therefore...
the value of t = 0.49 seconds shows that its upward journey
and
at t = 5.43 seconds shows in downward journey
The sound intensity at a distance 2.00 m from a sound source is 5.00 Find the total sound energy emitted by the source in each second.
Answer:
P = 251, 3 W
Explanation:
The intensity is defined as the power emitted per unit area
I = P / A
Since sound is distributed in all directions spherical shape, the area of a sphere is
A = 4π r²
let's clear the power and replace
P = I A
P = I (4π r²)
let's calculate
P = 5.00 (4π 2²)
P = 251, 3 W
A car travels at 100 km / h, collides head-on against a pole. Assuming the vehicle stopped at 2.2 seconds after impact, calculate the magnitude of the deceleration suffered by the driver.
Answer:
12.6 m/s²
Explanation:
First, convert to m/s.
100 km/h × (1000 m/km) × (1 hr / 3600 s) = 27.8 m/s
a = Δv / Δt
a = (0 m/s − 27.8 m/s) / 2.2 s
a = -12.6 m/s²
Which of the following represents a concave mirror? +f,-f,-di,+di
Answer:
fully describes the concave mirror is + f
Explanation:
A concave mirror is a mirror where light rays are reflected reaching a point where the image is formed, therefore this mirror has a positive focal length, the amount that fully describes the concave mirror is + f
This allows defining a sign convention, for concave mirror + f, the distance to the object is + d0 and the distance to the image is + di
Answer:
+f
Explanation:
because you have to be really dumb to get an -f
You are caulking a window. The caulk is rather thick and, to lay the bead correctly, the exit nozzle is small. A caulking gun uses a plunger which is operated by pulling back on a handle. You must squeeze the handle very hard to get the caulk to come out of the narrow opening because
Answer:
The answer is
A. Pressure is distributed uniformly throughout the fluid and the area of the plunger is much larger than the area of the opening.
Explanation:
The question is incomplete, here is a complete question with full options
You are caulking a window. The caulk is rather thick and, to lay the bead correctly, the exit nozzle is small. A caulking gun uses a plunger which is operated by pulling back on a handle. You must squeeze the handle very hard to get the caulk to come out of the narrow opening because:_________.
A. pressure is distributed uniformly throughout the fluid and the area of the plunger is much larger than the area of the opening.
B. viscous drag between the walls of the tip and the caulk causes the caulk to swirl around chaotically.
C. Newton’s third law requires most of the energy in the caulk to be used to push back on the plunger rather than moving it through the tip.
D. the high density of the caulk impedes its flow through the small opening.
Since the caulk is thick and the exit nozzle is small, the pressure needed to deliver the caulk will be very high as pressure is uniformly distributed at the plunger side at every part of the caulk, hence very high pressure is needed to deliver the caulk which is why the handle needed the very hard squeeze