the upper portion of the glacier where individual grains of ice do not move relative to one another is the.

Gravity pulls the denser plate beneath the less dense one when two plates collide. The greater the density of a plate, the more likely it is to be pulled below the other plate by gravity.

Gravity affects the movement of plates when two plates with different types of crust collide. When two plates of different densities meet, the denser plate is pushed beneath the less dense plate. This process is known as subduction and it creates mountains, volcanoes and trenches on the Earth's surface.

The density of a plate affects how it is deformed when it collides with another plate. For example, a denser plate will resist being pushed underneath the other plate and can instead cause the other plate to buckle. This buckling can create mountains or earthquakes. On the other hand, a less dense plate can be easily subducted, resulting in the formation of a trench.

When two plates with the same density collide, the plates slide horizontally past each other, forming faults. This can also cause earthquakes when the two plates become locked and built up stress is released.

Overall, gravity affects the movement of plates when they collide and the density of the plates plays a major role in the deformation that occurs. Oceanic and continental plates frequently collide, with the denser oceanic plate being pushed beneath the less dense continental plate. This causes deep-sea trenches to form on the oceanic plate's surface. The greater the density of a plate, the more likely it is to be pulled below the other plate by gravity. Because oceanic plates are denser than continental plates, they are frequently pushed beneath them.

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The safest place, among those listed below, in the 48 contiguous states with respect to earthquake seismic risk is South Dakota. Thus, Option D is correct.

This is due to its location in the stable interior of the North American Plate, far away from any active plate boundaries or faults.

South Dakota is located in the stable interior of the North American Plate, which means that it is far away from any active plate boundaries or faults. This location makes South Dakota less likely to experience earthquakes compared to other areas located near plate boundaries or faults.

Although earthquakes can occur anywhere, the risk is lower in South Dakota than in other areas such as California or Alaska. Therefore, South Dakota is considered the safest place among those listed below, in the 48 contiguous states with respect to earthquake seismic risk.

Based on this explanation, the correct answer is D.

The complete question:

Where is the safest place, among those listed below, in the 48 contiguous states with respect to earthquake seismic risk?

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The type of weather product that allows meteorologists to visualize the vertical structure of fronts, clouds, and jetstreams is called a Skew-T diagram. Skew-T diagrams are used to identify temperature and wind profiles in the atmosphere, helping meteorologists to make more accurate predictions about upcoming weather conditions. The diagram includes a set of lines that represent the environmental lapse rate, dry adiabatic lapse rate, and the saturation mixing ratio lines.

A Skew-T diagram is a type of graph used in meteorology to display the vertical profile of temperature, dew point, and wind in the atmosphere. It is called a "skew-T" because the temperature axis is skewed or tilted relative to the vertical axis, which allows for a larger temperature range to be displayed on the graph.

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The 5 stages of solar system formation are Solar Nebula, Protostar and Protoplanetary Disk, Planetesimals, Protoplanets and  Solar System.

The 5 stages of solar system formation are:

1. Solar Nebula: A cloud of dust and gas, called the solar nebula, begins to collapse due to gravitational forces. As it collapses, the material starts to spin and flatten into a disk shape.

2. Protostar and Protoplanetary Disk: The material in the center of the disk becomes denser, forming a protostar. Meanwhile, the remaining material in the disk starts to clump together, creating a protoplanetary disk around the protostar.

3. Planetesimals: Within the protoplanetary disk, solid particles collide and stick together, forming larger bodies called planetesimals. These planetesimals continue to grow as they collect more material from the disk.

4. Protoplanets: As planetesimals grow and interact, some merge through collisions, eventually forming larger bodies known as protoplanets. Protoplanets continue to evolve and differentiate, developing into the planets we observe in our solar system today.

5. Solar System: Over time, the protostar at the center of the system becomes a fully-fledged star (our Sun), while the remaining protoplanetary disk material is cleared out, leaving the planets, moons, asteroids, and other bodies orbiting the star. This marks the formation of the solar system.

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The short term changes in atmospheric variables such as temperature, wind, precipitation, and barometric pressure over a given area and period of days is an example of weather patterns.

Weather patterns are the result of large scale movement of air masses and their interaction with other meteorological factors. They determine the type of weather, like sunny days or rainy days, that a given area experiences over a period of days.

Weather patterns are formed when areas of high and low pressure interact. Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, creating an airflow pattern. The temperature, wind, precipitation, and barometric pressure all are affected by this airflow pattern.

Changes in these atmospheric variables depend on the strength of the pressure system and its movement. When the pressure system is strong and stationary, there is little change in the weather pattern. However, when the pressure system is weak and moving, the atmospheric variables will be more volatile.

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One part of the contiguous U.S. which appears least likely to be impacted by ENSO is the northwestern states.

What is ENSO?

ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) is an irregularly recurring climate pattern, typically occurring every two to seven years, which is the combination of the El Niño and La Niña phases in a way that affects the atmosphere and ocean.

Effects of ENSO:

The El Niño and La Niña phases of ENSO can have a significant impact on climate in various regions across the globe, including the contiguous United States. It can lead to changes in temperature, rainfall, and weather patterns.

How does ENSO affect the northwestern states?

The northwestern states of the contiguous U.S. which include Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Wyoming, appear to be the least impacted by ENSO.

They tend to have less variability in temperature and precipitation as compared to the rest of the country. However, there can still be some effects of ENSO on these regions, such as a slightly increased likelihood of drier and warmer conditions during El Niño years.

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The difference in height between the peak of Mount Hermon and the Sea of Galilee is C. 10, 082 feet .

The peak of Mount Hermon has an elevation of approximately 9,232 feet above sea level, while the surface level of the Sea of Galilee is approximately 686 feet below sea level.

To find the difference in height between the peak of Mount Hermon and the Sea of Galilee, we need to add the elevation of Mount Hermon to the depth of the Sea of Galilee:

= 9, 232 + 689

= 9, 921 ft

Therefore, the difference in height between the peak of Mount Hermon and the Sea of Galilee is approximately 10, 082 ft from the options.

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During solar noon, when the sun is at its highest position in the sky, the shadow is at its shortest.

This occurs usually about noon, however, it may differ somewhat depending on where you are and the season. The sun's rays are entering the scene at a more direct angle, which shortens the shadow's length.

Longer shadows are produced by variations in the sun's beams' angle when the sun rises or sets. The height of the object will also affect how long the shadow is, with taller objects casting longer shadows than shorter ones. The length of the shadow is the smallest overall when the sun is directly overhead.

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Cold deserts occur at higher latitudes than hot deserts.

A desert is a barren region with a shortage of water, low vegetation cover, and extremely dry air, which is often covered in sand or rocks. Deserts are the driest areas on the planet, receiving little precipitation.The world's deserts are divided into two types: cold deserts and hot deserts. The latitudes at which they exist distinguish between them. Cold deserts are located in higher latitudes, while hot deserts are found in low latitudes. Cold deserts are defined by their temperature, which is similar to that of hot deserts. These are high-elevation areas with low atmospheric pressure and reduced moisture due to the mountains blocking the passage of water.

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The mineral shows in the photo is a biotite mineral. So the option B is correct.

Biotite is a dark-colored mineral that is found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is a common rock-forming mineral and is classified as a phyllosilicate. Biotite is composed of iron and magnesium bonded to silicon and oxygen, and it is a common constituent of mica schists and gneisses.

Biotite has a high capacity to absorb and retain heat, making it an important component in insulation materials. Its properties also make it useful in the production of certain kinds of ceramics and adhesives. So the option B is correct.

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Earthquakes in subduction zones generally only occur at depths greater than 700 km.

What are earthquakes?

An earthquake is defined as a sudden and violent shaking of the Earth's surface, usually resulting from the abrupt movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity.

Tectonic plates are rigid layers of rock that make up the Earth's crust and are responsible for the planet's movement. When two tectonic plates collide, one can slide beneath the other, producing a phenomenon known as a subduction zone.

An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occurs when the Earth's tectonic plates shift suddenly,

resulting in the release of energy that causes the ground to shake. Earthquakes can range in size from small tremors to large quakes with devastating consequences, such as building collapse, landslides, and tsunamis.

The strength of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale, which ranges from 1 to 10.

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During a caldera eruption, the depression forms when the chamber roof collapses as the magma cools and contracts. Option (A) is correct answer.

Caldera eruptions are large volcanic explosions that cause an eruption of volcanic ash and gas. It results from the collapse of a volcanic structure, a volcano or a caldera, often caused by the evacuation of a magma chamber underneath it. Calderas are formed when magma is emptied from the volcano, causing the roof of the chamber to collapse and create a depression.

According to the given options, the depression forms when the chamber roof collapses as the magma cools and contracts. The roof of the magma chamber often cools and contracts after the eruption is over, making it unstable and prone to collapse. As a result, the volcanic structure's roof collapses and forms a depression. Hence, the correct answer is option A.

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If the western coast of South America is experiencing unusually warm and wet weather, you would expect the weather on the eastern coast of Australia to be cooler and drier. This is due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, which affects global weather patterns.

What is El Niño-Southern Oscillation?

El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a phenomenon that occurs when the ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean change from their normal temperatures. It occurs every three to seven years and lasts between one and two years.

The change in ocean temperature causes the trade winds, which usually blow from east to west, to slow down or reverse direction. When the trade winds slow down or reverse, it causes a buildup of warm water in the eastern Pacific Ocean, leading to El Niño. During an El Niño, the Pacific Ocean's warm surface waters move eastward towards South America, leading to unusually warm and wet weather on the western coast of South America.On the other hand, when the trade winds are stronger than usual, the ocean currents become stronger, leading to colder ocean temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean. This is known as La Niña, and it results in cooler and drier weather on the western coast of South America.

What is the effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on Australia?

Australia's weather patterns are also affected by El Niño-Southern Oscillation. During an El Niño event, Australia typically experiences drier and warmer weather conditions, especially in the eastern parts of the country. However, during a La Niña event, Australia typically experiences wetter and cooler weather conditions.El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a significant weather phenomenon that affects global weather patterns, including the weather on the eastern coast of Australia. If the western coast of South America is experiencing unusually warm and wet weather, you would expect the weather on the eastern coast of Australia to be cooler and drier.

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P waves generally have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram. P waves are the fastest seismic waves, meaning they arrive at the detector first and have the highest amplitude when they reach the seismometer.

P waves are also the most energetic of the seismic waves. This is because they are generated by a sudden release of energy at the focus of an earthquake, and since they travel fastest, they retain more energy as they move through the earth.

This energy is then released at the surface and measured by the seismometer.

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The type of rock that is composed of minerals with crystals that have their long axes perpendicular to pressure is called foliated metamorphic rock.

Foliated metamorphic rocks are formed when preexisting rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) are subjected to heat and pressure over a long period of time. The resulting rocks have a layered or banded appearance due to the alignment of mineral grains or crystals in a specific orientation.

The minerals in foliated metamorphic rocks are typically composed of crystals with their long axes perpendicular to pressure, which gives the rocks their characteristic texture. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss.

The question is:

The type of rock that is composed of minerals with crystals that have their long axes perpendicular to pressure is called _________.

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The melting of ice sheets from land masses is of greater concern to scientists than the melting of icebergs because the excess water flows into the oceans and causes the sea levels to rise which have catastrophic consequences on coastal populations and ecosystems.

Ice sheets are larger and more widespread than icebergs, making them more likely to impact global sea levels. Ice sheets are made of freshwater that has been frozen for thousands of years and they are part of the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps. As they melt, the excess water flows into the oceans and causes the sea levels to rise. This can have catastrophic consequences on coastal populations and ecosystems. In contrast, icebergs are smaller and more localized. Melting of icebergs does not significantly contribute to global sea levels, but it does affect the balance of fresh and salt water in the oceans.

Overall, melting of ice sheets has the greater potential to cause widespread, long-term damage. Melting of ice sheets from land masses can cause disruption to ecosystems, sea level rise, and coastal flooding. On the other hand, melting of icebergs only impacts the salinity of the ocean, which has less far-reaching implications.

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The final answer are earthquake of magnitude 7.5 releases about 3,126,339 joules more energy than one of magnitude 5.5.

The Richter Scale measures the energy of an earthquake, and the magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the amount of energy released by the earthquake.

The formula for the energy released by an earthquake is E = 10^(3/2M + 9.1), where M is the magnitude of the earthquake.

Using the Richter Scale, an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 releases about how much more energy than one of magnitude 5.5?

We can find the difference in energy by using the formula and plugging in the values:

E(7.5) = 10^(3/2*7.5 + 9.1) = 3,162,277 joules

E(5.5) = 10^(3/2*5.5 + 9.1) = 35,938 joules

The difference in energy released by the two earthquakes can be found by subtracting the two values:

E(7.5) - E(5.5) = 3,162,277 - 35,938 = 3,126,339 joules

Therefore, an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 releases about 3,126,339 joules more energy than one of magnitude 5.5.

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Small islands that are geographically isolated from the mainland and have no neighboring islands are colonized through the wind or water dispersal mechanism.

The mechanism of water dispersal is a method in which seeds or spores are transported by water. During heavy rains, floods, or tsunamis, many plants' seeds are washed away by the flowing water and ultimately carried to new habitats by the water's currents.

On the other hand, the mechanism of wind dispersal is a means by which small and light seeds or spores are transported by the wind. Wind-dispersed seeds are carried by the wind over long distances and then eventually settle in new places, germinating and developing into new populations.

Animals are often responsible for transporting the seeds of plants from one location to another. They transport seeds in their digestive systems, on their fur, and in mud and dust that accumulates on their bodies.

As a result, even small islands that are geographically isolated from the mainland and have no neighboring islands are colonized over time by different means of dispersal, including wind, water, and animal dispersal.

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It is not necessarily true that the atmospheric temperature will decline as the CO2 levels decline. The relationship between CO2 levels and atmospheric temperature is complex and can be affected by various factors, including natural climate cycles and human activity. However, it is generally accepted that increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere contribute to global warming and that decreasing CO2 levels could potentially slow down or reverse this process.

It is well known that as the CO₂ levels decline, the atmospheric temperature decreases.

When carbon dioxide levels decrease, the amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere decreases as well, resulting in a drop in temperature. This is due to the fact that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to the retention of heat in the atmosphere. As a result, higher levels of carbon dioxide contribute to higher atmospheric temperatures.

However, it is worth noting that other factors also influence atmospheric temperature, including variations in solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, and the presence of other greenhouse gases such as methane and water vapor. Additionally, the relationship between CO₂ levels and temperature is complex and is influenced by a number of feedback mechanisms that can either amplify or mitigate the warming effect of carbon dioxide.

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The answer is: Equatorial low and polar high.

These two areas are primarily influenced by temperature differences, which are a type of thermal factor, rather than dynamic factors such as the movement of air masses.

As the planet Mercury formed, temperatures in this region were around 1400K.

Thus, Mercury formed out of material that had a high melting point. The most abundant elements were metals such as iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and silicon (Si).

This is because the melting point of these elements is high enough to withstand the high temperature in the region. These elements, particularly iron, dominated the formation of Mercury.

In fact, the planet's density is the second-highest in the solar system, after Earth, which suggests a substantial metallic core.

According to the Giant impact hypothesis, Mercury was formed after a Mars-sized body collided with the early Earth.

The debris from the impact was scattered into space and coalesced into a hot planetesimal which eventually became Mercury.

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The annual cycle of prevailing weather conditions at a given place based on long-term conditions is known as climate.

The term weather is used to refer to short-term conditions such as precipitation, temperature, and wind. The climate of a region is determined by a variety of factors, including latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, and the presence of land and water bodies.

It can be classified into different categories based on temperature, precipitation, and other factors. In general, climate change refers to long-term changes in weather patterns and temperature around the world, while global warming refers specifically to the gradual warming of the planet's surface due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Cyclones, on the other hand, are severe tropical storms that can cause significant damage and loss of life. Trends are statistical measurements of changes over time. The correct answer is "climate."

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The tectonic boundary between the South American Plate and the Nazca Plate is a convergent boundary. At this boundary, the Nazca Plate is subducted beneath the South American Plate, resulting in the formation of a subduction zone.

As a result, various landforms are produced, including volcanoes, mountains, and oceanic trenches .In South America, one of the most prominent landforms produced by this tectonic boundary is the Andes Mountains.

These mountains stretch along the western edge of South America and are the longest mountain range in the world. They are formed by the collision of the South American Plate and the Nazca Plate.

Additionally, the Nazca Plate is being subducted beneath the South American Plate, resulting in the formation of the Peru-Chile Trench, which is the deepest oceanic trench in the world.

This trench is located off the coast of South America and is over 3,700 miles long. Other landforms produced by this tectonic boundary include volcanoes, such as Cotopaxi in Ecuador and Villarrica in Chile.

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Water in the water cycle moves between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere in a continuous cycle. It begins as water evaporates from the surface of the ocean, rivers, lakes, and wetlands into the atmosphere. The water vapor in the atmosphere rises and is cooled, forming clouds. As the clouds move, they can release water vapor in the form of precipitation, such as rain, snow, and hail. This precipitation then falls back to the surface and collects in bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. The water can also seep into the ground, where it replenishes groundwater sources. As the water in the bodies of water warms, it can evaporate again, and the cycle continues.

Answer:

repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

Explanation:

Evidence that a rock layer was formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents include sedimentary structures such as ripple marks, graded bedding, and load casts. Ripple marks are wave-like undulations formed by currents. Graded bedding occurs when finer-grained material is deposited on top of coarser-grained material. Load casts are hollow molds that form when a current carries material and deposits it.

Other evidence of turbidity current deposits include erosional contact points, angular cross beds, and slump structures. Erosional contact points are found when a turbidity current is so powerful it cuts through underlying strata. Angular cross beds indicate rapid deposition by a fast-moving current.

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Transgression is a term used to describe the phenomenon when the sea level rises and the coastline migrates inland. Therefore the correct option is option B.

This is a natural process that happens due to several reasons such as global warming, melting of glaciers and ice caps, and tectonic plate movements.

Transgression is the geological phenomenon that occurs when sea levels rise or land subsides, resulting in flooding and a gradual migration of coastal landforms inland.

Transgression occurs when relative sea level rises due to any one of several reasons such as melting of glaciers and ice caps, global warming, or tectonic plate movements.

Thus, transgression is a vital process that shapes our coastlines and plays a significant role in the geological history of the earth. Therefore the correct option is option B.

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The shape and polarity of water molecules is key for Earth’s ability to sustain life. Hydrogen bonding allows for many essential processes, from surface tension in aquatic organisms to the formation of more complex molecules. Hydrophobic interactions are also necessary for the formation of large biological structures, making the polarity of water key for many biochemical reactions.

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules form a lattice-like structure, which gives them the ability to trap other molecules and form micelles. This is essential for many biochemical processes, as it allows enzymes to bind to their substrates and facilitate chemical reactions.

The surface tension of water is due to hydrogen bonding, and this is important for many aquatic organisms. It also enables surface tension driven movements, like transpiration in plants, which are essential for transpiration and the water cycle.

The polarity of water is also key for many biochemical reactions, as it allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between organic molecules. This allows them to interact and form larger, more complex structures that are necessary for life. Hydrogen bonding is also important for hydrophobic interactions, which allow hydrophobic molecules to form non-polar regions in water and form structures that are necessary for biological processes.

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The accessory force that helps to drive plate movement resulting from a dense oceanic plate subducting is known as the slab pull force. Slab pull is a tectonic process in which the dense oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary. This force is the most important driver of plate movement, accounting for up to 80% of the total force.

As the slab sinks, it pulls on the rest of the lithosphere, resulting in the displacement of other plates. The slab pull force is especially important in subduction zones, where one plate dives beneath another. Subduction zones are where some of the Earth's most violent geological processes, such as mountain building and volcanic eruptions, take place.

Slab pull is caused by the large gravitational pull of a dense plate as it descends into the asthenosphere. The greater the density of the plate, the stronger the slab pull. Additionally, the subducting plate acts like a wedge, pushing the other plate upwards as it sinks.

Slab pull plays an important role in the movement of plates, and its importance can be seen in plate tectonics. Without slab pull, plate motion would be slower and more variable.

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Answer:

New snow on a glacier in the first year, which is called névé snow, is very granular in nature and gets partially melted, or undergoes sublimation or evaporation. Névé snow is typically formed by the compaction and recrystallization of snowfall over the course of a single winter season, and it is an intermediate stage in the transformation of snow into glacial ice. As the névé snow becomes more compacted over time, it eventually becomes firn and then glacial ice.

New snow on a glacier in the first year, which is called neve snow, is very granular in nature and gets partially melted, or undergoes sublimation or evaporation.

Neve snow is the name given to granular snow that has survived a full year of snowfall, also known as firn snow. It's often referred to as snow that's at the base of a glacier, and it typically appears during the snow accumulation period. The neve snow is partially melted, or undergoes sublimation or evaporation. It is composed of hexagonal snowflakes, also known as "diamond dust" because they sparkle in the sun.The snow turns into a more granular type of ice that looks more like rough, irregular sugar crystals than the characteristic hexagonal snowflakes after being partially melted and refrozen several times. This type of snow is referred to as firn, and it has a high density due to the amount of compressed air trapped between the ice crystals.

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