The process in which the genealogy of any pair of homologous alleles merges in a common ancestor is called coalescence.
Coalescence occurs when two or more alleles or allelic lineages of the same gene merge over time and can be used to estimate the time of the common ancestor. It occurs because the alleles are passed down from generation to generation. When two alleles coalesce, the pair can be traced back to a single ancestor. This is because each allele has a certain probability of being passed from parent to offspring, and as the alleles move from generation to generation, eventually two alleles from different individuals are likely to end up in the same individual, which indicates a common ancestor.
Coalescence is an important concept in population genetics, as it can be used to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of a population.
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question 1. how does nature (genes/biology) influence our gender? how does nurture (our environment) influence our gender?
Nature (genes/biology) decides the fundamental basis of our gender and nurture (environment) can influence how gender develops .
The influence of nature (genes/biology) and nurture (our environment) on our gender can be described as follows:
Nature: Genes, chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy all play a part in the growth and development of our gender. Genetics can decide whether someone is born male or female, and the chromosomes they inherit from their parents can decide the physical sex characteristics.
Nurture: The environment can affect gender growth and development in various ways. People's families, peer groups, social roles, media, and culture all contribute to gender development. Parents' attitudes towards gender roles, as well as their children's relationships with male and female peers, can influence the development of gender.
In summary, nature (genes/biology) decides the fundamental basis of our gender and nurture (environment) can influence how gender develops.
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How were Darwin's and Lamarck’s theories different?
A. Darwin said it was traits that organisms were born with that were passed on while Lamarck said it was traits the organisms acquired during their lifetime.
B. Lamarck said it was traits that organisms were born with that were passed on while Darwin said it was traits the organisms acquired during their lifetime.
C. Lamarck and Darwin’s theories were the same, but they did not agree on the time it would take for an organism to evolve.
Answer: Their theories are different because Lamarck thought that organisms changed out of need and after a change in the environment and Darwin thought organisms changed by chance when they were born and before there was a change in the environment.
Explanation:
Which of the following marrow elements provides the microenvironment for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells?A. White pulpB. Germinal centersC. Yellow marrowD. Red marrow
The marrow elements that provides the microenvironment for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells is Red marrow. The correct answer is D.
Red marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found primarily in the bone cavities of the axial skeleton and long bones. It is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through a process called haematopoiesis.
Hematopoietic stem cells, which are responsible for producing all blood cell types, are found in the red marrow along with a variety of other cell types that contribute to the microenvironment necessary for haematopoiesis.
This includes stromal cells, which provide support and nourishment to the developing blood cells, as well as cytokines and other signaling molecules that regulate the process of proliferation and differentiation.
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a form of character development that is exemplified by an individual maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait is called:
Personality plasticity exemplified rank order in an individual at the time of character development in relation to other individuals.
Personality plasticity is a trait that defines an individual's ability to respond to environmental demands by changing behaviors and habits. It refers to the extent to which an individual's personality characteristics are flexible and capable of change in response to varying circumstances. Personality plasticity refers to the degree to which individuals are capable of adjusting their personalities in reaction to environmental influences. People who are high in personality plasticity are willing to modify their attitudes, values, and behaviors when the situation warrants it.Personality plasticity is the term used to describe this capacity for adaptability or flexibility in personality.Learn more about trait: https://brainly.com/question/7375078
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which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus? which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus? anti-inflammatory vaccine antibiotic diuretic
An anti-inflammatory vaccine is used to prevent viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus. It is important to note that antibiotics and diuretics do not have this effect.
The medication that prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus is a vaccine. A vaccine is a biological product that improves immunity to a particular disease.
It's a weakened, inactivated, or dead type of the microbe that is causing the disease or part of the microbe's surface proteins, which mimics the actual infection-causing agent.
In conclusion, vaccines are the medications that prevent viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus. Therefore, the correct option is anti-inflammatory vaccine.
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The following question may be like this:
Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?
why do paleontologists frequently revise their ideas about the evolutionary relationships of hominid species
Paleontologists frequently revise their ideas about the evolutionary relationships of hominid species because of several reasons. There is always new evidence available from various sources such as fossils, genetic studies, and anatomical comparisons.
As paleontologists continue to discover and study more fossils, they may discover new features or characteristics that require them to rethink their original hypotheses or theories. The field of paleontology is also constantly evolving, with new technologies and techniques being developed all the time. For example, advances in imaging technology have allowed paleontologists to study fossils in greater detail, revealing new features that were previously impossible to see. Additionally, the use of DNA analysis has provided new insights into the evolutionary relationships between different hominid species.Paleontologists also revise their ideas about the evolutionary relationships of hominid species because of changing perspectives or paradigms within the field. As new theories or hypotheses are proposed, older ideas may be challenged or replaced, leading to a revision of the evolutionary relationships between different hominid species.Overall, the revision of evolutionary relationships is an important part of the scientific process. By revising and updating their ideas, paleontologists can gain a better understanding of how hominids evolved over time, and how they are related to other species within the broader context of evolution.
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what does the dna polymerase that fills in the gap between two okazaki fragments after they are synthesized use as a primer to synthesize the missing dna ?
The DNA polymerase that fills in the gap between two Okazaki fragments after they are synthesized uses RNA primers to synthesize the missing DNA. This process is called primer extension.
The RNA primers are short, single-stranded RNA sequences that are complementary to the DNA template strand. They are synthesized by the enzyme primase, which is specialized in synthesizing RNA primers. Once the RNA primers are synthesized, the DNA polymerase can then use them as a starting point to synthesize the missing DNA nucleotides and fill in the gap between the two Okazaki fragments. The RNA primers are later removed by another enzyme, called RNase H, and replaced with DNA nucleotides by the same DNA polymerase, which then seals the nick with a phosphodiester bond to complete the synthesis of the lagging strand.
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discuss three ways in which building and sustaining good relationship may impact positively on your emotional well-being during lockdown
Answer:
Healthy relationships can: increase your sense of worth and belonging and help you feel less alone. give you confidence. support you to try out new things and learn more about yourself.
Explanation:
describe the pathway of electron transfer from photosystem ii to photosystem i in light-dependent reactions.
Electron transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I occurs in light-dependent reactions, involving the transfer of electrons from a high-energy molecule in Photosystem II to a low-energy molecule in Photosystem I. This electron transfer is facilitated by a series of proteins that shuttle electrons between the two photosystems and generates a proton gradient, which provides the energy for ATP synthesis.
The electron transfer pathway from Photosystem II (PS II) to Photosystem I (PS I) in light-dependent reactions is described below:
The PS II complex, which is found on the thylakoid membranes, absorbs light energy and energizes electrons that travel to Pheophytin (Ph). The Ph passes its energized electron to Quinone A (QA). As a result, the QA molecule gets reduced to Quinol A (QA-).
The reduced QA- molecule transports the electrons to the cytochrome b6f complex through a series of redox reactions. The movement of electrons through cytochrome b6f is coupled with the transfer of protons from the stroma into the lumen, creating a proton gradient between the two regions.
The protons that are moved through the thylakoid membrane during this process are utilized to power the ATP synthase enzyme, which produces ATP.
The electrons are subsequently transferred to Plastoquinone B (PQ). PQH2 transports electrons to the Photosystem I complex (PS I), where they are energized by another photon of light. These electrons are transported to the ferredoxin molecule, where they are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
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Which human activity poses a threat to ecosystem stability?
Answer:
There's multiple so answers in explanation
Explanation:
- Factory Work
- Urbanization
- Deforestation
- Car fumes
- Pollution
Which traits appear to be most beneficial for survival in this environment?
Please make me brainalist and keep smiling dude I hope you will be satisfied with my answer is updated
An adaptation is any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment.
Individuals with adaptive traits—traits that give them some advantage—are more likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals then pass the adaptive traits on to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population.
what type of protein binds to silencers to prevent gene expression from occurring? what type of protein binds to silencers to prevent gene expression from occurring? repressors promoters enhancers rna polymerase
Answer: repressors
Explanation:
the protein in biological organisms inculude 20 different kinds of amino acids. what is the minimum number of different types
There must be at least 20 different tRNA molecules in a cell in order to form proteins. Each of the tRNA molecules has a unique anticodon that pairs with a codon of mRNA and a unique amino acid-binding site that pairs with a particular amino acid. This is necessary for the formation of proteins.
The minimum number of different tRNA molecules that must exist in a cell is 20, as there is one specific tRNA molecule for each of the 20 amino acids. Each tRNA molecule carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome, which is necessary for the formation of proteins.
The structure of tRNA molecules consists of an amino acid-binding site and an anticodon region. The anticodon region of each tRNA molecule is complementary to a codon of mRNA, and the amino acid-binding site is able to interact with an amino acid. The codons of mRNA direct the ribosome to the appropriate tRNA molecule that corresponds to a particular amino acid.
Therefore, since there are 20 amino acids, 20 different tRNA molecules must exist in a cell in order to pair with each of the codons of mRNA. This ensures that the correct amino acid is available for the formation of proteins. Without the correct tRNA molecule, the ribosome would not be able to bring the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis.
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decide which of the highlighted substituents has the higher priority. molecule higher priority? molecule higher priority? a b a b a b a b
The substituent in molecule a has higher priority as it has a higher atomic number than the substituent in molecule b. Hence, the correct answer is 'a' has the higher priority.
When comparing the priority of the highlighted substituents in the given molecules, we need to use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules. These rules are used to determine the priority of substituents based on their atomic number or atomic mass.
Let's compare the highlighted substituents in each molecule: Molecule
a: The highlighted substituent in molecule a contains a bromine atom (Br), which has an atomic number of 35.Molecule b: The highlighted substituent in molecule b contains a chlorine atom (Cl), which has an atomic number of 17.
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For a certain type of plant, the gene for red flower color is dominant while
the gene for yellow flower color is recessive. Two plants with red flowers
produce an offspring with yellow flowers. Which best describes the genes
of the parent plants?
O both parents carry one recessive gene
Oneither parents carry a recessive gene
O one parent carries two recessive genes, but the other does not
one parent carries the recessive gene, but the other does not
The right response is: One recessive gene is carried by each parent.
This indicates that both parents contain one recessive allele for yellow flowers and are heterozygous for the flower color gene (Rr), with the dominant allele for red flowers (R) manifested in their phenotypic (r).
There is a 25% probability that when they have a child, the child will inherit the recessive allele from each parent and have the recessive phenotype (yellow flowers).
Mendel genetics: What is it?Gregor Mendel's experiments from the middle of the 19th century served as the basis for the study of inheritance patterns in organisms, which is known as Mendel genetics. Mendel developed his rules of inheritance, which are still used to comprehend genetic inheritance in all organisms, using pea plants to analyze the inheritance of traits.Mendel's laws of inheritance include the laws of segregation and independent assortment. The laws of segregation and independent assortment indicate that pairs of genes separate throughout the development of gametes and that genes for various traits are inherited independently of one another. These laws clarify how features are passed down from parents to children and how populations develop genetic diversity.learn more about Mendel genetics here
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The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is a DIRECT participant in what process? Exclude the four processes that are indirectly linked to oxygen consumption in cellular respiration A. phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP B. accepting electrons from sugars in glycolysis C. accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain D. accepting electrons from the components of the citric acid cycle
E. removing electrons from NADH
A DIRECT participant in accepting electrons at the conclusion of the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the oxygen used during cellular respiration. So, C is the best choice.
In this procedure, oxygen molecules act as the ultimate electron acceptor by receiving electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. As a result, water is created and a proton gradient is created, both of which are used to fuel ATP synthase's synthesis of ATP.
Indirect links between oxygen consumption and cellular respiration include the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, the uptake of electrons from sugars in glycolysis, the components of the citric acid cycle, and the removal of electrons from NADH.
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which of the following is not one of the ways of studying and identifying microorganisms?staining culture animal culture human inoculation
The following is not one of the ways of studying and identifying microorganisms is Animal culture.
Microorganisms can be studied and identified through the following ways:
Staining Culture
Human Inoculation
Animal culture
Staining is a method of dyeing microorganisms to make them visible under a microscope. The process of staining involves the use of chemicals that color certain components of the cell, such as the cell wall, nucleus, or cytoplasm, so that they can be seen more clearly.Culture is a method of growing microorganisms in a lab, usually in a nutrient-rich liquid or solid medium. By observing the growth patterns of the microorganisms, scientists can identify them and determine their properties, such as their size, shape, and metabolic processes.
Human inoculation is the method of studying microorganisms by exposing human subjects to a pathogen under controlled conditions in order to observe how the body responds to the infection. This method is useful in understanding how diseases spread and how they can be treated or prevented.
Animal culture is not a method of studying and identifying microorganisms. However, animal models can be used to study the effects of microorganisms on living organisms, such as the symptoms they cause, the immune response they elicit, and the ways they can be treated.
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during the early miocene epoch of the cenozoic era, there was adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?
Answer: Apes
Explanation:
veterinarians may use biopsies on feathers to diagnose beak and feather disease. question 5 options: true false
It is true that veterinarians can diagnose beak and feather disease through biopsies on feathers.
Can veterinarians identify beak and feather disease using biopsies on feathers?To rule out any more potential reasons, DNA in situ hybridization may be used to sample skin or feathers. The use of the haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays is a second technique that yields quantitative data. HA titres above 640 HAU/50 l are required to determine PBFD infection.
How is beak and feather illness identified by veterinarians?The best method for PBFD diagnosis is a whole blood DNA probe test for viral DNA detection. To rule out any more potential reasons, a DNA in situ hybridization skin or feather biopsy may be performed.
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Select the correct statement about absorptiona. 30% ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.b. carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then passively transported into blood capillaries.c. if intact fats are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated.d. Amino acid transport is linked to sodium transport.The answer could be one choice or multiple choices
The correct statement(s) about absorption is (D) Amino acid transport is linked to sodium transport.
Amino acids are transported across the villus epithelium in the small intestine, and this process is linked to sodium transport.
Amino acids, not proteins, are absorbed; proteins rely on prior digestion to amino acids. Most absorption of amino acids occurs in the jejunum; there is a lesser contribution from the ileum.
Amino acids are absorbed by a co-transport mechanism with sodium ions. Both sodium ion and amino acid combine with a cell surface protein receptor.
There are different receptors for the groups: neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, acidic amino acids
In addition, certain amino acids may have there own specific transporter e.g. proline. The receptor then conveys both molecules to the inside of the cell.
The energy for this transport is derived from the concentration gradient for sodium across the cell membrane. Na-K ATPase transporters actively and continuously pump sodium ions outwards to maintain the gradient.
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if you are not getting adequate calcium in your diet, calcitonin will be secreted, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and thereby increases calcium levels in the blood. question 2 options: true false
True as the Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium levels in the blood are too low.
Calcitonin stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream, increasing calcium levels in the blood.
Osteoclasts are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing its calcium into the bloodstream.
Without adequate calcium in the diet, calcitonin is secreted in response to the low calcium levels, which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing the stored calcium into the bloodstream and restoring calcium balance in the body.
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large attitudinal scales might result in what type of bias? large attitudinal scales might result in what type of bias? auspices fatigue extremity sampling halo
The correct option is E, Large attitudinal scales might result in Halo type of bias. The halo effect is a type of bias that can occur when large attitudinal scales are used.
This bias can occur when the respondent has a strong positive or negative attitude towards the subject matter, which can then influence their ratings on the scale.
The Halo effect is a cognitive bias that affects our perception of people, products, or brands. It occurs when we allow one positive attribute of someone or something to influence our overall impression and judgment of that entity. For example, if we perceive someone as physically attractive, we may also assume that they have other positive qualities, such as intelligence or kindness, even if we have no evidence to support those assumptions.
Similarly, if we like a certain brand or product, we may be more likely to overlook its flaws or negative aspects. The Halo effect can have both positive and negative consequences. On the one hand, it can lead us to form positive impressions of people or products based on a single positive attribute.
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Complete Question: -
Large attitudinal scales might result in what type of bias?
a.Auspices
b.Fatigue
c.Extremity
d.Sampling
e.Halo
1. the nasal septum is composed of bone and hyaline cartilage. which specific cartilage and bones compose the septum?
The nasal septum is composed of hyaline cartilage and bones. The specific cartilage that makes up the septum is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the septal cartilage, and the vomer bone.
These two structures work together to form a septum that separates the two nasal cavities.
The nasal septum is the wall that divides the nasal cavity into two halves, which are the right and left cavities. It is made up of hyaline cartilage, which is a strong and flexible type of cartilage, and bone.
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone make up the bone part of the septum, while the septal cartilage makes up the cartilage portion.
The septal cartilage extends anteriorly from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, forming the anterior portion of the nasal septum. This cartilage is made up of hyaline cartilage and is often referred to as the "quadrangular cartilage."
The vomer bone, on the other hand, is a thin, flat bone that is situated at the bottom of the nasal cavity. It is formed from a pair of bones that fuse together in the middle.
The vomer bone is located at the posterior end of the septum, where it connects to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
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what structures appear most distinct between the chimpanzee skeleton, the ancient hominid skeleton and the human skeleton? how do their skeletal structures correspond to the way they moved around?
Answer:
around their waist
Nearly __________ of the US population lives near coastlines.
Nearly 40% of the US population lives near coastlines.
What are coastlines?
Coastlines are the line that delineates the boundary between the sea and the land. The shoreline is a line that marks the contact between land and sea, while the coast is the landmass that extends from the shoreline to the first major change in terrain characteristics, such as mountains or hills.
Major US cities located on the coastlines include New York City, Boston, Miami, and San Francisco, among others. About 39 percent of the US population, or 124 million people, lives in coastal shoreline counties, according to NOAA. The most densely populated coastal region stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., with about 70 million people living in an area that is highly susceptible to sea-level rise, according to the report.
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Each of my nucleotides include a phosphate, sugar, and base
DNA
RNA
Both
the correct answer to your question is: Both DNA and RNA nucleotides include a phosphate, sugar, and base.
The components of nucleic acids, which are extended strands of nucleotides that encode genetic information, are nucleotides. The nucleic acid's backbone is made up of the phosphate group and sugar molecule, and the nitrogenous base is joined to the sugar molecule.
Each nucleotide's phosphate group is joined to the sugar molecule's 5' carbon whereas the nitrogenous base is joined to the sugar molecule's 1' carbon. Along the nucleic acid's backbone, sugar and phosphate molecules alternate with one another and are joined by phosphodiester linkages.
Genetic information is encoded by nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA.
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Which environmental change occurs most rapidly 1 decomposition 2 human population growth 3 forest succession 4 tornado
The fastest-occurring option is a tornado, which can form and vanish in a matter of minutes, as opposed to the other choices, which include decomposition, forest succession, and human population expansion.
Does the environment suffer from population growth?Many effects of human population growth on the Earth system include: Rising resource extraction from the ecosystem. These resources include fossil fuels, minerals, vegetation, water, and wildlife, especially in the oceans (oil, gas, and coal).
What is a rapidly growing population?Fast population growth is an increase in a population's size brought on by greater birth rates and lower mortality rates. Short-term food scarcity and restricted resources are two effects of fast population increase.
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what structure is considered the energy currency of the body? multiple choice polysaccharides amino acids adp atp
The structure that is considered the energy currency of the body is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The correct answer is the last option.
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, which is the body's primary energy source. This molecule is composed of adenosine, a nitrogen-containing compound, and three phosphate groups, which are responsible for ATP's high energy content. ATP is an energy-rich molecule that is used by the body's cells to power a variety of cellular processes. The energy that is stored in ATP is released when one of the phosphate groups is broken off, a process that generates energy that can be used to power cellular processes like muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and biochemical reactions.
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the pharynx is used by both the digestive system and the respiratory system. how does it manage both systems without compromising the other?
The pharynx acts as a valve to ensure food and air never mix and thus manage both systems without compromising the other.
The pharynx is a tubular structure in the neck connecting the mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx. It is shared by both the digestive system and the respiratory system, yet still manages to separate the two processes.
The digestive process begins in the mouth where the teeth break down food and it is then swallowed. The walls of the pharynx contract to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract. At the same time, the larynx and vocal cords close off the airway.
Inhalation occurs when the air enters through the nasal cavity and mouth, passes through the pharynx, and continues down the trachea into the lungs. The walls of the pharynx relax and open up the airway, allowing air to flow freely and easily.
By controlling the opening and closing of the airway, the pharynx acts as a divider between the two systems and prevents one from compromising the other.
Thus, in order to ensure that the food and air never get mixed, the pharynx acts as a valve and thus manages both systems without compromising the other.
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compared to primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics are those characteristics that:
Compared to primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics are those characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction.
The primary sex characteristics are the reproductive organs, which are responsible for reproduction. These organs develop during puberty and become fully functional in adulthood.
In males, the primary sex characteristics include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra. In females, the primary sex characteristics include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
Secondary sex characteristics, on the other hand, are the characteristics that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction. These characteristics are different in males and females.
For instance, in males, the secondary sex characteristics include an increase in muscle mass, growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and broadening of the shoulders. In females, the secondary sex characteristics include the development of breasts, growth of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the hips, and distribution of fat around the buttocks and thighs.
Hence, compared to primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics are those characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction.
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