new species can form through allopatric or sympatric speciation. which of the mechanisms will act more strongly on populations that are initially separated in allopatry than on those initially separated in sympatry? reinforcement gene flow genetic drift disruptive selection
new species can form through allopatric or sympatric speciation. the mechanisms of genetic drift will act more strongly on populations that are initially separated in allopatry than on those initially separated in sympatry.
What is genetic drift ?In a population, genetic drift refers to a shift brought on by chance in the frequency of an already present gene variant. Gene variations could completely vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity. Furthermore, it may lead to the widespread spread and even fixation of previously rare alleles.
Why does it happen?The term "genetic drift" refers to haphazard changes in the population's gene variation frequency. Genetic drift occurs throughout time when the frequency of different alleles, or variable forms of a gene, fluctuates randomly. Allele frequencies are changed to account for these variations in allele presence.
To know more about alleles visit :
https://brainly.com/question/7602134
#SPJ4
Enzymes provide a site where reactants called substrates can be brought together in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The site is called the.
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, reactants known as substrates can be brought together at the site provided by enzymes. It functions as an active site.
The area of an enzyme's active site where substrate molecules attach and undergo a chemical reaction is known as the active site in biology and biochemistry.The active site is made up of amino acid residues that catalyze a reaction of that substrate as well as residues that establish temporary bonds with the substrate (binding site) (catalytic site).A binding site is a spot on a protein, piece of DNA, or piece of RNA where a ligand can attach. Proteins are enzymes.An enzyme's active site is a location where substrates can attach to initiate a chemical reaction.The active site of an enzyme is where substrate molecules bind and catalyze the reaction that results in the generation of certain products, whereas the allosteric site is where activator or inhibitor molecules can bind to the enzyme and either activate or inhibit enzyme activity.Learn more about active site here:
https://brainly.com/question/1831627
#SPJ4
true or false: the three protective membranes that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are the mesenteries.
The three protective membranes that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are the mesenteries. This statement is false because mesenteries are the fold of membrane which attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and helps to hold it in place.
Although Meninges are the three layers of protective membranes that protect cranial cavity and vertebral canal or the brain and spinal cord.
Therefore, three protective membranes that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are the Meninges which main function is to to protect the central nervous system (CNS) and give protection to the brain and spinal cord. Also it ensure the tight anchoring of the CNS to surrounding bones, and provide stability.
Learn more about meninges here
brainly.com/question/13929020
#SPJ4
drugs classified as depressants typically a) speed up metabolism. b) slow down neural transmission and behavior. c) increase the likelihood of the sympathetic nervous system becoming active. d) act as antagonists that block the effect of gaba.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Depressants slow down neural activity/transmission. They are often used to relieve depression/anxiety/stress/pain for a period of time.
Drugs classified as depressants typically will slow down neural transmission and behavior. Thus, option B is correct.
What are depressants?
Drugs classified as depressants typically will slow down neural transmission and behavior. Analgesia has been known as the analgesic drug which has been used as a pain reliever or it has been also known as painkiller. The group of drugs that used to relief severe pain has been known as the analgesia. The side effects of the analgesia has that the long term use of analgesia can cause damage to liver and kidney.
There are several conditions in which analgesia are analgesic are given and these are after the surgery, if someone gets injured in case of pain and it is also given in case severe headache. The menstrual pain can also be reliefed by taking analgesia.
Therefore, Drugs classified as depressants typically will slow down neural transmission and behavior. Thus, option B is correct.
Learn more about drugs here:
https://brainly.com/question/13294633
#SPJ2
structure-activity relationship study of indole-2-carboxamides identifies a potent allosteric modulator for the cannabinoid receptor 1
The cannabinoid receptor is worried about complicated physiological features. the invention of CB1 allosteric modulators generates new possibilities for drug discovery focused on the pharmacologically crucial receptor.
A group of indole-2-carboxamide analogs had been synthesized and assessed for allostery of the receptor. We observed that in the structure of indole-2-carboxamides, the presence of the indole ring is favored for preserving the modulator's high binding affinity for the allosteric website, but not for generating allostery at the orthosteric website.
The endo cannabinoid receptor is composed of a minimum of two G-protein coupled receptors, and, a group of endogenous lipid ligands, and numerous catabolic and anabolic enzymes that are worried in the biosynthesis and degradation of the endogenous ligands.
Learn more about cannabinoid receptors here:-https://brainly.com/question/8939383
#SPJ4
If an phosphorus atom has 16 electrons, what is the net charge?
A) +1
B) +2
C) 0
D) -1
Answer: −412
−234
−114
0
Explanation: The number line represents −412+314.
What is the sum?
10: discuss the normal functions of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are frequently mutated in breast cancer and how mutations in these genes contribute to oncogenesis.
Oncogenes are the main genes that contribute to the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells, whereas tumor-suppressive genes prevent cancer from developing.
What are oncogenes?An oncogene is a mutated gene with the ability to cause cancer. A proto-oncogene is a gene that regulates normal cell division before it becomes mutated into an oncogene.
When a tumor suppressor gene is inactivated due to a mutation, the protein it encodes is not produced or functions improperly, which can lead to uncontrolled cell division.
Such mutations may play a role in the development of cancer.
Thus, this way oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes mutations are frequently resulted in breast cancer.
For more details regarding oncogenes, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/7310602
#SPJ4
Which of these is TRUE?
A. DNA must unwind before it can replicate.
B. Ribosomes control DNA replication.
C. DNA replication occurs outside the nucleus.
D. DNA replication only occurs once per day.
The statement which is true is Ribosomes control DNA replication. Thus, option B is correct.
When the Super helical activity of DNA is seen?Super helical activity of DNA is seen in replication during absence of topoisomerase will cause DNA to become more and more wounded by positive sigma which denotes the percent of DNA supercolied and wound and the same negative sigma denotes the percent of DNA remained to be unwounded in presence of isomerase.
The DNA unwinding has stopped 600 base pairs ahead of sigma value 0.14 that means 1.4% of DNA is still needs to be unwounded and in other case with sigma value of 0.06 means around 0.6% of DNA needs to be unwounded and it is over wounded and it is ahead of around 2500 base pairs of DNA.
Therefore, The statement which is true is Ribosomes control DNA replication. Thus, option B is correct.
To know more about dna topoisomerases visit : brainly.com/question/15123509
#SPJ1
the natural antibodies in serum that react with a or b polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class
The natural antibodies in serum that react with a or b Polysaccharide antigens are mostly of the class IgM.
Due to their T-lymphocyte-independent (TI) character, polysaccharide antigens are usually poor immunogens. Lack of T-lymphocyte memory, isotype limitation, and delayed ontogeny are frequently used to describe the anti-polysaccharide immune response.
Due to their structural resemblance to human glycolipids and glycoproteins, several bacterial polysaccharides are poor immunogens in humans. By conjugating the native or depolymerized polysaccharide to a protein carrier, the T-lymphocyte-independent character of a polysaccharide can be overcome.
Due to its greater activation of the complement system, the IgM class of antibodies detects a wide range of pathogenic antigens and is extremely active in cytotoxic and cytolytic events. Antibody-drug discovery can use IgM antibodies.
Learn more about Polysaccharide antigens here:
https://brainly.com/question/13051621
#SPJ4
based on your hypothesis, you predict that the chemical isolated from the fungus will successfully kill cancer cells. to test this prediction, you design the following experiment.
A hypothesis is an educated guess that could explain an observation.
What is a hypothesis?A hypothesis is an educated guess that could explain an observation. It is usual that we make a hypothesis when we are trying to solve a problem. Looking at the graph, we can now tell the statements that follow.
Statements supported by the data;
Cancer cells treated with the chemical have a lower survival rate than cancer cells not treated with the chemical.After five days of chemical treatment, less than 50% of the cancer cells are alive.Statements not supported by the data
Cancer cells treated with the chemicals have a higher survival rate than cancer cells not treated with the chemicalsThis chemical will be useful for treating colon cancer but not other types of cancerThis chemical would be useful for treating all types of cancersAfter 10 days without chemical treatment, more than 90 percent of the cancer cells are alive.Learn more about hypothesis:https://brainly.com/question/11256472
#SPJ1
biophysicochemical motifs in t-cell receptor sequences distinguish repertoires from tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte and adjacent healthy tissue.
Antigen receptor-encoding genes in a lymphocyte population may be thoroughly characterized by immune repertoire deep sequencing.
By locating antigen receptor sequence patterns connected to clinical characteristics, we anticipated that this technique may offer a fresh approach to illness diagnosis. In this research, we created statistical classifiers of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires to separate tumor tissue from patient-matched healthy tissue of the same organ. A biophysical and biochemical pattern found in the TCR chains' complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) served as the foundation for both classifiers. In order to create each classifier, we isolated 4-mers from each TCR CDR3 and represented each 4-mer using bio physicochemical characteristics of its amino acid sequence together with quantification of 4-mer (or receptor) abundance.
Learn more about bio physicochemical, here
https://brainly.com/question/28084182
#SPJ4
correlating nuclear morphology and external force with combined atomic force microscopy and light sheet imaging separates roles of chromatin and lamin a/c in nuclear mechanics
When nuclei migrate through narrow channels or are compressed by the act of cap, they frequently experience external atomic stress, and the mechanical characteristics of the nuclei control how they deform as a result.
What is Atomic force microscopy?
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a method for studying a rigid material's surface all the way down to the atomic level. AFM creates 3-D images of the surface and uses a mechanical probe to magnify surface characteristics up to 100,000,000 times.
Researchers will be able to comprehend the force on nuclei throughout various biological processes according to the proven relationship between particular forms of nuclear morphological change and applied force.
Therefore, atomic force microscopy and light sheet imaging separates roles of chromatin and lamin a/c in nuclear mechanics.
Learn more about atomic force microscopy here:
https://brainly.com/question/16710784
#SPJ4
How many turns of the calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?.
Answer:.......................==========================
Explanation:
[][[[[[[[][][][][][][][[][][][][][][][][][][][][][][]][][]][][]
Answer:a;sodihf;aoisdhfo;a ihdfoiahjsdo;ifa;oisdhjf;oaihjsd
Explanation:
Which of the following is the best definition for data?
a. Observations that may be quantitative or qualitative
b. A tentative, testable scientific explanation
c. Useful for determining the effect of the independent variable
d. A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
5. Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA) is a recessive inherited disorder. Cross two individuals who are heterozygous for SCA.
provide a Punnett Square and write out the genotype and phenotype probabilities of the offspring.
After the crossing of two heterozygous Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) individual, the genotype will be 1:2:1, where as the phenotype will be 3:1.
The Genotype ratio is SS:Ss:Ss:ss which corresponds to 1:2:1.
SS- No SCA Individual,
Ss- Only Carrier,
ss- Affected Individual
The phenotype ratio is SS:Ss:Ss:ss which corresponds to 3:1.
SS- Not Affected
ss- Affected
Sickle Cell Anemia- Two genes that encode for hemoglobin "S" are inherited by people with this kind of SCD, one from each parent. The aberrant type of hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S makes red blood cells stiff and sickle-shaped. This condition, often known as sickle cell anemia, is typically the most serious one.
To know more about the Sickle Cell Anemia, click on the below link,
https://brainly.com/question/876359
#SPJ1
The nuclei of both 3h and 3he have radii of 1. 5×10^−15m. With what velocity must the electron be ejected if it is to escape from the nucleus and not fall back?.
The velocity with which the electron must be ejected to escape from the nucleus and not fall back is 8.21067 x 10^8 m/s.
How the electron of the nucleus and with what velocity it must move to not fall back?According to the question provided, we know that 3H and 3E ( radii = 1.5 x 10^-15m) .We use the concept of escape velocity.Kinetic energy, K.E. = 1/2 mv^2 = P.E.1/4piEo x q1xq2/r = K xq1 xq2/r Equating the both we get 1/2mv^2v= sqrt ( 1/pi x Eo)(e^2/mxr)v=sqrt(1/pix8.85x10^-12)(1.602x10^-19)(9.11x10^-31x1.5x10^-15m)v=8.21067x10^8 m/s.To know more about Nuclei and velocity visit:
https://brainly.com/question/21086171
#SPJ4
What is indirect evidence?
Something that cannot be observed directly
Evidence observed from a side angle
Evidence that separates events
Proof of unfamiliar facts
Answer:
Proof of unfamiliar facts.
Explanation:
e.g Data analysis of a defendant shows their fingerprints on something from a completely different crime, but we do not know what actually happened that day, because the evidence is very unrelated and indirectly proving that the defendant would be guilt of another crime from likely a long time ago.
Hope this helps. Let me know if you have other concerns or if something is wrong, and I will do my best to fix it.
the sodium-potassium pump helps to maintain the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. select the true statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump.
For every ATP molecule used by the pump, three sodium ions with positive charges are removed from the cell.
ATP- Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, generally known as ATP and typically written without the 5′-, is an essential "energy molecule" found in all living organisms. In specifically, it is a coenzyme that, when it interacts with enzymes like ATP triphosphatase, releases its phosphate groups, transferring energy to cells.
Coenzyme- Many enzymes need coenzymes, which are organic substances, for catalytic action. They frequently include vitamins or vitamin compounds. They can occasionally serve as catalysts in the absence of enzymes, however not as efficiently as when an enzyme is present.
To know more about Sodium Pump, click on the below link,
https://brainly.com/question/14101500
#SPJ4
pigs are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, both of which can be present in an individual pig at the same time.
Avian influenza A (bird flu) viruses that can be present in an individual or in pig at the same time
Avian influenza or the bird flu refers to the disease which caused by the infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. These viruses was naturally spread among the wild aquatic birds the worldwide and can be infect domestic poultry and other bird and some animal species. the new poultry outbreaks in the Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, the Iowa, and the Montana, as well as the more positive tests in the wild birds. And the World Health Organization (WHO) provided updates on the human avian flu that cases in Colorado and in China
To know more about Avian influenza or bird flu visit:
https://brainly.com/question/15323983
#SPJ4
what property of water allows it to move from the roots, to the leaves of plants
Answer:
The cohesive properties of water
Explanation:
The cohesive properties of water (hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules) allow the column of water to be 'pulled' up through the plant as water molecules are evaporating at the surfaces of leaf cells. This process has been termed the Cohesion Theory of Sap Ascent in plants.
after renin has changed the protein in milk int a white solid, protease enzymes can be used to digest the protein. the digested protein forms a colourless liquid. a hypothesis stated: the optimum temperature for protease enzymes to digest changed milk protein is 37 degrees Celsius. describe a method that could be used to test this hypothesis
Enzymes called proteases break down proteins. Plasmin is the main protease found in milk. Heat can either inactivate some proteases or not. Protein breakdown can provide unpleasant off-flavors that are undesirable, or it can give cheese a nice texture as it ages.
Enzymes, usually referred to as biocatalysts, are biological catalysts that quicken metabolic reactions in living things and can be taken out of cells. Protein-degrading enzymes are referred to as proteases. These enzymes are produced by bacteria, fungus, plants, and mammals. Proteins in the body or on the skin are broken down by proteolytic enzymes. This may aid in digestion or the breakdown of proteins that contribute to inflammation and pain.
Learn more about proteases
https://brainly.com/question/14393130
#SPJ9
What do you think causes a lunar eclipse?
Answer:
Lunar eclipses happen when the moon is in Earth's shadow and the sun, Earth and moon are all aligned.
Hope that helps
Answer:
a lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow
The Punnett square for a sex-linked trait is shown. Xr is the recessive allele. Based on the Punnett square, which statement is true?
Female offspring have a 50 percent chance of expressing the recessive trait.
Both male offspring will express the recessive trait.
Both female offspring will express the recessive trait.
There’s a 50 percent chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
The Punnett square is done to represent a cross between two indiviuals and get the expected genotypic and phenotypic frequencies. D) There’s a 50% chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
What is a Punnett square?
The Punnett square is a representation of a cross between two individuals, in which gametes combination is shown.
From this representation, it is easy to calculate the expected genotypic and phenotypic frequencies among the progeny.
In the exposed example, the correct option is D. There’s a 50% chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
There are two ways in which you can analyze the results of this cross,
- by considering the whole progeny as a 100% or
- by considering each of the genders separately (males or females) as 100%.
The expected frequencies will vary according to how you make your interpretation.
From the whole progeny,
50% are expected to be females50% are expected to be males.75% are expected to express the dominant trait (XrX, XX, XrY)25% are expected to express the recessive trait (XrY)Considering ONLY females
100% of the females are expected to express the dominant trait, X-.50% of the females are expected to carry the recessive allele, XXrConsidering ONLY males
50% of the males are expected to express the dominant trait, XY50% of the males are expected to express the recessive trait, XrYOPTION D: 50 percent chance the male offspring will express the recessive trait.
You can learn more about the Punnett square at
https://brainly.com/question/25357981
#SPJ1
A team of scientists and engineers is working together to develop a new cleaning product. The team has identified a species of bacteria that gets energy by breaking apart lipids and oils. The team wants to isolate the key substance that the bacteria use for this process, and then adapt the substance for the new cleaning product.
A. A lipid or oil that is unique to the bacteria
B. A carbohydrate that is about the same size as a typical lipid or oil molecule
C. A nucleic acid that codes for the production of a lipid or oil
D. A protein enzyme that specifically binds lipids or oils
D. A protein enzyme that specifically binds lipids or oils
The macromolecule to be isolated for this process is a protein break apart lipids and oil.
In the provided question, bacteria obtain energy for their personal metabolic activities by dissolving lipids and oils. This is only feasible due to the bacteria's genetic features. Because all genetic characteristics are coded for by a protein, the scientists must scan the bacterium genome and identify the protein responsible for this function.
Some microorganisms have been utilized in biotechnology due to their value to human endeavours. The majority of probiotics used in the manufacturing of yoghurt are bacteria that are widely recognized as harmless (GRAS). However, the significance of these creatures is extensive.
Because carbohydrates and lipids are not the functional units of genetic expressions, answers a and b are erroneous. Nucleic acids are part of the genetic material, but they are eventually translated into protein. As a result, response choice D is the right one.
To learn more about protein enzyme. Click, https://brainly.com/question/11102534
#SPJ4
ASAP What are some different ways large or small distances can be measured?
You can measure them in inches, feet, yards, meters, kilometers, or in miles.
Hope this helps
Which organ secretes enzymes that break down all three energy-yielding nutrients?.
Answer: The pancreas.
Explanation: The pancreas secretes enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine.
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called?.
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called antibiotics
Antibiotics are effective pills which can be usually safe. Although they are very helpful in fighting disease, antibiotics can actually be harmful. Important Facts About Antibiotic Safety: Antibiotics can cause side effects such as allergic reactions and severe and potentially life-threatening diarrhea caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile (C. diff).
Antibiotics can also interfere with other medications you may be taking. Antibiotic side effects account for nearly one-fifth of emergency room visits. These conditions are the most common reasons for emergency room visits for children under the age of 18. Taking antibiotics you don't need unnecessarily exposes you to the drug's side effects and denies you the benefits.
Learn more about antibiotic here:
https://brainly.com/question/6970037
#SPJ4
6) Complete the following concept map.
Positive
Atom
Neutrons
Electron clouds
1. nucleus 2. protons 3. electrons 4. neutral 5. negative.
Atoms, which are minuscule bits of matter, are what distinguish each chemical element from the others. A negatively charged core nucleus and one or more orbiting electrons make up an atom. There may be the positively charged, somewhat massive protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus. The atom is the smallest piece of stuff. Its center is a "nucleus," or positively charged region. Additionally, electrons with negative charges surround the core nucleus. Despite being the smallest unit of matter, an atom nonetheless possesses all of an element's chemical properties. Atoms initially formed 13.7 billion years after the Big Bang.
Learn more about nucleus here-
https://brainly.com/question/23366064
#SPJ9
if ctenophores are sister to all animal taxa, excluding cnidarians and placozoans, then: select all that apply. the anatomical complexity of ctenophores arose independently of what is found in other eumetazoan groups. none of the answer options is correct. the nervous system of ctenophores evolved independently of other animals. ancestral sponges exhibited morphologic complexity seen in other eumetazoans.
if ctenophores are sister to all animal taxa, barring cnidarians and placozoans.
Ancestral sponges had the morphologic complexity observed in other EumetazoansCtenophores' anatomical complexity developed independently of those of other Eumetazoan species.Plazozoans lost radial symmetry.Ctenophora: Are they dangerous to people?Although comb jellies do not hurt people, they have a disastrous impact on the surrounding ecosystem.They have no current predators in the Adriatic Sea. Comb jellies, which reproduce quickly, consume anchovy eggs and larvae as well as plankton resources.Do ctenophores have stinging?Ctenophores, often referred to as Venus's girdles, sea gooseberries, sea walnuts, or comb jellies, are ferocious predators. They lack stinging cells, in contrast to cnidarians, with which they superficially resemble in some ways. Instead, ctenophores have colloblasts, which are sticky cells that help them grab prey.learn more about ctenophores here
https://brainly.com/question/2972292
#SPJ4
Dark pocket mice are found in locations that have dark substrate. genetics revealed what surprising fact about mice in different locations? a. they had different mutations b. they had the same mutations c. they were not related
The surprising fact about mice revealed by genetics is that they have the same mutations.
How come dark pocket mice have same mutations?Dark pocket mice have mutations happening in same gene.It is already known that dark pocket mice better adapts in dark that is black substrate or black ground.Likewise brown mice will better adapt in the regions of sand or soil.What actually happens is if a mice have darker fur or darker color then it will have the opportunity to better survive in the darker regions.And the darker the environment , the darker the fur so the better survival , all these comes from mutation . If the mutation rate would be greater then it will more environment friendly.To know more about mutations visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13923224
#SPJ4