Answer: $1.50
Explanation:
Based on the information given in the question, we are informed that the variable cost of each box is $1.50 and usually has a contribution margin of $0.80 per box.
We should note that the minimum transfer price that the box division should find as acceptable will be the relevant cost. In this case, the relevant cost is given as $1.50 pee box and therefore, the minimum transfer price will be $1.50.
The capital budgeting committee of the Caldwell Pipe Corporation is evaluating the possibility of replacing its old pipe-bending machine with a more advanced model. Information on the existing machine and the new model follows: Existing machine New machine Original cost $200,000 $400,000 Market value now 80,000 Market value in year 5 0 20,000 Annual cash operating costs 40,000 10,000 Remaining life 5 yrs 5 yrs Refer to Caldwell Pipe Corporation. If the company buys the new machine and disposes of the existing machine, corporate profit over the five-year life of the new machine will be ________ than the profit that would have been generated had the existing machine been retained for five years.
Answer:
Caldwell Pipe Corporation
If the company buys the new machine and disposes of the existing machine, corporate profit over the five-year life of the new machine will be ___$150,000_____ than the profit that would have been generated had the existing machine been retained for five years.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Existing machine New machine
Original cost $200,000 $400,000
Market value now 80,000
Market value in year 5 0 20,000
Annual cash operating costs 40,000 10,000
Remaining life 5 yrs 5 yrs
Total cash operating costs $200,000 $50,000
Difference between the annual cash operating costs = $150,000 ($200,000 - $50,000)
b) Corporate profit is based on the difference between the net revenue and the cost of operations. With the old machine, the total cash operating costs after 5 years will be $200,000 ($40,000 * 5). On the other hand, with the new machine, the total cash operating costs after 5 years will be $50,000 ($10,000 * 5). This makes an operating cost difference of $150,000 ($200,000 - $50,000).
Direct materials purchases are estimated to be $300,000, $360,000 and $450,000 for June, July, and August, respectively. Cash payments are paid such that 60% are paid in the month incurred and 40% are paid in the following month. What are the budgeted cash payments for July and August, respectively
Answer:
$336,000 and $414,000
Explanation:
The computation of the budgeted cash payments for July and August is shown below:
For July month
= 60% of $360,000 (July) = $216,000
And,
= 40% of $300,000(June)
= $120,000
Total = $336,000
For August
= 60% of $450,000(Aug)
= $270,000
And,
= 40% of $360,000(July)
= $144,000
Total = $414,000
The Manchester Corporation manufactures wooden pictures frames. In order to better manage costs, the Manchester Corporation had previously developed the following standards for the manufacture of its product:
Each unit should have 3/4 of a pound of direct materials purchased at $12 per pound.
Each unit should be produced in 48 minutes at a direct labor cost of $16 per hour. The company had the following detailed retails:
Actual production was 20,000 units using 14,600 pounds of direct materials at a total cost of $168,000 and required 11,000 direct labor hours at a total cost of $190,000.
Questions
The Manchester Corporation manufactures wooden pictures frames. In order to better manage costs, the Manchester Corporation had previously developed the following standards for the manufacture of its product:
Each unit should have 3/4 of a pound of direct materials purchased at $12 per pound.
Each unit should be produced in 48 minutes at a direct labor cost of $16 per hour. The company had the following detailed retails:
Actual production was 20,000 units using 14,600 pounds of direct materials at a total cost of $168,000 and required 11,000 direct labor hours at a total cost of $190,000.
What is the company cost variance related to direct labour
Answer:
Direct labour cost total Variance = $66,000 favorable
Explanation:
The direct labor cost total variance is the difference between standard labour cost of the actual production achieved and the actual labour cost.
The standard labour cost of labour per unit of output is not given. So, we work it out first
Standard labour cost per unit= 48/60× $16= 12.8 per unit
$
20,000 units should have cost (20,000× 12.8) 256,000
but did cost 190,000
Direct labour cost total Variance 66,000 favorable
Direct labour cost total Variance = $66,000 favorable
The Direct Labor cost variance is $66,000.
What is labor cost variance?It is the difference between the standard and actual labor cost required to produce goods or services.
Labor cost variance= Standard Cost of Labor – Actual Cost of Labor .
Given:
1 unit=3/4th pound of direct material at the rate $12/ pound
1 unit takes 48 minutes
Direct labor cost=$16/ hour
Actual production=20,000 units
Direct material required = 14,600 pounds
Total cost=$168,000
Required - direct labor hours=11,000 at total cost $190,000.
Standard labor cost per unit= time taken to complete 1 unit X hourly Rate of labor
= 48/60× $16= 12.8 per unit
Standard Cost of labor (20,000× 12.8) $256,000
Less-Actual Cost of labor (given) $190,000
Direct labor cost Variance $66,000
Therefore, the Labor cost variance is $66,000.
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Differential Chemical produced 14,000 gallons of Preon and 28,000 gallons of Paron. Joint costs incurred in producing the two products totaled $7,800. At the split-off point, Preon has a market value of $6.00 per gallon and Paron $2.00 per gallon. Compute the portion of the joint costs to be allocated to Preon if the value basis is used.Multiple Choice$1,560.$5,845.$2,600.$4,680.$3,120.
Answer: $4680
Explanation:
The joint cost allocated to Preon will be calculated below as:
Preon's value will be:
= 14000 × $6.00
= $84000
Paron's value will be:
= 28000 × $2.00
= $56000
Total value = Preon's value + Paron's value
= $84000 + $56000
= $140000
The joint cost allocated to Preon will be
= 7800 × 84000/140000
= $4680
7. The price of a movie ticket goes from $7.00 to $8.50. What should happen to the demand for these tickets?
Answer: The price increses
Explanation: Goes t0 7.00 to 8.50 increses a 1.50
The demand has went up
"Using the given information, determine the cost of one no rechargeable alkaline battery; and compare with the cost of one rechargeable NiCad battery. *Assumption: The cost of the electricity to recharge the NiCad is negligible (about $0.01). NiCad batteries can be recharged (reused) 100 times. A 4 pack of AA NiCad rechargeable batteries cost $10.80. A 4 pack of AA alkaline non rechargeable batteries cost $3.69. Over the life of the battery, which battery is most cost effective? Group of answer choices The NiCad AA rechargeable battery The AA alkaline non rechargeable battery Both batteries cost are the same Batteries are independent of chemical composition and therefore does not impact consumer cost structures"
Answer:
Over the life of the battery, the battery that is most cost-effective is:
The AA alkaline non rechargeable battery.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Number of times that NiCad batteries can be recharged (reused) = 100 times
Cost of a 4 pack of AA NiCad rechargeable batteries = $10.80
Recharging cost = $1 ($0.01 * 100)
Total cost of AA NiCad rechargeable batteries = $11.80
Cost per use = $0.12 ($11.80/100)
Cost of a 4 pack of AA alkaline non rechargeable batteries = $3.69
Cost per use of AA alkaline non rechargeable batteries = $0.04 ($3.69/100)
b) The comparison and the resulting conclusions are based on the assumption that the non rechargeable and the rechargeable batteries enjoy equal useful life. Therefore, the AA alkaline non rechargeable batteries are also used 100 times.
Batteries are a group of cells that are used in devices so it works as an electric power supply. Batteries can be rechargeable or non-rechargeable.
The correct answer is:
Option B. The AA alkaline non-rechargeable battery.
This can be explained as:
NiCad batteries can be reused = 100 timesPrice of four-pack of AA NiCad batteries = $10.80Recharging value = [tex]\$1 (\$0.01 \times 100)[/tex]The complete price of AA NiCad batteries = $11.80Cost per use for rechargeable batteries = [tex]\$0.12 \; (\dfrac{\$11.80}{100}) = 0.0141[/tex]Price of four packs of AA alkaline non-rechargeable = $3.69Value per use of non-rechargeable batteries = [tex]\$0.04 \; (\dfrac{\$3.69}{100}) = 0.0014[/tex]Therefore, based on the comparison and consequences the AA alkaline non-rechargeable batteries are also utilised many times.
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Definition of businnes
Answer:
a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade.
or
the practice of making one's living by engaging in commerce.
Explanation:
Planning goals is a large part of self-management.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
OT
OF
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Planning can be defined as the process of developing individual or organizational aims, goals and objectives and translating them into action plans or courses of action.
Goals generally refers to the outcome statements that describe what an individual is hoping to achieve (accomplish), where he or she hopes to be in the nearest future, and the purpose for an action plan.
Planning goals is a large part of self-management because it sets the direction an individual should follow to achieve his or her objectives, mission or plans.
user add controls to a form
Answer: meeeeep
Explanation:
Manoel
Income statement under absorption costing and variable costing
The following information applies to the questions displayed below.
Cool Sky reports the following costing data on its product for its first year of operations. During this first year, the company produced 42,000 units and sold 34,000 units at a price of $140 per unit.
Manufacturing costs
Direct materials per unit $60
Direct labor per unit $22
Variable overhead per unit $8
Fixed overhead for the year $504,000
Selling and administrative costs
Variable selling and administrative cost per unit $12
Fixed selling and administrative cost per year $115,000
1a. Assume the company uses absorption costing. Determine its product cost per unit.
1b. Assume the company uses absorption costing. Prepare its income statement for the year under absorption costing.
2a. Assume the company uses variable costing. Determine its product cost per unit.
2b. Assume the company uses variable costing. Prepare its income statement for the year under variable costing.
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
The absorption costing method includes all costs related to production, both fixed and variable. The unit product cost is calculated using direct material, direct labor, and total unitary manufacturing overhead.
The variable costing method incorporates all variable production costs (direct material, direct labor, and variable overhead).
1)
First, we need to calculate the unitary fixed manufacturing overhead:
Fixed unitary manufacturing overhead= 504,000 / 42,000= $12
Now, the unitary production cost under the absorption costing method:
Unitary production cost= 60 + 22 + 8 + 12= $102
Finally, the income statement:
Sales= 34,000*140= 4,760,000
COGS= 34,000*102= (3,468,000)
Gross profit= 1,292,000
Total selling and administrative cost= 115,000 + 34,000*12= (523,000)
Net operating income= 769,000
2)
Unitary production cost= 60 + 22 + 8= $90
Now, the income statement:
Sales= 4,760,000
Total variable cost= (90 + 12)*34,000= (3,468,000)
Total contribution margin= 1,292,000
Total fixed overhead= (504,000)
Total selling and administrative cost= (115,000)
Net operating income= 673,000
I know headquarters wants us to add that new product line," said Dell Havasi, manager of Billings Company’s Office Products Division. "But I want to see the numbers before I make any move. Our division’s return on investment (ROI) has led the company for three years, and I don’t want any letdown."
Billings Company is a decentralized wholesaler with five autonomous divisions. The divisions are evaluated on the basis of ROI, with year-end bonuses given to the divisional managers who have the highest ROIs. Operating results for the company’s Office Products Division for this year are given below:
Sales $10,000,000
Variable expenses 6,000,000
Contribution margin 4,000,000
Fixed expenses 3,200,000
Net operating income $800,000
Divisional operating assets $4,000,000
The company had an overall return on investment (ROI) of 15% last year (considering all divisions).The Office Products Division has an opportunity to add a new product line that would require an additional investment in operating assets of $1,000,000. The cost and revenue characteristics of the new product line per year would be:
Sales $2,000,000
Variable expenses 60% of sales
Fixed expenses $640,000
Requirement:
Compute the Office Products Division's ROI for the most recent year; also compute the ROI as it would appear if the new product line is added.
Answer:
1. 20.0%
2. 16.0%
Explanation:
1. Computation for the Office Products Division's ROI for the most recent year
Using this formula
ROI = Net operating income /Divisional average operating assets
Let plug in the formula
ROI= $800000/$4000000
ROI= 20.0%
Therefore the Office Products Division's ROI for the most recent year will be 20%
2. Computation for the ROI as it would appear if the new product line is added.
First step is to calculate the Net operating income using this formula
Net operating income = Sales - Variable expenses - Fixed expenses
Let plug in the formula
Net operating income= $2000000 - (60% x $2000000) - $640000
Net operating income= $160000
Now let compute the ROI
ROI = $160000/$1000000
ROI = 16.0%
Therefore the ROI as it would appear if the new product line is added is 16.0%
The fraction between the net revenue and the investment is called return on investment (ROI). A high ROI rate indicates investment profit above its generation value.
ROI can be calculated by:
[tex]\text{ROI} &= \dfrac{\text{Profit earned}}{\text{Cost of investment}}[/tex]
The Products Division's ROI will be 20% and ROI if the new product is added would be 16.0%.
1. Estimate for the Office Products Division's ROI for the most current time can be calculated as follow:
Using the formula:
[tex]\text{ROI} &= \dfrac{\text{Net operating income}}{\text{Divisional average operating assets}}[/tex]
[tex]\text{ROI} & = \dfrac{\$ 800000}{\$ 4000000}[/tex]
ROI= 20.0%
The Office Products Division's ROI for the most current time will be 20%.
2. Calculation for the ROI if the new product range is added.
The Net operating income can be calculated by using the formula:
[tex]\text{Net operating income} = \text{Sales} - \text{Variable\;expenses} - \text{Fixed expenses}[/tex]
[tex]\text{Net operating income} = \text{\$2000000} - \text{60\%} \times {\$2000000}} - \text{\$640000}[/tex]
Net operating income= $160000
Calculation of ROI:
[tex]\text{ROI} &= \dfrac{\$160000}{\$1000000}[/tex]
ROI = 16.0%
If the new product line is added then ROI will be 16.0%.
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Monthly
Rent
Quanti
Demanded
(thousands)
Supplied
(thousands)
3
$ 800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
30
25
22
19
17
15
10
14
17
19
21
22
Using the table, what is the quantity of the surplus at $1,800?
A 6
B
5
c) 7
D
8
Answer:
snap a picture of the question
The following totals for the month of April were taken from the payroll records of Kingbird Company. Salaries $144000 FICA taxes withheld 11020 Income taxes withheld 30000 Medical insurance deductions 5400 Federal unemployment taxes 380 State unemployment taxes 2590 The journal entry to record the monthly payroll on April 30 would include a debit to Salaries and Wages Expense for $144000. debit to Salaries and Wages Expense for $97580. credit to Salaries and Wages Payable for $144000. debit to Salaries and Wages Payable for $144000.
Answer:
debit to Salaries and Wages Expense for $144000
Explanation:
Based on the information given we were told that the company salaries was the amount of $144,000 which means that The journal entry to record the monthly payroll on April 30 would include :
April 30
Debit to Salaries for $144,000
Credit Wages Expense for $144000
(To record monthly payroll)
Good Night, Inc., manufactures comforters. The estimated inventories on January 1 for finished goods, work in process, and materials were $51,000, $28,000, and $33,000, respectively. The desired inventories on December 31 for finished goods, work in process, and materials were $48,000, $35,000, and $29,000, respectively. Direct materials purchases were $555,000. Direct labor was $252,000 for the year. Factory overhead was $176,000. Prepare a cost of goods sold budget for Good Night, Inc.
Answer:
Good Night, Inc.
Cost of goods sold budget
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory $51,000
Add Cost of Goods Manufactured $980,000
Less Ending Finished Goods Inventory ($48,000)
Cost of goods sold $947,000
Explanation:
Step 1 : Determine the Direct Materials used in Production
Beginning Materials Inventory $33,000
Add Material Purchases $555,000
Less Ending Materials Inventory ($29,000)
Direct Materials used in Production $559,000
Step 2 : Determine the Cost of Goods Manufactured
Beginning Work In Process Inventory $28,000
Add Manufacturing Costs :
Direct Materials used $559,000
Direct labor $252,000
Factory overhead $176,000 $987,000
Less Ending Work In Process Inventory ($35,000)
Cost of Goods Manufactured $980,000
Step 3 : Prepare the Cost of goods sold budget
Beginning Finished Goods Inventory $51,000
Add Cost of Goods Manufactured $980,000
Less Ending Finished Goods Inventory ($48,000)
Cost of goods sold $947,000
Childress Company produces three products, K1, S5, and G9. Each product uses the same type of direct material. K1 uses 4.9 pounds of the material, S5 uses 2.4 pounds of the material, and G9 uses 5.4 pounds of the material. Demand for all products is strong, but only 58,400 pounds of material are available. Information about the selling price per unit and variable cost per unit of each product follows. K1 S5 G91 Selling price $ 167.40 $ 99.28 $ 210.02 Variable costs 89.00 76.00 149.00 Calculate the contribution margin per pound for each of the three products. Orders for which product should be produced and filled first, then second, and then third
Answer:
Childress Company
Orders for K1 should be filled first.
Orders for G9 should be filled second.
Orders for S5 should be filled third.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
K1 S5 G9
Direct materials per unit (pounds) 4.9 2.4 5.4
Materials available for production = 58,400
Selling price $ 167.40 $ 99.28 $ 210.02
Variable costs 89.00 76.00 149.00
Contribution margin per unit $ 78.40 $ 23.28 $ 61.02
Contribution margin per pound $16 $9.70 $11.30
Orders for K1 should be filled first
Orders for G9 should be filled second
Orders for S5 should be filled third.
b) This order filling sequence will maximize the contribution margin per pound, ensuring the highest efficient use of the limited materials available for production.
WFO Corporation has gross receipts according to the following schedule: Year 1 $22.50 million Year 2 $24.50 million Year 3 $26.50 million Year 4 $25.00 million Year 5 $25.50 million Year 6 $27.50 million If WFO began business as a cash-method corporation in Year 1, in which year would it have first been required to use the accrual method
Answer: Year 6
Explanation:
The Company is required to use the Accrual method when the average gross receipts become greater than $25 million.
Year 1 Average = $22.50 million
Year 2 Average = (22.5 + 24.5) / 2 = $23.5 million
Year 3 Average = (22.5 + 24.5 + 26.5) / 3 = $24.5 million
Year 4 Average = (22.5 + 24.5 + 26.5 + 25) / 4 = $24.625 million
Year 5 Average = (22.5 + 24.5 + 26.5 + 25 + 25.50) / 5 = $24.80 million
Year 6 Average = (22.5 + 24.5 + 26.5 + 25 + 25.50 + 27.50) / 6 = $25.5 million
Average gross income crosses the $25 million limit in Year 6 so the company will have to start using the Accrual method from Year 6.
Central Park Inc. is a company that sells women's clothing. It recently shut down its physical store and is operating as an app-based store now. The app allows users to access the store's products anytime and anywhere using their cell phones, and it also has features that allow users to compare the prices of similar products across different online stores. This scenario exemplifies _______. a. dual distribution b. a drop and shop program c. M commerce d. multichannel marketing
Answer:
c. M commerce
Explanation:
Since in the given situation it is mentioned that it recently shut down its physical store and operate now on app-based. In this the user could access at any time and anywhere via cell phones also it give the benefit to compare the prices
So this represent the m-commerce means mobile commerce. Users can operate it any time at anywhere without any use of laptop or desktop.
How would I put the reason I left my job simply and professionally if this was the reason: I left my job due to my drivers ed schedule interfering with my work schedule, I was also not able to get to and from work since my dad couldn't take me there all the time.
the burning of candle stick is a good example of ____change .(a) temporary (b) permanent (c) conditionally
Answer:
Explanation:
Option A temporary is the correct answer
What leads to excess demand?
A. More people want a good or service than producers can supply.
B. Prices for a good or service increase more than consumers are willing
to pay.
C. Sellers decrease the prices of their goods or services.
D. The supply of a good or service is equal to the amount consumers want.
Rare earth metals are used in the production of many of the personal electronic devices you use every day. Suppose there is an unexpected decrease in the price of rare earth metals. a. The decrease in price of rare earth metals will lead to negative cost-push inflation. demand-pull inflation. an increase in expected inflation. negative demand-pull inflation. b. Illustrate the effect of the decrease in the price of rare earth metals by making the appropriate adjustments to the Phillips curve.
Answer:
a. negative cost-push inflation
b. Phillips Curve will shift right
Explanation:
a. Cost push inflation occurs when the costs of inputs such as wages and material costs increases. This leads to an increase in prices because producers will have to increase prices to make a profit.
In this scenario, material prices dropped instead of increasing. A negative cost-push inflation will therefore happen.
b. This will lead to a shift right in the Phillips curve to reflect that inflation has fallen. It will increase the output gap between Potential and Actual GDP because a lower inflation means more unemployment which means the economy is shrinking.
The black dot will shift right to (0, -2)
James has a large farm. He often gets together with a nearby neighbor who raises chickens. When they meet that trade vegetables for chicken and eggs. No money changes hands. They have made trades like this since their parents own the land and have continued the trades. What type of economy is being described?
Logistics is concerned Multiple Choice with flows of materials, finished products, and information. only with the flow of information, not the flow of materials and products. with the flow of materials to the manufacturer and with the flow of finished products to the consumer, but not with the flow of information. only with the flow of finished goods from the producer to the final consumer.
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
Logistics is concerned with the flow of goods (raw material and finished products) to the consumer and the producer.
However, the entire process of logistics involve Flow of physical items as well as abstract items inclusive of time, information, particles, and energy
Hence, option A is correct
As of December 31, 2020, Gill Co. reported accounts receivable of $233,000 and an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $8,900. During 2021, accounts receivable increased by $22,900, (that change includes $7,350 of bad debts that were written off). An analysis of Gill Co.'s December 31, 2021, accounts receivable suggests that the allowance for uncollectible accounts should be 4% of accounts receivable. Bad debt expense for 2021 would be:
Answer:
$8,686
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what the Bad debt expense for 2021 would be
First step is to calculate the Estimated bad debts
Estimated bad debts=
($233,000+$22,900)*4%
Estimated bad debts=$10,236
Second step is to calculate the Allowance
Allowance=$8,900-$7,350
Allowance$1,550
Now let calculate the Bad debts expense
Bad debts expense=$10,236-$1,550
Bad debts expense=$8,686
Therefore the Bad debt expense for 2021 would be $8,686
Which of the following is the index used to measure changes in gross domestic product?
A) implicit GDP price deflator
B) producer price index (PPI)
C) wage-price spiral
D) consumer price index (CPI)
Answer:
implicit GDP price deflator.
_____________ is when your company makes an effort to actively control and shape your brand image with your target market.
A.
Market penetration
B.
Market segmenting
C.
Data mining
D.
Market positioning
Answer:
D. (Market positioning)
Explanation:
The definition is pretty much in the question itself! hope this helps
adjustable or variable
what similarities does Free trade and Protectionism have?
Answer:
Protectionism is the restriction of trade with other nations in order to protect domestic firms.Free trade is the elimination of barriers to trade to create large open markets for goods and services.
Explanation:
Blue Spruce Corp. reported net income of $194,740 for 2022. Blue Spruce Corp. also reported depreciation expense of $36,900 and a loss of $5,030 on the disposal of plant assets. The comparative balance sheets show an increase in accounts receivable of $15,650 for the year, a $15,880 increase in accounts payable, and a $4,250 increase in prepaid expenses. Prepare the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows for 2022. Use the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).) Blue Spruce Corp. Partial Statement of Cash Flows Choose the accounting period Select an opening section name Select an item $Enter a dollar amount Adjustments to reconcile net income to Select an opening name for subsection Select an item $Enter a dollar amount Select an item Enter a dollar amount Select an item Enter a dollar amount Select an item Enter a dollar amount Select an item Enter a dollar amount Enter a total amount for this subsection Select a closing section name $Enter a total amount for this section
Answer:
Blue Spruce Corp
Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2022
Operating activities section:
Net income $194,740
add non-cash flow items:
Depreciation expense 36,900
Loss on disposal of plant assets 54,030
Adjusted operating income $285,670
Working capital changes:
Increase in accounts receivable (15,650)
Increase in accounts payable 15,880
Increase in prepaid expenses (4,250)
Net cash from operating activities $281,650
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Reported 2022 net income = $194,740
Depreciation expense = $36,900
Loss on disposal of plant assets = $54,030
Increase in accounts receivable = $15,650
Increase in accounts payable $15,880
Increase in prepaid expenses $4,250
b) The operating activities section is one section of the Statement of Cash Flows. It shows the cash inflows and outflows from Spruce's normal business activities. Other sections of Spruce's Statement of Cash Flows that show activities outside operating activities are the investment activities section and financing activities.
what is the importance of Business Development Services?
Answer:
Business development services are important because they can assist entrepreneurs to run their business more effectively and, if appropriately applied, can act as an enhancer of access to finance and as an alternative form of “collateral” in circumstances where tangible collateral may be an impediment to meeting .