Values from a discrete variable are used.
Counting discrete variables takes a certain amount of time. You could, for instance, count the coins in your pocket. The money in your bank account is countable. You might also tally up the sums in each person's bank accounts. Although counting that final item can take some time, it is still a countable item.
Discrete variable examples include: Years of education, Total goals scored in a soccer match, How many red M&Ms are in a candy jar?, after ten coin tosses, the number of times a coin lands on heads, You can count the finite number of possible values for each of these variables. These are instances of discrete variable.
To learn more about Discrete variable here
https://brainly.com/question/13339063
#SPJ4
Anika wants her email messages to emphasize her credibility. What should she be most certain to do?.
Anika should confirm she has included all necessary information within the email message to emphasize her credibility.
To build the credibility within the email an individual should emphasize on the certain points.
Be Authentic.An email is that the time to indicate who you're as a brand, so don’t underestimate the flexibility to face out. It’s important to form sure you're building your reputation as a reputable source, by being accountable and faithful your brand.
Give Them What they requireOnce you've got an inspiration of who you're and what your audience wants, it’s time to make an excellent email strategy. By keeping certain things in mind someone can emphasize on his credibility.
Learn more about email writing
https://brainly.com/question/24688558
#SPJ4
a network of manufacturers and service providers that work together to convert and move goods from the raw materials stage through to the end user is the definition of.
A network of manufacturers and service providers that work together to convert and move goods from the raw materials stage through to the end user is the definition of a supply chain.
A provider is an " act or use for which a purchaser, company, or government is willing to pay." Examples include paintings completed with the aid of barbers, docs, lawyers, mechanics, banks, coverage companies, and so forth. Public offerings are people who society as a whole can pay for.
A service type is a class of related services that proportion schemas. It defines the schema attributes which can be common across a hard and fast of comparable managed resources. service sorts are profiles, or templates, that create offerings for unique times of managed sources.
carrier number approach an identifying number associated with a service such as a smartphone wide variety or a cell variety.
Learn more about service here:https://brainly.com/question/26521390
#SPJ4
adam’s plumbing is a louisiana corporation having its registered office in winn parish. owner lives in adjacent lasalle parish and owns a camp in adjacent grant parish.
The venue would be proper in Winn Parish, the parish where AP, a domestic corporation, has its registered office. The adam’s plumbing venue would also be proper in Grant Parish where the damages occurred and where the alleged negligent repair took place, and it is also the parish where the services rendered under the contract were performed.
Caldwell Parish may be right if it's far from Bob's homestead the facts say resident, and if this is his recurring residence, it works. The nation of Louisiana calls for a journeyman or master's license to do plumbing work in Louisiana. A journeyman has to also be under the supervision of a master plumber when repairing present plumbing.
Apprentices can do plumbing paintings, however most effective with a journeyman on the web page at all times directing the work. A grasp Plumber differs from a regular plumber in large part because of their degree of understanding and the truth that they may be accepted and authorized as grasp plumbers by way of the authorities. those plumbers are greater skilled than everyday plumbers. you may find out if your contractor is certified and ensure they preserve the best license for the paintings being carried out.
Learn more about plumbing here:-https://brainly.com/question/17201345
#SPJ4
Suppose japanese-based toshiba corporation builds and operates a new computer factory in the united states. Future production from such an investment will.
Assume the Japanese-based Toshiba Corporation constructs and operates a new computer manufacturing facility in the United States. Future output from this kind of investment will boost US GDP more than it will boost US GNP.
GDP is the total value of all finished/final goods and services produced in a country over a given time period.
GDP is calculated as the sum of investment, government spending, consumption, and net exports.
GNP equals GDP plus net factor income generated abroad.
Because of the investment made by a Japanese company, capital formation and output will increase (GDP). However, if the Japanese business returns profits to Japanese shareholders, this profit outflow is deducted from GNP. As a result, the rise in GNP will be less than that in GDP.
To learn more about GDP and GNP: brainly.com/question/14066697
#SPJ4
Charmaine, a district manager for a global retailer, is traveling to different stores in her district to discuss with store managers how to increase profitability for the rest of the fiscal year. What is charmaine doing?.
Charmaine is doing controlling the direction of the planning/control cycle.
The managerial functions of planning and control, also referred to as production planning and control, are concerned with ascertaining two things: first, what the market's wants are; and, second, how a firm may best plan for and fulfill those demands.
Daily operations including scheduling, dispatch inspection, quality evaluation, inventory control, supply management, and equipment management all require planning. Control makes ensuring that the actions are carried out as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible.
While controls are put in place so that businesses can deal with changes when they inevitably happen, planning lays out the goals, mission, and methods for organizations to satisfy market expectations.
Learn more about management functions https://brainly.com/question/15351742
#SPJ4
sanchez company's output for the current period was assigned a $200,000 standard direct materials cost. the direct materials variances included a $5,000 favorable price variance and a $3,000 unfavorable quantity variance. what is the actual total direct materials cost for the current period?
The actual total direct materials cost for the current period is $198,000. Hence, Option B is correct.
What do you mean by direct materials?Components that go into a manufactured good are known as direct materials. For instance, the direct materials used in the production of a smartphone include the screen, integrated circuits, camera modules, and buttons.
As per the given information,
Actual total direct materials cost = Standard direct materials cost + unfavorable quantity variance - favorable price variance
Actual total direct materials cost = $200,000 + $3,000 - $5,000
Actual total direct materials cost = $198,000.
Hence, The actual total direct materials cost for the current period is $198,000. Option B is correct.
Learn more about Direct materials costs:
https://brainly.com/question/26245657
#SPJ4
"Your question is incomplete, probably the complete question/missing part is:"
A)$208,000.
B)$198,000.
C)$202,000.
D)$192,000.
E)$205,000.
sheldon company had beginning retained earnings of $1,000, net income of $5,000, and dividends of $250. the ending balance in the retained earnings account is multiple choice question.
Based on the beginning retained earnings to Sheldon Company and the net income, the ending balance is $5,750
What is the ending balance?The ending balance on retained earnings can be found by the formula:
= Beginning retained earnings + Net income - Dividends
Solving gives:
= 1,000 + 5,000 - 250
= 6,000 - 250
= $5,750
In conclusion, the ending retained earnings are $5,750
Options include:
$5,000$5,250$6,000Find out more on retained earnings at https://brainly.com/question/25998979
#SPJ1
predicting retirement savings using survey measures ofexponential-growth bias and present bias online appendix
predicting retirement savings using survey measures of exponential-growth bias and present bias online appendix, Both PB, the propensity to prioritize the present above the future, and the tendency to overlook compounding are very significant and economically relevant predictors of retirement savings. These connections persist even after accounting for factors like cognitive capacity, financial knowledge, and a variety of demographic factors.
What is present bias online appendix?
When weighing trade-offs between two future events, people have a tendency to assign more weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time.
Therefore,
predicting retirement savings using survey measures of exponential-growth bias and present bias online appendix, Both PB, the propensity to prioritize the present above the future, and the tendency to overlook compounding are very significant and economically relevant predictors of retirement savings. These connections persist even after accounting for factors like cognitive capacity, financial knowledge, and a variety of demographic factors.
To learn more about present bias online appendix from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/24491228
#SPJ4
which method is being used when market researchers call consumers on the telephone to ask about certain products used in the home?
Interview is a process.
How do interviews work?
A qualitative research technique known as an interview relies on the collection of data through the use of questions. Two or more persons participate in interviews, one of them is the interviewer who asks the questions.
There are various interview kinds, which are frequently distinguished by their degree of structure. In structured interviews, questions are asked in a prearranged sequence. Semi-structured interviews occur somewhere in between unstructured interviews and free-form interviews.
Market research, social science research, and ethnographic research all frequently involve interviews.
Interviews are a type of data collection used in social research where two or more persons exchange information through a sequence of questions and answers.
to know more about interview method
https://brainly.com/question/20496666
#SPJ4
describe an investment decision a company can make. outline the opportunity cost and benefit of the decision.
Investors and investment managers make investment decisions. These decisions are based on the discovery of analysis tools based on data about the companies. Investors frequently conduct investment analysis using fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and personal bias.
What is Investment ?
Investment choice it refers to how a firm's finances are to be invested in various assets so that the firm can make the maximum potential return for the investors. Long-term investment decisions, often known as capital budgeting, are made when money are committed on a long-term basis.
FOR EXAMPLE : A long-term capital decision would be to purchase producing machinery. This is significant since it affects the firm's long-term earnings. Short-term investment is related to cash, inventories, and so on. These decisions have an impact on the day-to-day operations of the company.
Learn more about investment decision from given link
https://brainly.in/question/10922086
#SPJ4
Word count - 128 words
Economics is a branch of economics that focuses on measuring the well-being of market participants and how changes in the market affect their well-being.
Economics is a branch of economics that focuses on assessing market participants' well-being and how market changes affect it is known as welfare economics.
Economics is a social science discipline that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services as well as the resource allocation choices that individuals, businesses, governments, and nations make.
The study of how the distribution of resources and products impacts societal well-being is known as welfare economics. This is closely related to the study of income distribution and economic efficiency, as well as how these two elements impact the general welfare of individuals in the economy.
To learn more about economics
https://brainly.com/question/14787713
#SPJ4
The forces influencing the life and development of the firm are classified into which two categories?.
The forces that influence the life and development of the firm are classified into two categories that are internal and external.
External forces encompass political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental, and criminal factors. these are factors that take place outside of the enterprise however nonetheless, impact its potential to do commercial enterprise. We can prepare the external forces that have an effect on a business into the following six categories:
MonetaryLegalCompetitiveTechnologicalSocialGlobalInternal forces include traditional adjustments, management changes, and worker morale. A few examples of internal factors are financial sources like funding, funding possibilities, and assets of profits. bodily resources like the employer's place, system, and facilities. Human sources like employees, goal audiences, and volunteers.
The enterprise life cycle is the development of a business in levels over the years and is maximum commonly divided into 5 ranges: release, growth, shake-out, adulthood, and decline. Development level refers back to the first phase of the existence cycle of a new enterprise. At some stage in the improvement degree, organizations' consciousness of establishing themselves through activities along with market studies, product development, and the development of recent manufacturing centers.
Learn more about external forces here brainly.com/question/21728252
#SPJ4
the first part of setting strategic direction for an organization is to analyze the external and internal
According to the definition provided, a vision statement is an inspiring long-term desired change that results from an organization's work.
A vision statement is:A vision statement describes the idealistic, emotional future of a business or group in an inspiring manner. The founder's intention for the people with whom the organization interacts is referred to as their vision, which is a fundamental human emotion. The group is grounded as a result, and this enables them to have some real influence on the world.
A good vision statement is:Common elements of effective vision statements include: The present tense is used, not the future tense. As if we had already attained our vision, they describe how we will feel, listen, think, say, and act. A strong phrase serves as a summary.
To know more about vision statement visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14921995
#SPJ4
I understand that the question you are looking for is:
The first part of setting strategic direction for an organization is to analyze the external and internal environments by preparing a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. Once the SWOT is complete, the next step is to create a clear and compelling statement describing the inspirational long-term desired change resulting from an organization's work, called a __________.
when preparing a trial balance, there are certain steps that need to be followed. place the following steps in the correct order.
Answer:i don’t know why this is right, but i’m here to help and have to have a 20 word count minimum to submit
Explanation:
while the supply of major film stars is small and relatively fixed in the short run, the demand for the average doctor or nurse is quite large globally. by contrast, the marginal benefit of the services provided by doctors and nurses is relatively low, although the total benefit is quite high.
False, while the supply of major film stars is small and relatively fixed in the short run, the demand for the average doctor or nurse is quite large globally. By stating that the marginal benefit of services provided by doctors and nurses is considerably lower than the marginal benefit of services provided by major film stars, the diamond-water paradox is illustrated. This suggests that while there is a greater demand than there is for major film stars, there is a greater supply of doctors and nurses.
The marginal utility that major movie stars provide to moviegoers is greater than the marginal utility that patients receive from doctors and nurses. This is due to the fact that people who use the services of well-known actors and actresses are more willing to pay for them than people who use the services of physicians and nurses. Though a person's health is more important to their quality of life than movies, consumers value movies more for their utility than their health, especially once they have achieved a basic level of sound health. This actually explains the "diamond water paradox," in which consumers are willing to pay more for valuable diamonds than they are for the water that sustains life. In plain English, people are more willing to value the satisfaction they get from watching one more movie than they are from receiving more medical attention. That implies that people only give basic healthcare needs a thought.
Note that the full question is:
Movie stars such as Salma Hayek, Samuel L. Jackson, Dwayne Johnson, and Jennifer Lawrence are paid millions of dollars per movie, which can take as much as 6 months of full-time work for an actor. By contrast, doctors and nurses earn considerably less over the same time period. Why might this be? While the supply of (major film stars OR doctors and nurses) is small and relatively fixed in the short run, the demand for (the average doctor or nurse OR movies featuring these film stars) is quite large globally. By contrast, the marginal benefit of the services provided by (major film stars OR doctors and nurses) is relatively low, although the total benefit is quite high. This illustrates the diamond-water paradox. True or False
Learn more about marginal utility https://brainly.com/question/15050855
#SPJ4
Answer:True it does illustrate the diamond paradox
Explanation:
I answered false and got it wrong so true is the answer
kim is the owner of a local sporting goods store and has paid major league baseball a fee to sell their products. this is an example of .
Answer:licensing
Explanation:
does a decision to go to college have anything to do with expanding choices or reducing scarcity? no. scarcity is fundamental and cannot be reduced through investments in education. yes. college is strictly an investment good, not a consumption good. yes. college improves one’s productivity as a potential employee and thus reduces the constraints that limit choice. no. college has opportunity costs; thus, although it expands one’s choices, it does not reduce scarcity.
Yes, there is scarcity; as a result, it is critical for the student to consider the costs and benefits of earning a college degree.
The term "scarcity" alludes to a fundamental economics conundrum—the discrepancy between finite resources and hypothetically unbounded wants. In order to meet both basic necessities and as many additional wants as feasible, people need to decide how to spend resources effectively. Any resource that has a cost to use that is greater than zero is scarce to some extent, but in actuality, relative scarcity is what counts. For two reasons, natural resources may not be considered scarce. Anything that can be eaten for free or in exchange for other products that is nearly infinitely available is not rare.
To learn more about Scarcity here
https://brainly.com/question/17899742
#SPJ4
Market is a schedule or curve showing the various amounts of a product that producers are willing and able to make available for sale at each possible price during a specific period.
A market supply is a schedule or curve showing the various amounts of a product that producers are willing and able to make available for sale at each possible price during a specific period.
A market demand plan is a table that shows the relationship between price and demand for a particular commodity. To better understand this relationship, many economists plot a timeline of market demand on a graph called a market demand curve.
The demand plan shows that when the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases and vice versa. These points are plotted and the line connecting them is the demand curve. The product downward slope of the demand curve again indicates the law of demand, the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Learn more about the product at
https://brainly.com/question/25922327
#SPJ4
an appraiser encounters a small crack in a foundation slab on a house he is appraising. he discloses the crack in the appraisal report and states that he is not a structural engineer and assumes the crack is not structural in nature and does not require a repair. this is an example of the use of a(n) .
An appraiser encounters a small crack in a foundation slab on a house he is appraising. he discloses the crack in the appraisal report and states that he is not a structural engineer and assumes the crack is not structural in nature and does not require a repair. this is an example of the use of an Extraordinary assumption.
A specialist who determines an asset's market value, particularly in the real estate sector, is referred to as an appraiser. In a transaction, an appraiser is required to act independently of the buying and selling sides.
They must make an unbiased conclusion regarding the true and fair worth of an assessed asset utilizing both their own observations and any pertinent data, facts, and other information. The appraiser may give their conclusions in a written or verbal appraisal, depending on the situation.
Jewellery, artwork, diamonds, and other heirlooms are among the items that appraisers seek to assign a monetary worth to. However, the major purpose of their services is to estimate real estate values. Due to the low liquidity of assets like this, investors typically have high regard for an appraiser's work.
Learn more about appraisers here:
https://brainly.com/question/14473044
#SPJ4
central economic planning. intellectuals everywhere take for granted that free enterprise capitalism and a free market are devices for exploiting the masses, while central economic planning is the wave of the future that will set their countries on the road to rapid economic progress.
The facts support the hypothesis that centrally planned economies are the best way for poor countries to create rapid economic progress.
Historically, whenever there have been large elements of individual freedom creating improvement in the material condition of ordinary citizens and there has been hoped for further progress, economic activity has been guided by intellectuals serving as government beauracrats organizing economic activity through regulation and central control.
A centrally deliberate financial system, additionally referred to as a command economy, is a monetary device where a government body makes monetary choices regarding the manufacturing and distribution of goods. critical planning denotes the overall body of presidency actions to decide and coordinate guidelines for national monetary improvement. The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea is possibly the maximum accurate instance of a centrally deliberate financial system.
Learn more about Central economic planning here:-https://brainly.com/question/14703586
#SPJ4
an investor who executes a short sale in her margin account is required to meet the regulation t requirement based on the
An investor who executes a short sale in her margin account is required to meet the regulation t requirement based on the Federal Reserve Board. Regulation T, the Federal Reserve Board requires all short sale accounts to have 150% of the value of the short sale at the time the sale is initiated.
What is a short sale?"Short selling consists essentially of selling stocks that are borrowed and not owned, there are strict margin requirements."
What is Regulation T?"Regulation T is a collection of provisions that govern investors' cash accounts and the amount of credit that brokerage firms and dealers may extend to customers for the purchase of securities." Reg T, was established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
To know more about regulation t click below
https://brainly.com/question/17328883
#SPJ4
on 6/25, supplies costing $1,000 were purchased, but only $400 of this amount was paid on 6/25. the remainder of the bill went on account. to record this transaction on 6/25: supplies would be increased by $
If the remainder of the bill went on account. To record this transaction on 6/ 25: Supplies would be increased by $1,000; Cash would be decreased by $400; Accounts Payable would be increased by $600.
Supplies, cash, account payablea. Since supplies costing $1,000 was purchased , supplies would be increased by $1,000.
b. Cash would be decreased by $400
($1,000-$600)
c. Accounts Payable would be increased by $600
($1,000-$600)
Therefore to record this transaction on 6/ 25: Supplies would be increased by $1,000; Cash would be decreased by $400; Accounts Payable would be increased by $600.
Learn more about Supplies, cash, account payable here:https://brainly.com/question/28192854
https://brainly.com/question/14960763
#SPJ1
kortum, p. (2017) usability assessment: how to measure the usability of products, services, and systems
It is the usability assessment that helps to measure the usability of products, services, and systems
What is usability assessment?The main focus of usability evaluation is on how easily users can understand and use a product to accomplish their goals. It also refers to the degree of user satisfaction with that procedure. Practitioners employ a range of techniques to collect this data in order to learn how users feel about an existing site or about ideas for a new one.
Usability is the term used to describe how well a user can interact with products or systems, such as websites, software, hardware, or applications. Usability is all about the user's overall satisfaction, effectiveness, and efficiency.
It's critical to understand that usability is not a single, monolithic characteristic of a system, product, or user interface. The term "usability" refers to a range of elements, including:
A nearly automatic understanding of the architecture results from intuitive design.
Thus, usability assessment tells all about the design and uses of the product.
For more information on Usability, refer to the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/13730534
#SPJ4
Write a function called price_range that accepts a list of floating-point numbers representing prices as an argument and returns the the difference between the highest price and the lowest price. Do not use the built-in functions max or min in your solution. Assume that all prices are positive values and that none of them exceed 10,000. 0.
A function called def price range accepts a list of floating-point numbers representing prices as an argument and returns the difference between the highest price and the lowest price.
What is the price range?The range of a security or index over a specific time period is the difference between its low and high prices. The range is the distinction between the highest and lowest trading prices during a specific time frame, such as a day, month, or year. For a particular trading period, a candlestick or bar's high and low points are used to indicate the range on charts.
Ranges are closely monitored by technical analysts because they are helpful in identifying trade entry and exit locations. A range spanning many trading sessions is commonly referred to as a price range or trading range by investors and traders. Many market participants trying to implement range-bound trading methods may impact securities that move inside a defined range.
To know more about the range visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28135761
#SPJ4
a student will decide to attend class when multiple choice there is an attendance policy. the marginal cost is low. the marginal benefit of attending exceeds the marginal cost of attending. the marginal benefit is positive.
A student will decide to attend class when multiple choice-
-there is an attendance policy.
-the marginal cost is low.
-the marginal benefit of attending exceeds
-the marginal cost of attending.
-the marginal benefit is positive.
When attending class has a marginal advantage that outweighs its marginal cost, a student will choose to do so.
What Is a Marginal Advantage?
The most a consumer will spend on an additional commodity or service is known as the marginal benefit. When a consumer purchases an additional good or service, it also includes the increased satisfaction or utility they will experience. With increased consumption of the commodity or service, the marginal benefit to the consumer tends to decline.
The term "marginal revenue" is frequently used in the business world to refer to the marginal advantage for producers.
To know more about marginal advantage
https://brainly.com/question/8136407
#SPJ4
s the idea that people make choices to maximize the overall benefit - or utility - of an action subject to its cost. (use one word to answer.)
the idea that people make choices to maximize the overall benefit - or utility - of an action subject to its cost is optimization.
What is optimization?
Business optimization is the process of raising an organization's effectiveness, productivity, and efficiency. This is true for both internal processes and external goods.
Therefore,
the idea that people make choices to maximize the overall benefit - or utility - of an action subject to its cost is optimization.
To learn more about optimization from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/26560120
#SPJ4
many businesses borrow money during periods of increased business activity to finance inventory and accounts receivable. nordstrom, inc., is one of america’s most prestigious retailers. each christmas season, nordstrom builds up its inventory to meet the needs of christmas shoppers. a large portion of these christmas sales are on credit. as a result, nordstrom often collects cash from the sales several months after christmas. assume that on november 1 of this year, nordstrom borrowed $4.8 million cash from bank of america to meet short-term obligations. nordstrom signed an interest-bearing note and promised to repay the $4.8 million in six months. the annual interest rate was 8%. all interest will accrue and be paid when the note is due in six months. nordstrom’s accounting period ends december 31. required: 1. prepare the journal entry to record the note on november 1. 2. prepare any adjusting entry required at the end of the annual accounting period on december 31. 3. prepare the journal entry to record payment of the note and interest on the maturity date, april 30.
The journal entry are given below-
Cash 4,800,000
Notes Payable 4,800,000
(Obtained a short-term loan from the Bank)
Interest Expense ($4,800,000 x 8% x 2/12) 64,000
Interest Payable 64,000
(Interest expense accrued on the short-term bank loan)
Interest Expense ($4,800,000 x 8% x 4/12) 128,000
Interest Payable 64,000
Notes Payable 4,800,000
Cash 4,992,000
(Repayment of short-term bank loan along with six months interest)
Loans for a short time are those that are taken out for less time than a year. Short-term loans are typically taken out to cover a company's requirement for working capital and typically have higher interest rates.
To learn more about Accounting cycle here
https://brainly.com/question/6332985
#SPJ4
I need some help on this question thanks
Answer:
75,500
Explanation:
The addition equals 150500$, and the liabilities subtract 75000$, leaving 75500$.
How often should a company develop and refine the operations and supply chain strategy?.
A the company should develop and refine the operations and supply chain strategy at least yearly
This is further explained below.
What is supply chain strategy?Generally, A supply chain plan is analogous to a road map in that it assists businesses in delivering their goods to end users with the least amount of difficulty feasible.
This plan guarantees that every aspect of the supply chain, including the procurement of materials, production, distribution, and logistics, is optimized.
This includes all of the phases in which the plan is implemented.
In conclusion, At the very least once every year, a business should design and perfect a plan for its operations and supply chain.
Read more about supply chain strategy
https://brainly.com/question/16023650
#SPJ1
a real asset multiple select question. could be intangible has productive capacity must be tangible is equivalent to a financial asset
A real asset could be intangible and has a productive capacity.
A real asset is a tangible investment, such as gold, real estate, or oil, that has an intrinsic value due to its substance and physical properties. This doesn't limit assets to only being tangible because they could also be categorized as either real, financial, or intangible.
Although it is stated that real assets constitute the true productive capacity of an economy, it is hard to conceive of a modern economy without well-developed financial markets and security types.
This therefore means that real assets could be intangible and has a productive capacity.
https://brainly.com/question/28460256
#SPJ4