i) Either Q or R could potentially form an ionic bond with S because the element S has the highest electronegativity (6), while the other two elements have lower electronegativity values.
ii)
S and Q are more likely to form a polar covalent bond because the electronegativity difference between S and Q (6 - 3.64 = 2.36) is greater than the electronegativity difference between S and R (6 - 3 = 3).
iii)
The electronegativity difference between Q and R (3.64 - 3 = 0.64) is relatively small, indicating that they are more likely to form a non-polar covalent bond.
What happens in polar covalent bond?In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms, thus creating a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.
The greater the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms, the more polar the bond will be.
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The correct reaction showing how FeCO3 has increased solubility when forming the complex ion Fe(CN)64- is ____ A) FeCO3 (aq) + 6 CN- (aq) <-> Fe(CN).- (aq) + CO32- (aq) B) FeCO3 (s) + 6 CN- (aq) <-> Fe(CN)64- (aq) + CO32- (aq) C) Fe2+ (aq) + 6 CN- (aq) <-> Fe(CN)64- (aq) D) FeCO3 (s) = Fe2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq)
In this case, the correct reaction showing how FeCO3 has increased solubility when forming the complex ion Fe(CN)64- is B) FeCO3 (s) + 6 CN- (aq) <-> Fe(CN)64- (aq) + CO32- (aq). So, the correct option is B.
This reaction shows that when FeCO3 is combined with six CN- ions, it forms the complex ion Fe(CN)64-, which is soluble in water. This increases the solubility of FeCO3. The reaction also produces CO32-, which is also soluble in water. There is no increased solubility in FeCO3 when forming the complex ion Fe(CN)64- in all other options. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
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If 56.0 grams of nitrogen (N2) are used up by the reaction, how many grams of ammonia (NH3) will be produced ?
17.0g NH3
34.1g NH3
56.0g NH3
102 g NH3
Answer:
its 17.0g NH3
Explanation:
find the number of moles of nitrogen.
According to Appendix D of your lab manual, how do you determine if a data point can be ignored when calculating the average in General Chemistry? By using the Q-test at 90% confidence By using the Q-test at 95% confidence By using the standard deviation at 90% confidence By using the standard deviation at 95% confidence
In General Chemistry, it is possible to use the Q-test with a 90% confidence level or the standard deviation with a 90% confidence level to decide whether a data point should be ignored when computing the average.
According to Appendix D of the lab manual for General Chemistry, a data point can be considered an outlier and can be ignored when calculating the average if it falls outside the critical range determined by the Q-test at 90% confidence level.
The Q-test is a statistical test that compares the difference between a suspected outlier and the nearest value to it. If the calculated Q-value is greater than the critical Q-value for the given number of data points at 90% confidence level, then the suspected data point is considered an outlier and can be removed from the data set.
Alternatively, the standard deviation can also be used to determine if a data point is an outlier. A data point can be considered an outlier if it falls outside of the range of ± 1.645 standard deviations from the mean at 90% confidence level, or ± 1.96 standard deviations from the mean at 95% confidence level.
In summary, the Q-test at 90% confidence level or the standard deviation at 90% confidence level can be used to determine if a data point should be ignored when calculating the average in General Chemistry.
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What volume will 80 g of sodium alkali occupy？
The volume that 80 g of sodium alkali will occupy depends on the specific type of sodium alkali, as each one has a different molar mass and density. To determine the volume, we would need to know the density of the sodium alkali in question.
write the autoionization reaction for acetic acid, ch3cooh.
The autoionization reaction for acetic acid (CH₃COOH), is CH₃COOH + H₂O → CH₃COO- + H₃O+.
Acetic acid is also known as ethanoic acid. The first part of the equation, CH₃COOH, represents the acetic acid molecule with one hydrogen atom attached to each of the three oxygen atoms. The second part of the equation, H₂O, represents water.
When acetic acid reacts with water, a hydrogen proton (H+) is released, which is denoted by the H₃O+ on the right side of the equation. The H+ ion binds to the oxygen atoms of the acetic acid, forming a negatively-charged acetate ion, CH₃COO-. This is what is referred to as the autoionization of acetic acid.
The autoionization reaction is important in aqueous solutions of acetic acid because it affects the pH of the solution. Acetic acid is a weak acid, meaning that it does not completely dissociate in water. When it autoionizes, a small percentage of the acetic acid molecules react with the water, increasing the concentration of H+ ions and decreasing the pH of the solution.
As a result, aqueous solutions of acetic acid have pH values lower than 7, typically between 4 and 5.
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acetic acid and sodium hydroxide balanced equation
The balanced chemical equation of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide is given as follows:`
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O`
Here, acetic acid is CH3COOH and sodium hydroxide is NaOH.
In this reaction, acetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate and water. Acetic acid is a weak acid, while sodium hydroxide is a strong base. When the two are mixed, they react in a neutralization reaction, where the acid and base neutralize each other's properties.
The hydrogen ion (H+) from the acid combines with the hydroxide ion (OH-) from the base to form water (H2O), and the remaining ions (CH3COO- and Na+) combine to form sodium acetate (CH3COONa). The balanced equation ensures that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both the reactant and product sides.
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a substance that donates one proton when dissolved in water is called ?
how many grams are there in a sample of calcium containing 2.71 x 10^20 particles?
The calcium sample, which contains 2.71 x 1020 particles, thus, has a mass of 0.0181 grammes.
What weight of g is contained in a sample containing 4.52 moles of CaCO3?4.52 moles of caco3 are present. For c, a c o 3, the molar mass is 100 grammes per mole. As a result, the mass of c c 3 is equal to moles times molar mass, or 4.52 moles times 100 grammes per mole, which is 452 grammes.
We may use the techniques below to determine the mass of a sample of calcium that contains 2.71 x 1020 particles:
Calculate the number of moles of calcium:
Number of moles = Number of particles / Avogadro's number
= 2.71 x 10²⁰ / 6.022 x 10²³
= 0.000450 mol
Calculate the mass of calcium in grams:
Mass (g) = Number of moles x Atomic mass (g/mol)
= 0.000450 mol x 40.08 g/mol (atomic mass of calcium)
= 0.0181 g
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the passage data regarding the thermal stability and enzyme activity of mkr681h is most consistent with what conclusion regarding the role of arg681 in cct?
The passage data regarding the thermal stability and the enzyme activity of the mkr681h is the most consistent with the conclusion regarding the role of Arg681 in the cct is the Arg681 is the engaged in catalytic function of enzyme.
The R681H is denotes that the amino acid 681 that is the arginine, R is the changed to the histidine (H). The Enzyme activity will depends on the principally on the enzyme’s intrinsic catalytic efficiency, and its concentration, and the initial substrate concentration, in the presence of the inhibitors or the allosteric activators, the temperature, and the pH.
This will most strongly suggests that the Arg681 will be involved in the catalytic function of normal enzyme.
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what volume in ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (18.0)m h2so4) is needed to prepare 9.0l of a 1.00m solution?
You need 163.8 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (18M) to prepare 9.0 L of a 1.00M solution.
The given problem can be solved using the molarity equation which is:
Molarity (M) = moles of solute (n) / liters of solution (L)
The balanced chemical equation for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is:H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42
The molecular weight of H2SO4 is 98g/mol.
Hence, 18M H2SO4 solution contains 98g/Liter.98g / 18M = 5.44 g/mL5.44 g/mL x 1000 mL/L = 5440 g/L5440 g / 98 g/mol = 55.102M
Concentrated sulfuric acid is 18M.
So, the volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (18M H2SO4) that is needed to prepare 9.0 L of 1.00M solution can be determined as follows:
Number of moles of H2SO4 in 9.0 L of 1.00M H2SO4 solution = 1.0 mol/L × 9.0 L = 9.0 mol
Total number of moles of H2SO4 in the final solution (1.00M) can be calculated as:9.0 mol / 55.102 mol/L = 0.1638 L = 163.8 mL (rounded to 2 decimal places)Therefore,
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PLEASE HELP ME ITS DUE IN A COUPLE OF HOURS
rank the following alkyl halides in order of increasing reactivity in an E2 reaction. Be sure to answer all parts
(CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3 (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br
lowest reactivity: ?
Intermediate reactivity: ?
Highest reactivity: ?
The order of increasing reactivity of the following alkyl halides in an E2 reaction is (CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3 < Intermediate reactivity, (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3 < Highest reactivity, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br < Lowest reactivity.
In an E2 reaction, the rate of reaction is affected by the size and the polarizability of the leaving group, the bulkiness of the alkyl groups, and the steric hindrance. In this case, the size and polarizability of the leaving group increases from (CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3 < (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3 < (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br, making the reactivity increase in the same order.
The bulkiness of the alkyl groups has the opposite effect; the bulkier the alkyl groups, the lower the reactivity of the alkyl halide. The alkyl groups in the compounds are in the order (CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3 < (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br < (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3, making the reactivity increase in the reverse order.
Lastly, steric hindrance affects the rate of reaction as well. The steric hindrance decreases from (CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3 < (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3 < (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br, leading to the highest reactivity of (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3.
Overall, this leads to the order of reactivity (CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3 < Intermediate reactivity, (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3 < Highest reactivity, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br < Lowest reactivity.
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Complete Question:
rank the following alkyl halides in order of increasing reactivity in an E2 reaction. Be sure to answer all parts
1. (CH3)2C(Br)CH2CH2CH3
2. (CH3)2CHCH2CH(Br)CH3
3. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Br
lowest reactivity: ?
Intermediate reactivity: ?
Highest reactivity: ?
How many ions does CaCl2 dissociate into in water?
When CaCl₂ is dissolved in water, it dissociates into three ions: one calcium ion (Ca²⁺) and two chloride ions (2Cl⁻). The dissociation of CaCl₂ in water can be represented by the following equation: CaCl₂(s) → Ca²⁺(aq) + 2Cl⁻(aq)
When calcium chloride (CaCl₂) is dissolved in water, it dissociates into three ions - one calcium ion (Ca²⁺) and two chloride ions (2Cl⁻) due to its ionic nature. In water, the polar nature of the water molecules allows them to interact with the ionic compound, causing the ions to separate from each other and become surrounded by water molecules, forming an aqueous solution. The dissociation of CaCl₂ into Ca²⁺ and 2Cl⁻ ions increases the total number of ions in solution and therefore, the electrical conductivity of the solution. This property makes CaCl₂ a useful compound in many industrial and laboratory applications.
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In an investigation, water in an Erlenmeyer flask is placed on a hot plate. As the water is heated, the cooler, denser water at the surface sinks and pushes the watermen water to the top. What do the arrows in the drawing MOST likely represent?
answer choices
phase changes
convection currents
electromagnetic radiation
energy transfer by conduction
The arrows in the drawing most likely represent convection currents.
Hence, option (b) is correct choice.
Convection is a mode of heat transfer that occurs due to the mass motion of fluids like liquids and gases. Convection is only possible when there are differences in density within the fluid.Convection currents arise in liquids as they get heated, with the warmer liquid expanding and becoming less dense. As a result, the warmer liquid rises, displacing the cooler liquid, which falls and displaces the next layer of liquid, creating a convection current. This process is known as natural convection.Currently, convective processes are utilized to carry out various operations. By using these processes, the heat transfer rate is increased, resulting in a quicker reaction rate, and the convective nature of these processes makes them well-suited for many continuous industrial procedures. These processes are also used in various power plant cycles to increase energy efficiency.For more questions on convection currents
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QuestionThe colours of red litmus paper in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions are:Ared, orange and blue respectivelyBblue, violet and red respectivelyCred, colourless and blue respectivelyDred, red and blue respectivelyHard
The colors of red litmus paper in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions are: C. red, colorless, and blue respectively.
Red litmus paper is used to test whether or not a solution is acidic in chemistry. It's utilized to detect the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. In acidic or neutral solutions, red litmus paper remains red. It will turn blue when it comes into contact with basic solutions. Red litmus paper is a pH indicator. It alters color based on the pH of the substance in which it is dissolved.
Litmus paper is a pH paper that is produced using lichen dyes. It's a paper that has been treated with litmus, which is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes obtained from lichens. Litmus paper's two colors, blue and red, are produced from litmus. The blue litmus paper turns red in acidic solutions and turns blue in basic solutions. Conversely, red litmus paper turns blue in basic solutions and remains red in acidic or neutral solutions. Therefore, Option C is Correct.
The Question was Incomplete, Find the full content below :
The colours of red litmus paper in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions are:
A. red, orange and blue respectively
B. blue, violet and red respectively
C. red, colourless and blue respectively
D. red, red and blue respectively
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Why does iodine dissolve in hexane, but not in water?
Answer:
Since iodine is a non-polar ion, it will melt in a non-polar solvent like hexane. While water is a polar solvent, lodine does not react in it.
Why does salt as a solid compound not exist in the ocean?
Salt as a solid compound does exist in the ocean, but it is not present as individual molecules. Instead, it exists as ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2), which are dissolved in the water as ions.
Water has the ability to dissolve ionic compounds such as salt because water molecules have polar properties.
What is saltSalt is soluble in water due to the charges of salt ions being attracted to water molecules. When salt dissolves in water, the Na+ and Cl- ions are separated from one another and dissolved by the water. This creates a homogenous mixture that we refer to as seawater or saltwater.
Ionic compounds exist in the ocean as dissolved particles. In seawater, salt concentration can range from 3.5% to 5% depending on the ocean region. The concentration of salt in the ocean is responsible for its salinity. When water evaporates from the ocean surface, the salt concentration increases, which in turn raises the salinity of the water.
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an atom of which element would have no unpaired electrons in its ground state? group of answer choices li c o be b
The element which would have no unpaired electrons in its ground state is beryllium.
The ground state refers to the lowest energy level in which an electron can exist in an atom. An electron in the ground state has no excess energy, therefore it is stable and unlikely to be disrupted by an external force. The energy of the ground state is defined as zero, and all other states have greater energy than it.
The electronic configuration of Be is [tex]1s^2 2s^2[/tex]. In the ground state, both of the 2s electrons in beryllium are paired, so there are no unpaired electrons.
The number of unpaired electrons in the other elements listed is:
Li: one unpaired electron in the 2s orbital
C: two unpaired electrons in the 2p orbitals
O: two unpaired electrons in the 2p orbitals
B: one unpaired electron in the 2p orbital
The element that would have no unpaired electrons in its ground state is Be (beryllium).
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A substance that cannot be decomposed by a simple chemical process into two or more different substances is ________.
Answer:
an element
Explanation:
A pure substance that cannot be broken down in ways such as heating, electrolysis, or reaction. Gold, silver, and oxygen are prime examples of elements.
When a weak base is titrated with a strong acid the equivalence point is?
When a weak base is titrated with a strong acid, the equivalence point is: a weak acid's formation.
The equivalence point happens when the moles of the acid equal the moles of the weak base, and pH = 7. It is because the hydronium ion concentration is identical to the hydroxide ion concentration in pure water at this pH. The pH of a weak base solution can be measured during titration.
The reaction between weak bases and strong acids happens in two steps. The first step is the formation of salt through the reaction between acid and base, and the second step is the hydrolysis of this salt. Anions derived from weak bases react with water and accept protons to produce hydroxide ions.
On the other hand, the cations derived from strong acids do not hydrolyze to produce acidic solutions. They can neither react with the acid nor the water, so the only effect is an increase in the concentration of cations in the solution.
The weak base's concentration before and after the equivalence point is much less than the weak acid concentration that is produced at the equivalence point. During the titration, the pH increases slowly initially, but it rises rapidly near the equivalence point, where the weak acid is produced.
After the equivalence point, the pH of the solution is lower because the excess of strong acid has changed the buffer solution into a weak acid solution.
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PLEASE HELP
what is civic engagement in 150 words and what are your tips on water scarcity
The term "civic engagement" describes people actively participating in their communities and society as a whole. The lack of water scarcity in many areas of the world is a serious problem brought on by causes including population increase, climate change, and pollution.
What do you mean by a lack of water?In response to changing supply and demand throughout time, water availability varies. As demand rises and/or the amount or quality of the water supply declines, there is an increase in water scarcity.
Why should we manage the water shortage?When there is a water shortage, the primary issue is that people cannot get fresh, clean drinking water. The human body can only exist for a very short time without water, and not drinking other issues with water are covered in the section below.
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Question:
What is civic engagement in 150 words?
What are your tips on water scarcity?
a 0.160 mole quantity of nicl2 is added to a liter of 1.20 m nh3 solution. what is the concentration of ni2 ions at equilibrium? assume the formation constant of ni(nh3)2 6 is 5.5×108 .
The concentration of Ni2+ ions at equilibrium is approximately 4.4×10⁻⁹ M.
A more detailed explanation of the answer.
To find the concentration of Ni2+ ions at equilibrium, we need to use the formation constant (Kf) of Ni(NH3)6 2+ and perform an ICE table (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) calculation. The given Kf value is 5.5×10⁸.
Student question: What is the concentration of Ni2+ ions at equilibrium when 0.160 moles of NiCl2 are added to a liter of 1.20 M NH3 solution?
1. Balanced equation for the reaction:
Ni2+ + 6 NH3 <=> Ni(NH3)6 2+
2. Create the ICE table:
| | Ni2+ | NH3 | Ni(NH3)6 2+ |
|-----|------|-------|------------|
| I | 0.16 | 1.20 | 0 |
| C | -x | -6x | +x |
| E | 0.16-x | 1.20-6x | x |
3. Write the expression for Kf:
Kf = [Ni(NH3)6 2+]/([Ni2+][NH3]⁶) = 5.5×10⁸
4. Substitute the equilibrium values from the ICE table:
5.5×10^8 = (x)/((0.16-x)(1.20-6x)⁶)
5. Since Kf is very large, we can assume that x (change in concentration) is very small compared to the initial concentrations. Thus, we can approximate 0.16-x ≈ 0.16 and 1.20-6x ≈ 1.20.
6. Simplify and solve for x:
5.5×10⁸ = (x)/((0.16)(1.20)⁶)
x ≈ 4.4×10⁻⁹ M
The concentration of Ni2+ ions at equilibrium is approximately 4.4×10⁻⁹ M.
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an unknown gas effuses through an opening at a rate 3.16 time slower than nenon gas. estimate the mola mass of this unknown gas.
The molar mass of an unknown gas that effuses through an opening at a rate of 3.16 times slower than neon gas is 199.6 g/mol.
The unknown gas effuses through an opening at a rate 3.16 times slower than neon gas. We need to estimate the molar mass of this unknown gas.
According to Graham's Law, the rate of effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular mass of the gas. The effusion rate is given for both neon and the unknown gas, thus we can say that the ratio of the effusion rates is equal to the ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.
Let M₁ and M₂ be molar masses of the unknown gas and Neon gas respectively. Then the ratio of the effusion rates would be,
R₂/R₁ = √M₁/√M₂
Where R₁ and R₂ are the rates of effusion of the unknown gas and Neon gas respectively.
It is given that the effusion rate of the unknown gas is 3.16 times slower than that of Neon gas.
So, R₁ = 1/3.16 * R₂ or R₂ = 3.16 R₁
Putting these values in the above equation and squaring both sides, we get:
M₁/M₂ = (3.16R1/R1)²
M₁/M₂ = 9.98
M₁ = 9.98 × M₂
Now, the molar mass of Neon is 20g/mol (Neon is monoatomic and its atomic mass is 20).
We can substitute this value to find out the molar mass of the unknown gas.
M₁ = 9.98 × 20
M₁ = 199.6 g/mol
Hence, the estimated molar mass of the unknown gas is 199.6 g/mol.
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a buffer with a ph of 4.56 contains 0.23 m of sodium benzoate and 0.10 m of benzoic acid. what is the concentration of [h3o ] in the solution after the addition of 0.060 mol hcl to a final volume of 1.7 l? assume that any contribution of hcl to the volume is negligible.
calculate the moles of 1-chlorobutane used and the moles of sulfuryl chloride used and indicate which was the limiting reagent. explain how this result is consistent or inconsistent with your gc data.
Sulfuryl chloride is in excess and 1-chlorobutane is the limiting reagent. This result is consistent with the GC data.
Let's assume we used 5 grams of 1-chlorobutane and 7 grams of sulfuryl chloride. The molar mass of 1-chlorobutane is 118.5 g/mol, and the molar mass of sulfuryl chloride is 134.97 g/mol.
Moles of 1-chlorobutane used = 5 g / 118.5 g/mol = 0.042 moles
Moles of sulfuryl chloride used = 7 g / 134.97 g/mol = 0.052 moles
To determine the limiting reagent, we need to compare the moles of each reactant used to the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between 1-chlorobutane and sulfuryl chloride is,
C₄H₉Cl + SO₂Cl₂ → C₄H₉SO₂Cl + HCl
The stoichiometric ratio between 1-chlorobutane and sulfuryl chloride is 1:1. Therefore, we can see that 0.042 moles of 1-chlorobutane would require 0.042 moles of sulfuryl chloride for complete reaction. However, we used 0.052 moles of sulfuryl chloride, which is greater than the amount required for complete reaction. This means that sulfuryl chloride is in excess and 1-chlorobutane is the limiting reagent.
This result is consistent with the GC data, which showed a lower yield of the product than expected. The fact that 1-chlorobutane was the limiting reagent suggests that not all of it was consumed in the reaction, which could explain the lower yield observed in the GC data.
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what is the solubility of strontium sulfate, srso4, in 0.36 m sodium sulfate, na2so4 solution?
The solubility of strontium sulfate, SrSO₄ in 0.36 M sodium sulfate, Na₂SO₄ solution is approximately 1.06 x 10⁻⁶ M.
What is solubility?Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure to form a saturated solution.
The solubility of strontium sulfate (SrSO₄) in a 0.36 M sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) solution can be calculated using the solubility product constant (Ksp) and the common ion effect. The Ksp of SrSO₄ is 3.80 x 10⁻⁷. To find the solubility of SrSO₄, we can set up an expression using the Ksp value and the concentration of Na₂SO₄:
Ksp = [Sr²⁺][SO₄²⁻]
Since Na₂SO₄ dissociates into 2 Na⁺ ions and 1 SO₄²⁻ ion, the initial concentration of SO₄²⁻ ions from Na₂SO₄ is 0.36 M. Let x be the solubility of SrSO₄, then:
3.80 x 10⁻⁷ = [x][(0.36 + x)]
As x is significantly smaller than 0.36, we can assume x is negligible in the equation:
3.80 x 10⁻⁷ ≈ [x][0.36]
Solving for x:
x ≈ 1.06 x 10⁻⁶ M
Thus, the solubility of SrSO₄ in a 0.36 M Na₂SO₄ solution is approximately 1.06 x 10⁻⁶ M.
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What is the relative pH at the equivalence point of the titration of a weak acid with a strong base? OpH > 7 OpH = 7 OpH < 7
The relative pH at the equivalence point of the titration of a weak acid with a strong base is pH > 7.
The equivalence point in titration is the point at which the amount of added titrant is just enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution. The equivalence point can be found from an acid-base titration curve by the inflection point of the curve. In titration, the equivalence point occurs when the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of the analyte. For the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, the equivalence point will have a pH greater than 7. This is because the strong base will completely neutralize the weak acid and any excess base will increase the pH of the solution beyond neutrality.
In other words, the solution has become basic because of the excess hydroxide ions added from the titrant, despite the fact that the original substance being analyzed (acetic acid) was acidic. Therefore, the relative pH at the equivalence point of the titration of a weak acid with a strong base is greater than 7.
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Which one of these reactions is the reaction whose ∆G° is equal
to the standard free energy of formation (∆G°f) of ammonium
sulfate, (NH4)2SO4?
A) 2 NH3(g) + H2SO4(l) –––> (NH4)2SO4(s)
B) 2 NH3(g) + SO3(g) + H2O(l) –––> (NH4)2SO4(s)
C) N2(g) + 4 H2(g) + S(s) + 2 O2(g) –––> (NH4)2SO4(s)
D) (NH4)2SO4(s) ––––> N2(g) + 4 H2(g) + S(s) + 2 O2(g)
E) 2 NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq) –––> (NH4)2SO4(s)
The correct answer is A) 2 NH3(g) + H2SO4(l) –––> (NH4)2SO4(s). This reaction represents the formation of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, from its constituent elements in their standard states.
The standard free energy of formation (∆G°f) refers to the energy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states. In this case, the reaction given in option A shows the formation of one mole of ammonium sulfate from its constituent elements.
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In order to inflate a car's airbag to the proper size at standard temperature and pressure, 67 L of N 2 gas are needed. How many moles of N 2 gas is this?
67 L of N2 gas at STP is equivalent to 2.67 moles of N2 ga
Steps
To calculate the number of moles of N2 gas, we can use the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
where:
P is the pressure of the gas
V is the volume of the gas
n is the number of moles of gas
R is the universal gas constant
T is the temperature of the gas in kelvin
Assuming standard temperature and pressure (STP), the pressure is 1 atmosphere and the temperature is 273 K. The volume of gas is 67 L.
So, we have:
PV = nRT
n = (PV) / (RT)
n = (1 atm) x (67 L) / ((0.0821 L·atm/mol·K) x (273 K))
n = 2.67 mol
Therefore, 67 L of N2 gas at STP is equivalent to 2.67 moles of N2 gas.
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Draw the following particle (molecular compound).
SO4^-2
Counting electrons
When drawing molecules, an important first step is to first count the total valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell) in the molecule. Sulfur has 6 valence electrons, each oxygen has 6 valence electrons, and the 2- charge indicates there are 2 additional electrons. This comes out to be a total of 32 electrons.
Drawing the molecule
The next step is to draw the general shape of the molecule. In this case, sulfur is the central atom and 4 oxygens surround it, so draw a sulfur atom labelled as S with 4 oxygens equally spaced around it.
Next, you want to fill in the bonds between each oxygen to the sulfur atom. This will be a total of 4 bonds.
Now, count the number of electrons used. 4 bonds consisting of 2 shared electrons each is 8 electrons. We have 24 electrons left.
Add these remaining 24 electrons to the surrounding oxygens in pairs of 2, making sure that no atom has more than 8 electrons around it (1 bond and 3 pairs).
This is one possible structure of SO4 2-, but it is not the most common one.
Formal charge of each atom in a molecule is calculated by taking the normal amount of valence electrons, in sulfur for example, 6, and subtracting it by the total amount of non-bonding electrons and the amount of bonds. In this case in the structure we just drew above, the formal charge is 6-4=2, where 4 is the amount of bonds to sulfur.
FC=V−N−B/2
this is the equation for formal charge. V is the valence electrons of the atom in its ground state, or when it is not bonded to anything else. N is the number of non-bonding, or loose, electrons around the atom in the molecule. B is the number of electrons that are in bonds.
All atoms in a molecule want to have a formal charge as close to zero as possible, and this is a rare case where sulfur can be an exception to the octet rule and have more than 8 valence electron in order to satisfy this need.
Therefore, in this case, 2 of the single bonds around sulfur can be replaced by double bonds, so that the formal charge is 6-6=0. So, for two of the oxygens, remove one pair of electrons and turn them into bonds with sulfur.
There are several different places you can add these double bonds, which lead to structures called resonant structures. Resonant structures have the same number of non bonding electrons and bonds, but the single and double bonds are in different places.
The attached image is just one resonant structure, but keep in mind there are other possible very similar structures-- for example, the double bonds could be opposite of each other.
These structures are more common as they have the lowest formal charge on the central atom, sulfur.