Stickleback fish are found in both marine and freshwater habitats. The marine fish have no scales but have hardened, armorlike plates along their sides. The plates are thought to protect sticklebacks from certain predators. In the late 1980s, sticklebacks from a marine population colonized Loberg Lake, a freshwater lake in Alaska. Starting in 1990, researchers sampled fish from the lake every four years and recorded the armor-plate phenotypes of the male sticklebacks in each sample. The armor-plate phenotypes were categorized as either complete (plates extending from head to tail), partial (plates extending from head to abdomen), or low (a few plates near the head only). The results are shown in the table below. ARMOR-PLATE VARIATION IN THE STICKLEBACK POPULATION OF LOBERG LAKE Year 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 Percent of Males in the Sample with Each Armor-Plate Phenotype Low Partial Complete 1% 2% 97% 45% 14% 41% 58% 16% 26% 76% 15% 9% 90% 6% 4%
14. Which of the following is an independent variable in the investigation?
(A) Year in which the sample was collected
(B) Salinity of the water in Loberg Lake
(C) Size of the stickleback population
(D) Percent of males with each armor-plate phenotype
15. To evaluate the reliability of the results, it would be best to know which of the following?
(A) The surface area of Loberg Lake
(B) The number of males in each sample
(C) The average daily temperature of Loberg Lake
(D) The age of the sticklebacks in each sample

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

14. Which of the following is an independent variable in the investigation? (A) Year in which the sample was collected

15. To evaluate the reliability of the results, it would be best to know which of the following? (B) The number of males in each sample

Explanation:

Independent (manipulated) variable: Refers to all the variables in an experiment that provoke a response in another variable. An independent variable is the one that changes or is controlled and modified in the experiment to analyze how another variable responds to it. It changes to analyze its effects on the dependent variable. Usually, the independent variable is represented by the X letter. In the exposed example, the Year in which the sample was collected is an independent variable.

Probably the year in which the sample was collected is not the cause of phenotypes differentiation between males, but it is a variable that reflects the change of armor-plate through the years. With this information, scientists can make assumptions and reach a conclusion about the phenotypic variation of the trait in sweet water through the years.  

The sample size is very important during a scientific investigation. The correct sample size depends on the investigation project. We need to study a correct amount of individuals to obtain conclusive and reproducible results or, on the contrary, the results will not be informative or robust at all. When sampling wild animals, many times it is difficult to obtain the ideal number of individuals, especially in aquatic animals that are hard to reach, so we have to manage with the amount that we are able to get. However, if we are working with a few individuals, or the samples are not comparable in size with each other, it is very important to consider this in the discussion and conclusions of your work. The risk with small-sized samples is that we might be studying individuals with extreme phenotypes that are not representative of the whole population. This is why it is important to get a certain number of animals, to analyze those that are most representative, and eliminate the outliers.

In the exposed example, per sample, we need to get approximately the same amount of male fishes to perform a reliable comparison between years and the phenotypic changes in time.

   

Answer 2

Answer:

14. A

15. B

ALL THE BEST FOR AP EXAMS BUDS


Related Questions

The Fitness of Water. For each of these statements about water, decide whether the statement is true and describes a property that makes water a desirable component of cells (T); is true but describes a property that has no bearing on water as a cellular constituent (X); or is false (F). For each true statement, indicate a possible benefit to living organisms.
a. Water is a polar molecule and hence an excellent solvent for polar compounds.
b. Water can be formed by the reduction of molecular oxygen O2.
c. The density of water is less thaan the density of ice.
d. The molecules of liquid water are extensively hydrogen-bonded to one another.
e. Water is odorless and tasteless.
f. Water has a high specific heat.
g. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

Answers

Answer:

A) True

The polarity of water is what makes it an ideal transport vehicle for nutrients and micronutrients that are water-soluble. Within organisms, water can be used to transport nutrients and even waste from one part of the body to the other. In the case of humans, urine is used to get rid of soluble waste from within the body.

B) True

During the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are taken from the air and soil respectively. Oxygen is able to produce water when it is reduced. Hydrogen during this process is oxidized.

C) False

Ice floats on water. Hence it cannot be denser than water. Rather, water is denser than Ice. Because of the structure of hydrogen bonds, when they are iced, the bonds tend to pull apart, thus making ice expand somewhat. This expansion creates microscopic pockets of air in the molecules thus given them buoyancy.

D) True (X)

E) True (X)

F) True

Heat Capacity refers to the amount of heat a substance like water can absorb before it's temperature rises by 1 degree. This property is important, because, were it not for the high specific heat capacity of water, many people and plants would have boiled over.

G True (X)

Heat of vaporization is the kind and amount of energy required to alter one gram of liquid into a gas at boiling point

Cheers

which statement describes two organ systems working together to deliver nutrients to cells?

A. The excretory system removes excess nutrients from blood as it
makes urine.

B. The blood absorbs the nutrients that the digestive system obtains
from food.

C. The respiratory system transfers oxygen removed from nutrients
to the blood.

D. The molecules of important nutrients are made from food in the digestive system

Answers

Answer:

option B is the correct answer

Explanation:

the circulatory system and digestive system both are working to deliver food to each and every cell.

plz mark my answer as brainlist plzzzz.hope this will be helpful to you and plzzz.

B) The blood absorbs the nutrients that the digestive system obtains from food the two organ systems work together to deliver nutrients to cells.

The circulatory system and digestive system both are working to deliver food to each and every cell.

How do organ structures get meals to the cells?

The digestive system converts the ingredients we consume into their simplest bureaucracy, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein), or fatty acids (that makeup fat). The damaged-down meals are then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to every mobile in the body.

These frame structures are all characteristic to maintain the cells in your frame: the circulatory, respiration, and digestive structures provide the nutrients and electricity your cells need to stay. The immune gadget protects these cells from pathogens.Your circulatory gadget, which consists of your coronary heart, blood, and blood vessels, is liable for transporting vitamins to the cells of your body. Particularly, nutrients are transported at some stage in your frame thru your blood thru capillaries, tiny blood vessels that join arteries to veins.

The cell consists of three components: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the 2, the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm lie complicated arrangements of first-class fibers and loads or maybe hundreds of minuscule but awesome structures known as organelles.

Learn more about cells here: https://brainly.com/question/13920046

#SPJ2

Which of the following is a terrestrial planet?
A. Earth
B. Jupiter
C. Saturn

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

Answer:

a

Explanation:

During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars and oxygen. Is this a chemical change? Why or why not?

Answers

No because they don’t use chemicals

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed
the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains
this phenomenon?

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - priming.

Explanation:

Priming is a phenomenon that explains the behavior of an individual when an individual experiences a certain stimulus that influences response to a subsequent stimulus, unknowingly of the connection. This effect is known as the priming effect.

In this case, watching a cartoon of a rabbit acts as the stimulus that influences the response of identifying the image of duck as a rabbit. He is experienced priming effect.

In a cross of purple flowered heterozygous plants (Pp), the letter P represents the allele for purple flowers and the letter p represents the allele for white flowers.

What is the probability that an offspring of this cross expresses plants with purple flower phenotypes?

A. 0
B. 1/4
C. 1/2
D. 3/4

Answers

Answer:

D. 3/4

Explanation:

I took the test and got it right.

Graphite and diamond are polymorphs of carbon

True or false

Answers

Answer:

they are polymorphs

Explanation:

just trust me

Answer:

Graphite and diamond are considered to be polymorphs. The answer is True I am pretty sure. They are made of sheets of carbon I am pretty sure.

What are the answers too those

Answers

Answer:

a, d, b, c, a, c, d, b, a, d,

Explanation:

A cross between a plant with red flowers (R = dominant) and a plant with white flowers (r = recessive) yielded 47 plants with red flowers and 51 plants with white flowers. What are the genotypes of the parent plants? Explain.

A. The results are close to a 1:1 ratio of plants with red flowers to plants with white flowers. Therefore, the genotypes of the parents are Rr and rr.
B. The results should yield plants with red flowers and plants with white flowers in a 3:1 ratio due, so the geneotype of each parent is Rr. The number of offspring was not large enough to produce the expected results.
C. The results differ from the predicted values. Therefore, the genotypes of the parents cannot be determined.
D. The results should show a ratio of 3 plants with white flowers to 1 plant with red flowers, so the genotypes of the parent plants are RR and rr.

Answers

Answer:

A. The results are close to a 1:1 ratio of plants with red flowers to plants with white flowers. Therefore, the genotypes of the parents are Rr and rr.

Explanation:

I took the test and got it right.

what is inactive when sleeping

Answers

Answer:

parts of your brain including the precuneus, basal forebrain, and basal ganglia are deactivated during sleep.

Explanation:

How have human populations used surface currents over time?​

Answers

Answer:

Changes in land use through time with extrapolations

Explanation:

Population data and projections are from UNDP

All three types of worms that undergo asexual reproduction use which process?
binary fission
O budding
fragmentation
O spore formation

Answers

Answer:

Budding is the answer to this.

Answer:

budding

Explanation:

Which of the following is NOT involved in photosynthesis or cellular respiration?
a
cytokinins
b
chlorophyll
c
carbon dioxide
d
water

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

Cytokinins are not involved in photosynthesis or cellular respiration. They are plant hormones that help regulate cell division and growth. On the other hand, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, and water are all involved in photosynthesis and/or cellular respiration. The correct option is A.

What are Cytokinins?

Cytokinins are plant growth hormones that stimulate cell division and delay senescence. They play a role in plant growth and development, but they are not involved in photosynthesis or cellular respiration. On the other hand, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, and water are all involved in photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy, while carbon dioxide and water are used to make glucose and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy. Both carbon dioxide and water are produced as byproducts of cellular respiration. Therefore, all the options except cytokinins are involved in either photosynthesis or cellular respiration.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

Learn more about Cytokinins here:

https://brainly.com/question/30829965

#SPJ3

describe how a supernova and neutron star are related?

Answers

Answer:

Neutron stars are one of the possible ends for a star. They result from massive stars which have mass greater than 4 to 8 times that of our Sun. After these stars have finished burning their nuclear fuel, they undergo a supernova explosion. ... It collapses so much that protons and electrons combine to form neutrons.

Suppose you are a research assistant in a lab studying DNADNA-binding proteins. You have been given the amino acid sequences of all the proteins encoded by the genome of a certain species and have been asked to find candidate proteins that could bind DNADNA. What type of amino acids would you expect to see in the DNADNA-binding regions of such proteins

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer would be - Positively charged amino acid at pH 7 such as lysine, arginine, and histidine.

Explanation:

We know that DNA is a negatively charged molecule and proteins bind with them. This binding takes place between negative DNA molecules and positively charged amino acids of DNA binding protein.

Amino acids form hydrogen bonds with the nitrogen bases or phosphate groups of the DNA. Therefore, the DNA binding amino acid sequence should be of positively charged amino acids like lysine, arginine, and histidine at pH 7.

Explain the benefits for the administration of an isotonic solution?

Answers

The isotonic solution allow the cells to move water and nutrients in and out of the cells. This is necessary for blood cells to perform their function of delivering oxygen and other nutrients to other parts of the body.

why gasoline is it important for the environment

Answers

Answer:

As the cleanest-burning fossil fuel, natural gas plays an important role in improving the environment by reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions across the U.S. Natural gas produces half as much carbon dioxide and an even smaller fraction of other air emission generated by coal.

Explanation:

What is one reason why rock layers are not horizontal?

They were formed at an angle.

They were formed veritcally.

The area was once covered by water.

A force pushed the rock layers after they were formed.

Answers

Answer:

the last one, as they would be pushed together either going up or down when tectonic plates shift.

Explanation:

Answer: A force pushed the rock layers after they were formed.

Explanation:

Question 4
What structure is the brain's "thermostat?"

Answers

It is called the hypothalamus !

7. a) How does a vaccine relate to the virus that it protects against? (1 point)

Will be marking brainliest!

Answers

Answer:

A vaccine usually is the virus in an altered way, like, most vaccines like the flu shot is a dead flu virus, so by injecting a dead flu virus in your body you learn how to protect yourself from it.

Explanation:

Which graph should be used to represent the
percent composition of the human body?
bar graph
line graph
pie graph

Answers

Answer:

I think its pie graph cause the other ones don't sound good...

Explanation:

i don't know I'm just here for the points... so yeah there u go I think this is the answer. so pie graph is the answer.

Define Global Warming

Answers

Answer:

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Answer:

a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Explanation:

What are these please

Answers

29-c 30-b I hope I answered fast enough

The increased subsidence of southern Louisiana, from 3 ft to 12 ft every 100 years, contributed to the effects of Hurricane Katrina.

Which of the following is not a cause of this subsidence?

A)

the extraction of groundwater

B)

the extraction of oil and gas

C)

the loss of freshwater wetlands

D)

the lack of tall trees such as cypress

E)

the practice of building on hilly areas

Answers

Answer:

Types of Wetlands

tupelo gum trees

Tupelo Gum Pond, Source: Missouri Dept of Conservation

Answer: E.) the practice of building on hilly areas

Explanation: got it right on edge 2021! :)

pls help with this its about science and i hate science so i need ur guys help pls!

Answers

Answer:

Number 1

Explanation:

Through the process of transformation, bacteria cells can take up plasmids that contain recombinant DNA

TRUE or FALSE

Answers

Answer:

true

Explanation:

What causes currents to move around in circular patterns

Answers

Answer: Coriolis effect

Explanation:

Hope this help to your question.

Answer:

Coriolis effects causes wind currents to move in circular patterns.

Explanation:

What is the next stage after the body plan is established?

Answers

Answer:

Origin. 20 out of the 36 body plans originated in the Cambrian period, in the "Cambrian explosion", However, complete body plans of many phyla emerged much later, in the Palaeozoic or beyond.

Where in the world is the highest temperature, relative to precipitation?

Answers

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest registered air temperature on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in Death Valley in the United States, on 10 July 1913


Geology- approximately how much more energy is released in a 7.5 richter magnitudue earthquake than a 5.5?

Answers

Answer:

About 2000 thousand times more

Explanation:

The amount of energy released in a 7.5 richter magnitudue earthquake than a 5.5 is 4,462,369,085,588,121 Joules greater than 5.5 scale.

What is the Richter magnitude scale?

The Richter scale or the Richter magnitude scale is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, which are developed by Charles Francis Richter and was presented in his landmark 1935 review paper, where he called it the magnitude scale. This paper was later revised and renamed as the local magnitude scale, which is denoted as ML .

The Richter magnitude of an earthquake can be determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves which are recorded by seismographs.

The energy of the earthquake with magnitude 5.5 is 4,466,835,921,510 J and with magnitude 7.5 is 4,466,835,921,509,631 J.

The energy released = 4,462,369,085,588,121 Joules

Learn more about Earthquake here:

https://brainly.com/question/9415516

#SPJ6

Other Questions
Neural messages are carried across the synaptic gap by chemical substances calledneuronsneurotransmittersnervessynapses Sandra wants to park her car so that she optimizes the distance she has to walk to the art museum and the library. That is, she wants to park so that her total distance directly to each building is the shortest. Find where she should park. if someone could explain to me how to do this In the African savanna, more wildebeests are born than the environment can support. Which is most likely to happen over a period of years as a result? Im stuck, someone help!!!!!! Japan ignored the warnings presented by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration and continued to fight. Which of the following conclusions would the Allies have likely made regarding Japans stance in the war at this point? the whole number 10 turn it to a fraction The two rectangles are scale drawings. What is themeasurement of x? If you have a negative attitude about coping skills, they probably won't work very well for you. True False 1. What word do these notes spell? Hint: It's a place where you sleep! *Your answer This is very important and I need HELP! using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit, made theIs A (1,5), B(-1,-1). and C(5, -1) on graphpaper. Join the points to make the figure ABC. andde cribe ABC At Cascadia College, students need to take a 100 level Math and English courses plus an optional Philosophy course. In any quarter, the college needs to make available 4 less English sections than Math sections. In any quarter student demand for the optional Philosophy course is half as many sections as English sections. Available classrooms limit the total sections of all three courses to 44Given these constraints how many sections of each course should the college make available each quarter to meet demand?Math sections =English sections =Philosophy sections = Jake Fleming sells graphic card update kits for computers. Jake purchases these kits for $20 and sells about 250 kits a year. Each time Jake places an order, it costs him $25 to cover shipping and paperwork. Jake figures that the cost of holding an update kit in inventory is about $3.50 per kit per year. What is the economic order quantity Helppppp 20 points!!! Explain why the study of fossils is important to scientists. true or false the artist civilization can be used to help understand their values beliefs and culture HELP ASAPPPPPPPP!!!! In a bag of sweets, 6 are orange and 9 are lime. Jodi chooses a sweet at random, eats it anthen chooses a second sweet at random.What is the probability that both sweets are the same flavour?(3 Points) Which number line best represents the solution to the inequality3.3 w - 9 > -22.2?