When some of the food we eat is not broken down into tiny particles in the digestive system, it may pass through the digestive system relatively unchanged and be eliminated from the body as feces.
Fiber, for example, is a type of carbohydrate found in plant-based foods that cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes. Instead, it passes through the digestive system mostly intact and provides bulk to the feces, helping to promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation.
Other substances that are not broken down in the digestive system may be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for further processing or elimination from the body. For example, alcohol is absorbed through the stomach and small intestine walls and is metabolized by the liver.
In some cases, undigested food may cause digestive discomfort or symptoms such as bloating or gas. In others, it may be associated with more serious conditions such as malabsorption syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease, or other digestive disorders. If you experience persistent digestive symptoms or concerns, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and treatment.
what is the independent variable in this experiment
Answer:
The salt is the independent one.
Explanation:
Directions: Circle the words that correctly complete the sentences.
1. When your breathe in through your nose, the air first goes into the
(nostrils, cilia) and then on to the (respiratory, nasal) passages.
2. The (olfactory, receptor) cells change smells into electrical signals
which travel through the (auditory, olfactory) nerve to the brain.
3. In your nasal passages, you will see a sticky substance called
(saliva, mucus) and little hairs called (cilia, ducts).
4. There are almost 9,000 (taste buds, cilia) on your tongue.
5. The (mucus, saliva), or liquid, in your mouth helps your taste buds
work better.
6. On the front tip of the tongue, you taste things that are (sweet, bitter).
7. The back of the tongue is where things that are (sour, bitter) react with
your taste buds.
The human nose is a complex organ that is responsible for detecting and processing smells. It is located in the center of the face, above the mouth and between the eyes. The nose is made up of two nostrils, which are the openings through which air enters the nose.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. The mucosa, a pink, wet tissue, covers the tongue. The tongue's rough appearance is caused by little bumps called papillae. The papillae's surfaces are covered in thousands of taste buds. Taste buds are assemblages of cells that resemble nerves and are connected to nerves that enter the brain.
When you breathe in through your nose, the air first goes into the nostrils and then on to the nasal passages.The olfactory cells change smells into electrical signals which travel through the olfactory nerve to the brain.In your nasal passages, you will see a sticky substance called mucus and little hairs called cilia.There are almost 9,000 taste buds on your tongue.The saliva, or liquid, in your mouth helps your taste buds work better.On the front tip of the tongue, you taste things that are sweet.The back of the tongue is where things that are sour react with your taste buds.Learn more about the human nose here https://brainly.com/question/4707609
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Can someone please help me!
33. A
34. C
35. B
What is an anabolic reaction?Anabolic reaction is a constructive metabolic reaction that involves the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller constituent parts, using ATP as the energy source for these reactions.
Autotroph is any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using heat or light as a source of energy.
Acetyl-CoA represents a key node in metabolism due to its intersection with many metabolic pathways and transformations. Acetyl coA shuttles a 2C molecule from glucose into the citric acid cycle.
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Which terms best complete the sentence? "Evolution acts on _________ while natural selection acts on __________"
-desire to evolve
-acquired traits
-individual organisms
-populations
-different species
-different kingdoms
What is the world's most venomous fish?
NOT STONEFISH !!!
the most poisonous fish in the world is the lionfish
Greetings from Turkey
Just like Mendel, you have grown a pea plant that has two phenotypic traits you are interested in. Round (Dominant) or Wrinkled (Recessive), Yellow (Dominant) or Green (Recessive) After crossing two plants heterozygous in both traits (RrYy x RrYy), you have 556 progenies classified as follows. Calculate their expected progeny phenotypic distributions as if these traits are independently assorted rather than linked. (4 pts)
Observed Values
315 Round, Yellow Seed
108 Round, Green Seed
101 Wrinkles, Yellow Seed
32 Wrinkled, Green Seed
556 Total Seeds
What are the Expected Values for RrYy x RrYy?
Use Chi-Square Analysis and the p-value chart (refer to Lab 4 handout for formula and chart) to determine whether these traits do indeed display independent assortment. Show your work. (4 pts)
What is your null hypothesis? Are the data consistent with your null hypothesis or can you reject the null hypothesis? Provide the p-value evidence to support your case. (4 pts)
List three properties of DNA that would be the same between DNA isolated from strawberries and any other living organism. (3 pts)
List three properties that would be different between DNA isolated from strawberries and the DNA of any other living organism. (3 pts)
If a chromosome is 2 μm long during mitosis and contains about 1.5 cm of supercoiled DNA, how many times must the DNA condense itself during mitosis? Show your work. (1 pt)
If this measurement were the same for all of your chromosomes, how long would your DNA be in the uncondensed form if you joined all of it from end to end? Show your work. (1 pt)
The probability of both traits appearing in the same offspring is (3/4) x (3/4) = 9/16 and the probability of both traits appearing in the same offspring is (1/4) x (1/4) = 1/16.
What are traits?Traits are defined as specific characteristics or attributes of an individual.
1. To calculate the expected values, we need to multiply the total number of progeny by the probabilities of each phenotype. The expected values are:
315 Round, Yellow Seed = (556) x (9/16) = 311.5
108 Round, Green Seed = (556) x (3/16) = 104.5
101 Wrinkles, Yellow Seed = (556) x (3/16) = 104.5
32 Wrinkled, Green Seed = (556) x (1/16) = 34.5
2. Chi-Square Analysis:
The chi-square test is used to determine whether the observed data fits the expected data. The formula for the chi-square test is:
χ² = Σ [(O-E)²/E]
Where:
χ² = chi-square value
O = observed frequency
E = expected frequency
We can calculate the chi-square value for this data as follows:
χ² = [(315-311.5)2/311.5] + [(108-104.5)2/104.5] + [(101-104.5)2/104.5] + [(32-34.5)2/34.5]
χ² = 1.01 + 1.69 + 0.84 + 0.39
χ² = 3.93
3. Degrees of freedom (df) = (number of phenotypes - 1) = 3
Using the chi-square distribution table with 3 degrees of freedom and a significance level of 0.05, the critical value is 7.815. Since our calculated chi-square value (3.93) is less than the critical value (7.815), we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
4. Null Hypothesis:
The null hypothesis is that the observed data fits the expected data, meaning that the traits are independently assorted.
5. Properties of DNA that are the same between strawberries and any other living organism:
DNA is composed of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.DNA is organized into double helix structures.DNA is responsible for carrying genetic information.6. Properties of DNA that are different between strawberries and any other living organism:
The sequence of the nitrogenous bases is unique to each organism.The amount of DNA in each organism can vary widely.The number of chromosomes can vary widely between organisms.7. Calculating the number of times DNA must condense itself during mitosis:
If the chromosome is 2 μm long and contains about 1.5 cm of supercoiled DNA, then the DNA must condense itself by a factor of 1.5 cm / 2 μm = 7500 times during mitosis.
8. Calculating the length of DNA in the uncondensed form:
If the chromosome is 2 μm long and contains 1.5 cm of DNA, then the length of DNA in the uncondensed form is 1.5 cm / 2 μm = 750,000 μm or 750.
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The central Atlantic Ocean has the highest salinity levels of any open ocean on Earth. Which of these BEST explains why the salinity is so high?
Group of answer choices
The rate of evaporation is low, and the rate of rainfall is low.
The rate of evaporation is high, and the rate of rainfall is low.
The rate of evaporation is low, and the rate of rainfall is high.
The rate of evaporation is high, and the rate of rainfall is high
Answer:
option 2 The salinity is so high, because the rate of evaporation is high, and the rate of rainfall is low.
Explanation:
Since the rate of evaporation is high the water evaporates in the form of vapours and it will not carry salt with it.
And while the rainfall that is occurring in that place is less than the rate of evaporation.
meaning there will not be enough water to dilute the salinity meaning there will be alot more salinity in that ocean.
The map shows the percentages of available freshwater that humans withdrew from groundwater or surface water in 1995. In that year, the human population worldwide was 5.7 billion. By 2025, the human population is expected to reach 8 billion.
The correct option c) South America and Australia will withdraw more than 40% of their available freshwater, changing their areas on the map to the darkest shade of gray.
Which is more groundwater or surface water?Many people think of lakes, rivers, and streams—surface water—when they think of a water supply. However, roughly 97 percent of the world's useable freshwater is found underground. The United Nations estimates that 10 million cubic kilometres of water are kept beneath.
Surface water, which provides the majority of life's requirements, makes up only 2.5% of the planet's total water, or about 1.2% of the freshwater on it. About 30.1% of all liquid is groundwater.
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PLEASE HELPPPP
PLEASE DO ALL OF THEM
Answer:
1.The contour interval is 60 meters
2. a) The mountain is 270 meters above sea level
b) 330 meters above sea level
3. Globe mountain
4. The east slope is steeper
6. South East
7. 65 meters
I. Is this cell haploid or
diploid? How can you tell?
2. Is this cell haploid or
diplold? How can you tell?
3. Is this cell haplold or
diploid? How can you tell?
4. Is this cell haplold or
diplold? How can you tell?
Lymph node review:
Lymph nodes _____ and ______
lymph before it reaches the _____.
Lymph nodes filter and cleanse lymph before it reaches the bloodstream.
What are lymph nodes?Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body that are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that work together to transport and filter lymph, a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, throughout the body.
Lymph nodes act as filters that remove impurities, such as bacteria, viruses, and abnormal cells, from the lymphatic fluid before it returns to the bloodstream. Lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are also found within the lymph nodes and play a crucial role in the body's immune response by identifying and destroying foreign substances.
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What is a genetic clone?
Answer:
the process of creating an exact copy of a biological unit (eg, a DNA sequence, cell or organism)
Explanation:
Answer:
Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned. Some clones already exist in nature. Single-celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of themselves each time they reproduce.
What term refers to sponges that can produce both types of gametes, eggs and sperm?
hermaphrodite
spongin
gemmule
mesohyl
The term that refers to sponges that can produce both types of gametes, eggs and sperm, is "hermaphrodite".
A woodpecker eats insects that live deep in wood. Which of the following is true?
A woodpecker with a short beak will have an easier time getting its basic needs.
A woodpecker with a long, soft beak will have an easier time getting its basic needs.
A woodpecker with a soft beak will have an easier time getting its basic needs.
A woodpecker with a long, hard beak will have an easier time getting its basic needs.
Answer:
D)
Explanation:
D) A woodpecker with a long, hard beak will have an easier time getting its basic needs.
Woodpeckers use their beaks to drill into wood to access insects that live inside. A long, hard beak is more effective for drilling into wood than a short or soft beak, making it easier for the woodpecker to get its basic needs. A long, hard beak allows the woodpecker to apply greater force and penetrate deeper into the wood to reach the insects.
In contrast, a short beak may not be long enough to reach deep into the wood, while a soft beak may not be strong enough to apply the necessary force. Therefore, a woodpecker with a long, hard beak will be better adapted for accessing insects that live deep within wood and will have an easier time getting its basic needs.
(Please give brainlist)
The reaction
C(s)+2H2(g)⇌CH4(g)
has p=0.263
at 1000. K.
Calculate the total pressure at equilibrium when 5.966 g
of H2
and 22.44 g
of C(s)
are placed in a 9.75 L
flask and heated to 1000. K.
total=
atm
Calculate the total pressure when 5.966 g
of H2
and 8.006 g
of C(s)
are placed in a 9.75 L
flask and heated to 1000. K.
total=
To solve the problem, we can use the ideal gas law and the mole ratio of the balanced chemical equation to determine the partial pressures of the gases at equilibrium, and then add them to obtain the total pressure.
First, we need to calculate the number of moles of each reactant:
n(H2) = 5.966 g / (2.016 g/mol) = 2.965 mol
n(C) = 22.44 g / (12.01 g/mol) = 1.869 mol
According to the balanced equation, the mole ratio of H2 to CH4 is 2:1. Therefore, the number of moles of CH4 produced at equilibrium is:
n(CH4) = n(H2) / 2 = 1.483 mol
Next, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the partial pressures of the gases at equilibrium:
PV = nRT
For H2:
n = 2.965 mol
R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
T = 1000 K
V = 9.75 L
P(H2) = nRT/V = 7.74 atm
For CH4:
n = 1.483 mol
R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
T = 1000 K
V = 9.75 L
P(CH4) = nRT/V = 3.85 atm
Therefore, the total pressure at equilibrium is:
total = P(H2) + P(CH4) = 7.74 atm + 3.85 atm = 11.59 atm
For the second part of the question, we repeat the same process, but with a different amount of carbon:
n(H2) = 5.966 g / (2.016 g/mol) = 2.965 mol
n(C) = 8.006 g / (12.01 g/mol) = 0.666 mol
The mole ratio of H2 to CH4 is still 2:1, so the number of moles of CH4 produced at equilibrium is:
n(CH4) = n(H2) / 2 = 1.483 mol
Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the partial pressures of the gases at equilibrium:
For H2:
n = 2.965 mol
R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
T = 1000 K
V = 9.75 L
P(H2) = nRT/V = 7.74 atm
For CH4:
n = 1.483 mol
R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
T = 1000 K
V = 9.75 L
P(CH4) = nRT/V = 3.85 atm
Therefore, the total pressure at equilibrium is:
total = P(H2) + P(CH4) = 7.74 atm + 3.85 atm = 11.59 atm
Note that the total pressure is the same as in the first part of the question, despite the different amount of carbon used. This is because the mole ratio of H2 to CH4 and the temperature are the same in both cases.
What is currently happening to Earth's climate?
Answer:
The Earth's climate is undergoing significant changes due to global warming, primarily caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about 1.1 degrees Celsius (2 degrees Fahrenheit) since the pre-industrial era, and this trend is expected to continue in the coming decades.
The planet's warming leads to various impacts, including melting glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels, more frequent and intense heat waves, extreme weather events, changes in precipitation patterns, and ocean acidification. These changes have significant consequences for human societies and ecosystems, including impacts on agriculture, water resources, and the frequency and severity of natural disasters.
To mitigate the impacts of climate change, it is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and take steps to adapt to the already underway changes. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has led to international efforts to address climate change through the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit).
Explanation:
Which rock sample would be older, one with
75% parent isotopes or one with 30% parent
isotope?Why?
The rock sample with 75% parent isotopes would be older than the one with 30% parent isotopes because it has had more time for the radioactive decay to occur that is mentioned in Option A.
What is radioactive decay?Radioactive decay is the process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom spontaneously transforms into a more stable nucleus by emitting particles and/or energy. This transformation changes the number of protons and/or neutrons in the nucleus, creating a different element or isotope, and when a rock is formed, it contains a certain amount of parent isotopes but no daughter isotopes. As time passes, the parent isotopes decay into daughter isotopes, and the ratio of parent to daughter isotopes changes.
Hence, the rock sample with 75% parent isotopes would be older than the one with 30% parent isotopes that is mentioned in Option A.
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question is incomplete, complete question is below
Which rock sample would be older, one with
75% parent isotopes or one with 30% parent
isotope?Why?
A)sample with 75% parent isotopes would be older, has had more time for the radioactive decay
B)as time lacks
By means of suitable diagrams, illustrate the interrelations of head, foot, visceral
mass and mantle cavity in the four classes of mollusks you have examined.
We can see here that an illustration on the interrelations of head, foot, visceral mass and mantle cavity in four classes of mollusks, we have:
Gastropoda (snails and slugs): The head of gastropods contains the mouth and sensory organs, while the foot is used for locomotion. The visceral mass contains the internal organs, including the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems. The mantle cavity is located on the dorsal side of the body and contains the gills and other respiratory structures.What are other classes of mollusks?2. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and mussels): Bivalves have a two-part shell that is held together. The head is reduced and does not have distinct sensory organs or a well-developed brain. The foot is modified for burrowing into sediment. The visceral mass contains the internal organs, and the mantle cavity is located between the two shells and contains the gills and other respiratory structures.
3. Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, and cuttlefish): Cephalopods have a well-developed head with large eyes and a beak-like mouth. The foot is modified into a series of arms or tentacles that are used for grasping prey and locomotion. The visceral mass contains the internal organs, and the mantle cavity is used for jet propulsion and respiration.
4. Polyplacophora (chitons): Polyplacophorans have a broad, flattened foot that is used for clinging to rocky surfaces. The head is reduced and does not have distinct sensory organs. The visceral mass contains the internal organs, and the mantle cavity is located on the dorsal side of the body and contains the gills and other respiratory structures.
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How many spikes are there on flu virus
Answer:
The virus model has 40 HA molecules at a spacing of 14.8 nm. [Measured spike spacing on influenza is 14 nm
Studying one trait at a time ensures that multiple ___ are not changing simultaneously.
Identify whether or not the following structures are convergent traits.
There are two additional choices that I could not fit in the photo.
They are:
Wings of Bats and Flippers of Whales.
True Roots and Root-Like Stems (Rhizomes) of Plants
Convergent traits are similarities in characteristics that have evolved independently in different species. Not convergent traits are dissimilar characteristics.
What is a convergent and not convergent trait?Convergent traits are characteristics that have evolved independently in unrelated organisms due to similar selective pressures. Not convergent traits are characteristics that do not have a similar evolutionary origin or selective pressure in unrelated organisms.
Webbed feet of ducks and otters: Convergent (1/2)
Long snout of egg-laying echidna and placental giant anteater: Convergent (2/2)
Cactus spine and tree leaf: Not convergent (2/2)
Flippers of dolphins and fins of fish: Convergent (1/2)
Tailbone of human and tail of dogs: Not convergent (2/2)
Wings of Bats and Flippers of Whales: Convergent (1/2)
True Roots and Root-Like Stems (Rhizomes) of Plants: Not convergent (2/2)
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To narrow down the location for a new development, a construction company gets several plots of land assessed.
They study the soil type, shape of the land,
eV and vegetation. How would you evaluate their assessment? Explain how to improve it.
Evaluating the assessment of a construction company's land involves looking at the data they have collected, but also considering the potential for long-term sustainability of the development.
What is animal kingdom?Animal kingdom is a taxonomic category of living organisms that includes all animals, from mammals and birds to reptiles, amphibians, and fish, as well as the more primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, and worms. All animals share certain traits, such as the ability to move, sense their environment, and reproduce. Animals are also multicellular organisms that are made up of specialized cells. Animals are classified into different groups based on their characteristics and habitats.
It is important to consider the potential environmental risks associated with a certain location and the impacts it could have on the surrounding area. The evaluation should include assessing the soil type, shape of the land, topography, and vegetation, but it should also include a thorough analysis of the existing infrastructure, potential risks associated with climate change, and the capacity of the land to sustain a certain type of development.
To improve the assessment, it is important to look at the social, economic, and environmental implications of the development. It is necessary to consider the potential for increased traffic, air pollution, and other environmental impacts. Additionally, it is important to assess the capacity of the land to support the chosen type of development and to ensure that the development does not disrupt existing ecosystems or negatively impact the local population. Finally, it is essential to consider the potential for long-term sustainability of the development, including energy sources, water sources, and other resources necessary for the development. By taking an integrated approach to evaluation and considering the potential implications of the development, the construction company can ensure that the chosen plot of land is suitable for the desired development.
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Which of the following best describes why tectonic plates move?
———————————————
A. Earth has a solid, rocky crust as its outermost layer.
B. Tectonic plates float on Earth's mantle of moving melted rock_
C. Earth's outer core is spinning between the mantle and the inne
core.
OD. Pieces of Earth's crust are bumping into each other.
Answer: e
Explanation: I think its last answer
This soil conservation measure provides government subsidies to farmers for not planting in environmentally sensitive areas, such as a wetland or riparian zone. A. Endangered Species Act B. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) C. Dust Bowl Act
The soil conservation measure that provides government subsidies to farmers for not planting in environmentally sensitive areas is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP is a federal program in the United States that provides financial incentives to farmers and landowners for taking environmentally sensitive land out of agricultural production and instead planting species that will improve environmental quality and reduce soil erosion. The program was established in 1985 as part of the Food Security Act and is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The Endangered Species Act is a separate law that protects endangered and threatened species and their habitats, while the Dust Bowl Act was a law passed in response to the severe dust storms that occurred in the Great Plains during the 1930s.
How is a punnett square done differently for a sex linked trait such as hemophilia?
Answer:
Punnett square is a tool used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits based on the parents' genotypes. When it comes to sex-linked traits, such as hemophilia, the inheritance pattern is different from other traits. Hemophilia is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and is therefore a sex-linked recessive trait.
To create a Punnett square for a sex-linked trait like hemophilia, the following steps can be taken:
Determine the genotypes of the parents: In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). For example, if the mother is a carrier for hemophilia (XH Xh) and the father does not have hemophilia (XY), their genotypes would be XH Xh and XY, respectively.
Write the parents' gametes: Gametes are sex cells that carry half the genetic information of the parent. The mother's gametes would be XH and Xh, and the father's gametes would be X and Y.
Create the Punnett square: In a typical Punnett square, you would place the possible gametes of one parent along the top and the other parent along the side. However, since hemophilia is a sex-linked trait, you only need to place the mother's gametes along the top of the square, and the father's sex chromosomes along the side.
XH Xh
Y XY XHY XhY
X XHX XhX XX
Determine the possible offspring: Once the Punnett square is completed, you can determine the possible offspring's genotype and phenotype. In the case of hemophilia, males only need one copy of the X-linked gene to express the trait. Therefore, any male offspring with an Xh allele will have hemophilia, while females need two copies of the X-linked gene to express the trait. Females with one Xh allele are carriers and do not show symptoms.
By following these steps, you can use the Punnett square to predict the probability of offspring inheriting hemophilia.
Explanation:
Answer:
Based on the Punnett square, there is a 50% probability that the children will have hemophilia. For the female offspring, the possible genotypes are XH,Xh X H , X h (carrier) and Xh,Xh X h , X h (hemophiliac). For the male offspring, the possible genotypes are XH,Y X H , Y (no disease) and Xh,Y X h , Y (hemophiliac).
PLEASE HELP URGENTTT
Answer:
Option 3
Explanation:
This is the case, given the fact that this species I no longer existant and the most probable answer in this scenarios given that continents split overs millions over years ago would be C
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
This is the only reasonable answer to what Manuel could have found. I don't really know how else to explain it so I hope this helps :)
this is a threatened species that is in high risk of becoming endangered in wild
Vulnerable
Species of least concern
Endangered
Critically endangered
Vulnerable: this is a threatened species that is in high risk of becoming endangered in wild
What does it mean to be vulnerable?Vulnerable is a threatened species that is in high risk of becoming endangered in the wild. Species of Least Concern are those that are not currently considered threatened, whereas Endangered and Critically Endangered species are at higher risk of extinction than vulnerable species.
When in a vulnerable state, it means that they can easily be rendered extinct by other species.
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does the efficiency of a cell depends on its complexcity
Answer:
No, the efficiency of a cell does not always depend on its complexity
Explanation:
hope it helps
Sodium is pushed into the cell by electrostatic and _ pressures
-the answer is 17 letters long
Osmotic Pressure is your answer.
Let me know if this helped! :)
The process of heating and cooling is repeated
are made!
The process of heating and cooling is repeated multiple times during the manufacture of steel to modify the properties of the steel, such as its hardness, strength, and ductility.
Why is the process of heating and cooling repeated in steelmaking?In order to balance the properties of hardness and ductility, steel is often subjected to a combination of annealing and quenching. This process is called tempering.
During tempering, the steel is heated to a temperature below its critical point, then quenched and reheated to a lower temperature. This process produces a material that is hard and strong, but also ductile and tough.
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