Research suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts are modern-day descendants of ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes. DNA is present in both of these organelles, which represents the only location for DNA in a eukaryotic cell outside of the nucleus. Briefly explain how this DNA evidence strongly supports this theory of endosymbiosis.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

Mitochondria and Chloroplast contain some  Ribosomes which are different from the cytoplasmic ribosomes,These were measured to be 80s,while the Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are 70s.

Furthermore smaller circular DNA were found in theses two organelles,(which are the first DNA outside nucleus).These DNA types are the exact forms found in bacteria.

Thus, it was concluded that if these organelles could contained these genetic materials,they must  be bacterial.Therefore chloroplast and mitochondria were  ancient bacterial which  now live  in a mutual exclusive relationships in the larger cells of Eukaryotas(plant and animals).This is the basis of Endosymbiont theory.

That is these organelles  live inside(Endo) new host in symbiosis or  beneficial association with one another (symbiont).


Related Questions

The type of teeth seen in blank are usually broad and flat

Answers

Answer:

Molars

Explanation:

Molars are the teeth furthest back in our mouth. Their broad, flat surfaces help grind food as we eat...

hope this answer correct :)

A community is a _______________________. Select one: a. group of populations b. group of ecosystems c. group of conspecific organisms d. individual form of life

Answers

Maybe option d. individual form of life

Answer:

A. group of population

Explanation:

Communities are made up of all the populations of different species in a given area.

why does earths gravity pull us to the ground

Answers

Answer:

Earth is like a magnet, except the atmosphere is the force that pulls us down

Explanation:

Hemoglobin is the blood protein responsible for the transport of oxygen. Carbon monoxide disturbs oxygen transport by

Answers

Answer:

Answered below

Explanation:

Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells and is responsible for the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the various body cells.

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin because it has a high affinity for it. This aids its transportation. When it gets to the cells it unbinds and get transported into the cell for use in energy production.

Carbon monoxide is an odourless, dangerous gas which has more affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen. Therefore when carbon monoxide is inhaled, it quickly binds to hemoglobin, thereby displacing oxygen. It binds to hemoglobin for a longer period and due to this, the body does not get any oxygen and cells begin to die.

Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include dizziness, headaches, fatigue and coma.

In the presence of saturating amounts of oxaloacetate, the activity of citrate synthase from pig heart tissue shows a sigmoid dependence on the concentration of acetyl‑CoA. When succinyl‑CoA is added, the curve shifts to the right and the sigmoid dependence is more pronounced.

Choose the statements that are reasonable explanations for the right-ward shift of the velocity curve caused by succinyl-CoA.

a. Succinyl-CoA competes with dissociation of CoA as a product of the reaction.
b. Succinyl-CoA binds covalently to the enzyme.
c. Succinyl-CoA binds at a regulatory site other than the active site.
d. Succinyl-CoA competes with acetyl-CoA for binding at the active site.
e. Succinyl-CoA competes with oxaloacetate for binding at the active site.

Answers

Answer:

c. Succinyl-CoA binds at a regulatory site other than the active site

Explanation:

The sigmoid saturation curve is a property of of allosteric enzymes which reflects the cooperaive interactions between the protein subunits in the enzymes.

Allosteric enzymes function through reversible, non-covalent binding of regulatory compounds called allosteric modulators.

Allosteric enzymes  have different binding site for the substrate and for their allosteric modulator.

In the citric acid cycle, succinyl-CoA serves as as allosteric inhibitor of citrate synthase which catalyses the production of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA.

From the given options:

a. Succinyl-CoA competes with dissociation of CoA as a product of the reaction is wrong because it has its own binding site as an allosteric modulator.

b. Succinyl-CoA binds covalently to the enzyme is wrong because allosteric enzymes functions through non-covalent interactions.

c. Succinyl-CoA binds at a regulatory site other than the active site is true because citrate synthase is an allosteric enzyme

d. Succinyl-CoA competes with acetyl-CoA for binding at the active site is wrong because acetyl-CoA binds to the active site while succinyl-Coa binds to the regulatory site.

e. Succinyl-CoA competes with oxaloacetate for binding at the active site is wrong because oxaloacetate binds to the active site while succinyl-Coa binds to the regulatory site.

In 1998, paleoanthropologist Rick Potts published an article in The Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, a peer-reviewed journal. The article was titled “Environmental Hypotheses of Hominin Evolution.” In his paper, Potts claimed that great variations in environmental conditions over time were responsible for the adaptability of humans and the success of our species. Which would most likely be found in his paper?

Answers

This question is incomplete because the options are missing; here is the missing section:

Which would most likely be found in his paper?

A. A review of modern human anatomical structure.

B. Evidence of changing environmental conditions, with references.

C. The reasons competing hypotheses are wrong.

D. His opinion of what will happen to the survival of the human race.

The answer to this question is B. Evidence of changing environmental conditions, with references.

Explanation:

In texts such as scientific articles, the central point is expressed by the main claim or hypothesis as this is supported and explained through evidence in the articles. This means Potts article focuses on the environmental changes and how these contributed to the human species adaptability.

Due to this, it is expected the article explains the changes in environmental conditions, and the connection of these to adaptability. Moreover, because this is a scientific article all ideas should be supported with evidence collected by the author including references to other reliable sources. Thus, "evidence of changing environmental conditions, with references" is expected to be found in this article.

Answer: B

Explanation: I took the test :)

4. If plant roots are exposed to air and sunlight for a few minutes, and then the plant is placed back in the soil, it will wilt before starting to recover. What is happening at the cellular/tissue level in the roots?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

If plant roots are exposed to air, particularly non woody plants that rely on water pressure to stay erect, they start to wilt because of the disruption between the balance of transpiration (loss of water through the stomata) and absorption of water by the roots.

Since the plant's root has been exposed, they are no longer able to absorb water, and then transpiration also occurs which leads to a faster loss of water causing the plants cells to become dehydrated and collapse leading to wilting of the plants.

But if water is provided immediately, they can recover

How osmosis works in the three fluid compartments of the body

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

In the body, water moves through semi-permeable membranes of cells and from one compartment of the body to another by a process called osmosis. Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane.

Which of these statements best sums up evolution?
rapid change in species’ habits and features
rapid development of vestigial structures in a species
change in a population through new species being made
change in a population through genetic variation over time

Answers

Answer:

change in a population through genetic variation over time

Explanation:

took the test

Briefly explain what was done in the experiment where pigeons could choose which button to peck in the Skinner box. How does this relate to self-control?

Answers

In this experiment, Skinner placed a pigeon inside a box that contained a button that when pressed released water or food. This pigeon went through periods of deprivation of water and food, but over time, he realized that when he pecked the button he had access to these two elements. Skinner called this behavior operant behavior, which is the behavior that occurs controlled by its consequences.

Although Skinner did not specifically study self-control, with this experiment, we can make a connection between operant behavior and self-control, since both are behaviors shown as a way to change the environment in which they are inserted, but this change also affects them.

Which of the following is not considered a transformative change?

1) cracking down on illegal logging and fishing
2) curbing wasteful consumption
3) burning more fossil fuels
4) slimming agricultural environmental footprint

Answers

Answer:

3) burning more fossil fuels

Explanation:

Transformative changes are defined as the practical or strategic process that leads to revolutionary changes in the environment.

Transformative changes have a positive impact on the environment and society.

All the given options are revolutionary changes along with positive impact on the environment except burning of fossil fuel. Burning of fossil fuel causes pollution and leads to global warming which is harmful for environment.

Hence, the correct option is 3) burning more fossil fuels.

2. Exocrine glands, such as sweat glands, secrete fluids
glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstrea
3. The _______ gland plays an important role in puberty
4. Epinephrine, triggering the "fight or flight" response
glands, which sit on top of the kidneys.
5. Most glands that secrete hormones operate using fe
When hormone concentrations are high, the gland w
the hormone.
6. Many cells produce chemicals called_____ hormon
impact inflammation and reproduction.
7. The gland that helps regulate growth, body temperat
lod the

Answers

Answer:

pituitary gland

Prostaglandins

oestrogen and testosterone

Explanation:

The pituitary gland plays an important role in puberty. Puberty refers to the time in which a boy or girl sexually mature. Many cells produce chemicals called Prostaglandins hormone which impact inflammation and oestrogen and testosterone are the hormones which is responsible for the maturation of eggs in female and sperm in male. these hormones plays a vital role in the growth and development of human body.

Answer:

1.Hormones

2. endocrine

3. pituitary

4. adrenal

5. less

6. prostaglandins

7. thyroid

8. Steroidal hormones enter the cell directly and interact with DNA inside the nucleus. These hormones change gene expression, affecting the RNA that is produced and the proteins that are translated in a cell. Nonsteroid hormones do not enter the cell. Instead, they bind to specific receptors on the outside of the cell membrane. This triggers molecules called secondary messengers, such as cAMP, to begin their work of relaying information in the cell, where other chemicals, messengers, and proteins are involved to create a cellular response.

Explanation:

Penn Foster

A teenager throws a 7.26 kg rock into a lake, trying to make a big splash. If the rock is travelling at a speed of 7.5 m/s, how much kinetic energy does the rock have?

Answers

Explanation:

K.E = 1/2mv²

1/2 x 7.26 x 7.5²= 204.19j

how many lactobacillyus present in 1 lire of curd packet

Answers

A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.

hope it helps

Several statements related to the process of cellular respiration are listed. Classify each statement as true or false.

Answers

Answer:

option 1, 2, 4, and 5 are true while 3 is false.

Explanation:

statements are given below.

1) Anaerobic respiration occurs by either lactic acid or alcohol fermentation.

2) Glycolysis is the first step in anaerobic respiration only.

3) only anaerobic respiration produces a net gain of ATP.

4) anaerobic respiration occurs in the cells cytoplasm.

5) aerobic respiration always include the citric acid cycle.

Anaerobic respiration occurs by either lactic acid or alcohol fermentation and produces very low amount of ATP due to the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis refers to the breakdown of glucose molecule in pyruvate and ATP molecules. It only occurs in anaerobic respiration because it does not requires oxygen. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produces energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell while anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm. Citric acid cycle is main part of aerobic respiration.

3. List the molarities at which water exited the potato strips. Why did water move out of the potato strips? Were these solutions hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?

Answers

Answer:

The water came out of the strips of the potatoes because a process of balance and oxygen balance called osmosis occurs.

Explanation:

The potato was subjected to a hypertonic environment and it is considered hypotonic, that is why the water seeks to go out to the outside in order to generate that it finds a balance in relation to a solvent solvent.

What was an unintended negative environmental consequence of improved technology in agriculture?
A. Farmers went bankrupt purchasing expensive equipment.
B. Modern technology allowed for larger expanses of land to become cultivated, so farming took over many natural areas that were important for wildlife
C. Machines took away jobs commonly performed by farm workers
D. Machines diminished the quality of the crops.​

Answers

The correct answer is B. Modern technology allowed for larger expanses of land to become cultivated, so farming took over many natural areas that were important for wildlife.

Explanation:

In the last decades, the creation of agricultural technology has increased the efficiency of growing crops. This means now, all the process is more efficient, which leads to more products to be sold and an increase in profit. However, the possibility of large scale agriculture has caused more land is used for this purpose. This often implies natural ecosystems such as forests are destroyed and the land of these ecosystems, which is usually rich in minerals, is used for extensive agriculture. This is a negative consequence of agricultural technology as natural areas important for wildlife are taken for human profit.

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Penn Foster

Genral Science

Page 14

Classify the following organisms into their respective kingdoms (i) Yeast (ii) Penicillium (iii) Rhizobium (iv) Mushroom (v) Amoeba (vi) fish

Answers

Answer:

(i) Yeast- Kingdom Fungi

(ii) Penicillium- Kingdom Fungi

(iii) Rhizobium- Kingdom Eubacteria

(iv) Mushroom- Kingdom Fungi

(v) Amoeba- Kingdom Protista

(vi) fish- Kingdom Animalia

Explanation:

Living organisms were classified into a large group called KINGDOM, which represent the largest and most generic grouping consisting of organisms that share a few similarities. The kingdoms that living organisms were classified into are as follows: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, etc.

Based on the question, the mentioned organisms are classified into the following kingdoms:

(I) Yeast: Yeast is a unicellular microbe classified under the Kingdom Fungi due to possession of chitin in its cell wall and other similar features with members of kingdom Fungi.

ii) Penicillium- Penicillium is a genus classified under the Kingdom Fungi.

(iii) Rhizobium- Rhizobium is a genus of prokaryotic organism (lack membrane-bound nucleus and organnelles) classified under the Kingdom Eubacteria.

(iv) Mushroom- Mushrooms are saprophytic (heterotrophic) species of organisms classified under the Kingdom Fungi.

(v) Amoeba- Amoeba is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes classified under the Kingdom Protista.

(vi) fish- Fishes are organisms classified under the Kingdom Animalia

Which statement best describes the relationship of photosynthesis and energy? 1. The process of photosynthesis is energy-storing because the process converts light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of glucose. 2.The process of photosynthesis is energy-releasing because the process converts light energy into free energy that can be used for cell functions. 3.The process of photosynthesis is energy-conserving because no energy is used throughout the process of forming glucose and oxygen molecules. 4.The process of photosynthesis is energy-wasting because photosynthesis is an inefficient process that depletes the cell of energy stored in the bonds of glucose.

Answers

Answer:

3 is appropriate statement that describes photosynthesis

the correct answer for this question is 1. The process of photosynthesis is energy-storing because the process converts light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of glucose.

Click to review the online content. Then answer the question(s) below, using complete sentences. Scroll down to view additional
questions
Online Content Site 1
Explain how conservation has saved the Bald Eagle (Site 1)

Answers

Answer:

Conservation allows the existence of trees essential for the reproduction of bald eagles.

Explanation:

As you may already know, environmental conservation is a term that represents the set of actions and activities that encourage the conscious and sustainable use of natural resources, allowing all environmental factors to be renewed and available in nature for many years.

One of the best consequences of conservation is the reduction of deforestation, which is very beneficial for the Bald Eagle to maintain its species. That's because this species of eagle keeps its eggs in nests raised in large trees. Without these trees, the bald eagle will not reproduce what will end up exterminating its species over time.

Answer:

I wrote this.

Explanation:

         Adults simply can have PTSD from childhood experiences, more for early adults. For instance poor availability  to comfort as a child or not fully enough boundaries as a child from parents may cause stress in a dult to do better and work hard. Then, they don't think about all that time. You're supposed to heal traumas and really look into yourself and see why and how strong you are for being here, and the problem is people don't do that. If not healed, major outbreaks over slight things.. Refusal and constant playbacks/flashbacks in mind which can cause people to worried or stressed. These signs are serious and need to be taken seriously. It can come from many other places too School, work, out, or just in a simple conversation. Just be mindful, and always kind to get and omit good energy to help these instead of inflicting. 

In the process of urine formation:_____.
a. first filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.
b. tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.

Answers

Answer:

b i think is your answer

Explanation:

Please help!!!!! science, please explain in sentence cause yes i don’t know where to find these answers !

Answers

Answer:

1. DNA replication.

2. rRNA - is called the ribosomal RNA which serve as structural components of protein-making structures known as ribosomes.

mRNA - is called the messenger RNA which serve as temporary copies of the information found in DNA.

tRNA - is called transfer RNA, that ferry amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled.

3. Protein synthesis.

Explanation:

Hope it helps.

Why was there not a significant difference in the reaction rate with 800 mg of substrate as compared to 400 m. of substrate? What would you need to add to see an increase in the reaction rate with 800 mg of substrate?

Answers

Answer:

A. Concentration of substrate can affect the rate of reaction by two condition given below-

1. At low concentration of substrate, there will be increase in the rate of reaction by increasing the concentration of substrate. There would be catalytic site of enzyme available to bind to substrate.

2. The enzyme becomes saturated with substrate as the substrate concentration increases. At a point when the rate of product formation now depends on the activity or the available active sites of the enzyme itself, so, increasing more substrate will not leads to any effect on the rate of the reaction to any significant level.

Thus, there was not a significant difference in the reaction rate with 800 mg of substrate as compared to 400 m as at 400 mg all the catalytic site or active site are bound already.

B. Increasing the enzyme concentration will lead to increase the rate of reaction at 800 mg as there will be more active sites to bound to substrate.

The possibility of magnifying contaminating sequences present in a nucleic acid pool is a drawback associated with PCRs high level of sensitivity (i.e., potential for exponential amplification).
A. True
B. False

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology to identify specific DNA fragments generally in a size range of 100 to 1000 base pairs (bp). PCR sensitivity refers to the potential of the PCR technique to specifically amplify the desired sequence in the sample. PCR is a highly sensitive (and also specific) method with values around 100% if the experimental conditions are proper. However, to reach these values, it is imperative to work in optimal conditions by eliminating contaminant factors in the sample which may alter PCR amplification.

HELP ASAP DUE NOW PLSSS HELP 10 points and brainlist Which arrows show matter moving from a producer to an omnivore? Select all that apply.

Answers

Answer:

my best guess is number answer 2 and answer 4

because crows love to eat desert woodrats and for the last one i watched it in national geo, its like a cycle grass hopper died by a mouse dies by a rattle snake.

Question
Select the correct answer.
Which of the following conditions would likely lead to the slowest rate of weathering?
a dry, temperate region with few hills or valleys
a steep mountain in a region with a cold climate
a hilly region that receives heavy, acidic precipitation
a region with heavy rainfall, where temperatures vary greatly
Submit

Answers

The condition above which would likely lead to the slowest rate of weathering is region with heavy rainfall, where temperatures vary greatly.

What is weathering?

Weathering simply refers to the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals substances through contact with water or even biological organisms.

So therefore, the condition above which would likely lead to the slowest rate of weathering is region with heavy rainfall, where temperatures vary greatly

Learn more about weathering:

https://brainly.com/question/2341950

SPJ1

Answer:

A dry temperate region with few hills or valleys

Explanation:

this is right on plato

Which of the following sources would be most likely to have reliable data

Answers

What are the options we are working with?

Match the following.

____________ Auditory area.
____________Primary somatosensory cortex.
____________Primary (somatic) motor cortex.
____________Motor speech (Broca's) area.
____________Premotor cortex.
____________Visual area.
____________Gustatory (taste) area.
____________Seat of intelligence, abstract


a. Frontal lobe
b. Parietal lobe
c. Insula
d. Occipital lobe
e. Temporal lobe

Answers

Answer: Please see the explanation column for answers

Explanation: Matching the following, we have

Auditory area------ Temporal lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex-----Parietal lobe

Primary (somatic) motor cortex.------Frontal lobe

Motor speech (Broca's) area-------Frontal lobe

Premotor cortex.------Frontal lobe

Visual area--------Occipital lobe

Gustatory (taste) area------Insula

Seat of intelligence, abstract------Frontal lobe

Identify the type of system used for mass production. Tommy owns a toy factory and uses a in which all the machines and workers at workstations process each manufactured item in the same order. This system is suitable for mass production.

Answers

Pretty sure it’s assembly line :)

Where near your home do you think the highest level of photosynthesis is happening? Think about
where in your area photosynthetic organisms are growing.

Answers

Answer:

Depends where the individual lives.

If the person lives in a rural area near a forest, photosynthesis would most likely occur in the forest.

If the person lives in an urban area in a city, a park or garden would have the highest level of photosynthesis occurring.

Answer:

There is a wonderful big park near my house with a lot of trees and plants, and I believe there is where the most photosynthesis occurs.

Explanation:

Other Questions
A new furnace for your small factory will cost $29,000 and a year to install, will require ongoing maintenance expenditures of $1,200 a year. But it is far more fuel-efficient than your old furnace and will reduce your consumption of heating oil by 2,800 gallons per year. Heating oil this year will cost $2 a gallon; the price per gallon is expected to increase by $0.50 a year for the next 3 years and then to stabilize for the foreseeable future. The furnace will last for 20 years, at which point it will need to be replaced and will have no salvage value. The discount rate is 6%. A parallelogram has side lengths of 13 and 17 and anangle that measures 64.What is x, the length of the diagonal, to the nearestwhole number? To prove that the triangles are similar by the SAS similarity theorem, it needs to be shown that Question 33 In 1995, which country was responsible for hanging nine critics of their military government, including writer Ken Saro-Wiwa? A South Africa B Nigeria C Botswana D Zambia The MT overhears a surgeon talk about the possibility of leaving a sponge inside a patient during an operation. The MT notices that there was no mention of it on the operative report. What should the MT do? Any answers on this? The graph shows the frequency of two alleles for a genetic trait in a population. A graph entitled Frequency of 2 Alleles in a Population has generation number on the horizontal axis, and frequency on the vertical axis, from 0 to 1. Allele Upper A has a 0.5 frequency at generations 1, 2, 3 and 4. It has a 0.45 frequency at generation 5. Allele a has a 0.5 frequency from Generations 1 through 4 and then has a frequency of 0.55 at generation 5. Which question is a biologist most likely to ask after seeing this graph? Did the observer make the wrong observations in generation 5? How many individuals were observed in each generation? Is there a theory that explains the results in the graph? Will the frequency of the alleles in this population change again? Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A geometrically over the real numbers . (If an eigenvalue does not exist, enter DNE. If an eigenvector does not exist, enter DNE in any single blank.) A = 0 1 1 0 (counterclockwise rotation of 90 about the origin) expand(x+y2)2 plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Suppose a seven-year, $ 1 comma 000$1,000 bond with aa 7.7 %7.7% coupon rate and semiannual coupons is trading with a yield to maturity of 6.45 %6.45%. a. Is this bond currently trading at a discount, at par, or at a premium? Explain. b. If the yield to maturity of the bond rises to 7.36 %7.36% (APR with semiannual compounding), what price will the bond trade for? The ratio of Eds cars to Petes cars was 5:2 at first. After Ed gave 30 cars to Pete, they had an equal amount of cars each. How many cars did they have altogether? intext:"Pelcher Co. maintains a $400 petty cash fund. On January 31, the fund is replenished. The accumulated receipts on that date represent $110 for office supplies, $140 for merchandise inventory, and $70 for miscellaneous expenses. There is a cash overage of $4. Based on this information, the amount of cash in the fund before the replenishment is" In the figure, BAT CAT. Which statement is not true by CPCTC? CAB SAB CAS BAS On November 1, Bahama Cruise Lines borrows $3.5 million and issues a six-month, 9% note payable. Interest is payable at maturity. Record the issuance of the note and the appropriate adjustment for interest expense at December 31, the end of the reporting period. OPR finds its cases through all of the following except which one? A. The investigation division of OPR. Ten turns of a wire are helically wrapped around a cylindrical tube with outside circumference 4 inches and length 9 inches. The ends of the wire coincide with ends of the same cylindrical element. Find the length of the wire. (a) 41 inches (b)36 inches (c) 40 inches (d) 90 inches Sam invest $4000 in an account that compounds interest continuously and earns 5.5% how long will it take for his money to reach $80,000 round to the nearest 10th of a year Please help me. Please no ABSURD answers!! Carter Co. acquired drilling rights for $18,550,000. The oil deposit is estimated to produce a total of 74,200,000 gallons. During the current year, 6,000,000 gallons were drilled. Record the journal entry on December 31 to recognize the depletion expense for the year. In your journal entry be sure to clearly indicate what accounts/amounts you are debiting and what accounts/amounts you are crediting. Journal Date Description Post. Ref. Debit Credit Two identical small charged spheres are a certain distance apart, and each one initially experiences an electrostatic force of magnitude F due to the other. With time, charge gradually leaks off of both spheres. Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force, when each of the spheres has lost half of its initial charge. (Your answer will be a function of F, since no values are giving)