Renaissance humanists thought that reading ancient literature could lead one to question religious practices.
Why did Renaissance humanists believe that people ought to read classical literature?The Humanism had swept throughout the Europe by the 15th century. Humanists held a strong belief in the value of a classical education and the encouragement of civic virtue, which is the realization of a person's full potential for both their own well-being and the well-being of the society in which they live.
What did humanists think they would discover from studying the classics?Greek and Latin classics, according to the humanists, were ideal sources for a strong Latin style as well as all the lessons one required to live a the moral and efficient life.
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the 50-culture study revealed essentially no sex differences in , similar to a 55-culture study. a. extraversion b. emotional stability c. agreeableness d. intellect-openness to experience
The 50-culture study revealed essentially no sex differences in , similar to a culture study agreeableness.
The correct answer is option C.
Both the 50- and 55-culture studies revealed that there were almost no commercial variations in agreeableness, or the proclivity to collaborate, be empathetic, and be interested in the wellbeing of others. Extraversion refers to the proclivity to be outgoing, extroverted, and assertive. Emotional stability refers to the proclivity to experience negative emotions such as worry, sadness, and mood swings.( also known as neuroticism).
The proclivity to be inquisitive, inventive, and open-minded is referred to as intellect- openness to substantiation. In general, men and women have somewhat minor but consistent variations in personality traits such as extraversion and emotional stability. While there may be certain disparities in trade between civilizations and conditions.
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which of the following statements about rational choice/game theory is accurate? a. it assumes generally explainable, and therefore predictable, behavior by individuals. b. it considers cultural factors to be a major determinant of human political choices. c. it considers the institution as the primary political actor of focus. d. it is often used in qualitative research.
It assumes generally explainable, and therefore predictable, behavior by individuals statements about rational choice/game theory is accurate .
Option a is correct .
Game theory provides a theoretical foundation for imagining social interactions between rival players. The goal of game theory is to encourage autonomous, competitive actors to make the best decisions possible in a strategic context. Game theory's three major components are players, information, and rewards. Therefore, because they have a significant impact on creating equilibrium strategies that maintain an economy's actions, economists are regarded as active participants in game theory.
When particular presumptions are true, the theory remains true. For instance, all players in a game environment must be sensible and clever, and the number of players must be limited. Game theory has several drawbacks. For instance, it is unrealistic to assume that participants are aware of their payoff but not those of other competitors.
Hence , Option a is correct .
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a teacher helps her students to examine barriers that exist in schools and hinder latino students from successful transitions from grade to grade, as well as middle school to high school and college. this practice builds which type of asset?
A teacher who helps her students to examine barriers that exist in schools and hinder Latino students from successful transitions from grade to grade, as well as middle school to high school and college, is building: cultural capital.
Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and education that an individual acquires from their cultural experiences, such as their upbringing, background, and socialization.
A teacher who assists her students in identifying and overcoming the barriers they face due to their Latino background is helping them develop cultural capital.
This kind of asset is crucial to success because it allows individuals to use their cultural knowledge and experiences to navigate various contexts, including school and work environments.
Cultural capital can help students from minority backgrounds overcome the social and cultural barriers they face in schools and achieve academic success.
In conclusion, a teacher who helps her students to examine barriers that exist in schools and hinder Latino students from successful transitions from grade to grade, as well as middle school to high school and college, is building cultural capital as an asset.
Cultural capital is vital to success as it enables individuals to use their cultural knowledge and experiences to navigate various contexts, including school and work environments.
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a(n) is an unobservable, abstract concept that is measured indirectly by a group of related variables.
True, A construct is an unobservable, abstract concept that is measured indirectly by a group of related variables is correct.
A construct is a general idea derived from specific events that are supposed to be related. Typical marketing components are brand loyalty, satisfaction, preference, awareness and knowledge. Constituent measurements are often required to achieve research goals.
The definition of considered ideas is the first stage of the measurement process. Generalizations from specific facts are used by researchers to create/generate/produce concepts. We develop concepts based on our experience.
A concept is a generalized conception of anything that makes sense and can be based on real phenomena. Examples of terms include common demographic indicators such as income, age, education level, and number of siblings.
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Complete question:
A construct is an unobservable, abstract concept that is measured indirectly by a group of related variables. group starts. True or false
which term or pharse best describes rthe most technologically adcance lowe limb protectic devices today
Realistic sense of normal foot function, computer-generated designs, dynamic response devices, stored and released energy best describes rthe most technologically advance lower limb protected devices today.
A prosthesis is a tool created to either completely or partially replace a missing body part. Prosthetic devices are frequently used to replace damaged or missing eyes, arms, hands, legs, or joints. Dental prostheses are another name for false teeth. Lower limb prostheses can be of three different general types: systems for prosthetic ankles and feet. systems for prosthetic knees. sports-specific artificial knee and foot systems.
In the broadest sense, a prosthetic device is any tool that aids in the replacement, correction, or support of a body part. To put it another way, it either replaces a body part, corrects a physical deformity or physiological issue, or supports a weak or misaligned body part.
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a(n) is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power.
A dominant group is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power.
A sociological body that is frequently the subject of study is a dominant group in any given community. A dominant category, or dominant social group, is a social group that governs the rewards and value structure in a specific society.
The organization is in charge of the main tenets of a society's norms and beliefs. The majority is not always the dominant party. Current prominent groups in the US include, for instance: When contrasted to LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning) groups, and heterosexuals. Compared to Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) organizations are White racial groups. Compared to other groups, men.
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single-member district systems are a.electoral systems in which a candidate must win an absolute majority of the vote in a district to win the seat. b.electoral systems in which the candidate with the largest share of the vote in a district wins the seat. c.electoral systems in which two rounds of elections determine the president and prime minister. d.electoral systems in which the percentage of votes a party receives in a district will determine how many seats that party will win.
A Single- member district system is a constituency represented by a single tagged representative. This is variant B.
Single- member district systems are electoral systems in which the seeker with the most votes in the constituency gets a seat.
Proponents of single- member constituencies have argued that this promotes stronger bonds between representatives and choosers and increases responsibility and is substantiation of incapacity and corruption.
Single- member sections go through the chamber to avoid communist parties and that is because they were geared towards pastoral areas. Single election is an electoral system in which each tagged representative represents a geographically limited area.
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the biggest drawback for an interest group in pursuing litigation is that group of answer choices americans tend to look down on groups that bring politics into the courts. litigation can be overturned by future court decisions. federal judges refuse to hear cases with interest groups as participants. litigation is often time-consuming and costly.
The biggest drawback for an interest group in pursuing litigation is that litigation is often time-consuming and costly (option D).
Litigation is the procedure of going to court to enforce a legal right. Litigation is the process of taking legal action. It usually involves taking a case to court, where a judge will make a final judgment on the matter. A lawsuit or legal action is the term for the process.
An interest group is a group of people who share common goals and are concerned with a particular issue. They attempt to influence public policy by lobbying the government and raising awareness about their cause. They are often referred to as pressure groups or lobby groups.
The biggest drawback for an interest group in pursuing litigation is that litigation is often time-consuming and costly. It can take a long time for a case to go through the court system, and the legal fees can add up quickly. This can be particularly difficult for smaller interest groups that do not have a lot of resources.
Option D is the correct answer.
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volunteer recruitment, task assignments, and retention can all benefit from: a. understanding volunteer motivations b. organized volunteer training c. spending time with each volunteer d. professional public relations services
Volunteer recruitment, task assignments, and retention can all benefit from: understanding volunteer motivations. The correct option is A.
This approach allows you to tailor your recruitment efforts, match volunteers with tasks that align with their interests, and keep them engaged for longer periods.
To effectively use this strategy, follow these steps:1. Conduct surveys or interviews to identify volunteers' motivations and preferences.
2. Use this information to develop targeted recruitment campaigns that appeal to potential volunteers' motivations.
3. Assign tasks that align with individual volunteer interests, ensuring they are more likely to stay engaged and committed to the organization.
4. Regularly check in with volunteers to assess their satisfaction and identify any changes in their motivations or interests.
5. Adjust task assignments or provide additional support as needed to maintain volunteer engagement and retention.
In summary, understanding volunteer motivations is essential for improving recruitment, task assignments, and retention within your organization.
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Complete question:
volunteer recruitment, task assignments, and retention can all benefit from:
a. understanding volunteer motivations
b. organized volunteer training
c. spending time with each volunteer
d. professional public relations services
In which African colony did the most anti-imperialist uprisings occur?
the thinking and attitudes of many who survived the depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. this would be an example of a . cultural group longitudinal group cohort effect cross-sequential group
Many people who weathered the 1930s depression changed their minds and attitudes for the rest of their lives. This is an illustration of the cohort effect.
The word cohort effect is used in social science to describe changes in the characteristics of a study over time among people who share a common temporal experience or life experience, such as year of birth or year of radiation exposure.
Cohort effects are changes in one or more traits over time among groups of people characterized by some shared experience, such as the birth year or decade, or years of a particular exposure. Each population contains numerous subcohorts with varying rates of exposure and outcomes.
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Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using multimedia in a presentation.
Yet, using multimedia can have a number of drawbacks, such as anxiety and addiction, social isolation, and reduced attention spans.
What advantages do presentations using multimedia have?More swiftly than simple oratory explanations could ever hope to, presentations incorporating multimedia aid in the understanding of ideas and concepts. As a result, multimedia-based training ensures lower training session expenses and improves the overall standard of such sessions.
What are some drawbacks of a multimedia presentation?Multimedia production is more expensive than other types of production since it uses multiple media. Multimedia production requires an electrical tool, which could be costly. The cost of using multimedia is increased by the fact that it needs electricity to operate.
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herzberg's research found that the factor that ranked highest as a motivator was group of answer choices the friendliness of supervisors. a compensation system that included bonuses and regular pay raises. the presence of clear and consistent company rules and policies. a sense of achievement.
According to Herzberg's research on workplace motivation, the factor that ranked highest as a motivator was a sense of achievement. The correct option is d.
Herzberg referred to this as a "motivator" factor, meaning it directly contributes to an individual's motivation and job satisfaction.
The other answer choices provided are considered "hygiene" factors by Herzberg, meaning that they are important for preventing dissatisfaction but do not directly contribute to motivation and job satisfaction.
For example, a compensation system that includes bonuses and regular pay raises can prevent dissatisfaction due to financial concerns, but it is not a direct motivator for job performance.
The presence of clear and consistent company rules and policies may prevent dissatisfaction due to confusion or ambiguity, but it does not directly motivate employees to perform better. The friendliness of supervisors is important for creating a positive work environment and preventing dissatisfaction, but it is not a direct motivator for job performance. Therefore, the correct option is d.
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pls help this is very important and easy
The genotype that would make it possible for both Emily and Jenna to have hair on the back of their hands but carry different genetic information is C. Emily's genotype is Bb, and Jenna's genotype is BB.
Why would their genetic information be different ?This is because the presence of hair on the back of the hands is a dominant trait, meaning that it only takes one copy of the gene for the trait to be expressed. In this case, the gene for hair on the back of the hands (B) is dominant over the gene for no hair (b).
Emily's genotype of Bb means that she carries one copy of the dominant gene for hair on the back of the hands and one copy of the recessive gene for no hair. Jenna's genotype of BB means that she carries two copies of the dominant gene for hair on the back of the hands. Therefore, both Emily and Jenna have hair on the back of their hands, but Jenna does not carry the recessive gene for no hair like Emily does.
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which activity increases the likelihood of other risky behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes, using drugs, and having multiple sexual partners
Engaging in one risky behavior can often increase the likelihood of participating in other risky behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes, using drugs, and having multiple sexual partners.
One activity that has been shown to increase the likelihood of these behaviors is excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol impairs judgment and decision-making abilities, which can lead to individuals making poor choices and engaging in other risky behaviors. Here is how excessive alcohol consumption can increase the likelihood of other risky behaviors:
1. Impaired judgment: When a person consumes alcohol excessively, their ability to make sound decisions becomes impaired. This can lead to poor choices, such as smoking cigarettes, using drugs, or engaging in unprotected sex with multiple partners.
2. Lowered inhibitions: Alcohol can lower a person's inhibitions, making them more likely to engage in activities that they might otherwise avoid. This includes participating in risky behaviors, such as drug use or having multiple sexual partners.
3. Social influence: Drinking alcohol often occurs in social settings where peer pressure may be present. This can increase the likelihood of engaging in other risky behaviors, as individuals may feel pressured to conform to the behaviors of those around them.
4. Associative risk: People who engage in one risky behavior, such as excessive alcohol consumption, may be more likely to engage in other risky behaviors due to their overall risk-taking tendencies.
5. Co-occurring factors: There may be underlying factors that contribute to an individual's likelihood of engaging in multiple risky behaviors. For example, mental health issues or a history of trauma may increase the likelihood of substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors.
In conclusion, excessive alcohol consumption can increase the likelihood of other risky behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes, using drugs, and having multiple sexual partners. This occurs due to impaired judgment, lowered inhibitions, social influence, associative risk, and co-occurring factors. It is essential to be aware of the potential consequences of engaging in risky behaviors and take steps to reduce these risks to maintain a healthy and safe lifestyle.
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what does the greek word archaiologia mean? group of answer choices passing down legends knowing the past preserving artifacts excavating a site
The Greek word archaiologia means knowing the past.
The study of human activity through the recovery and examination of material culture is known as archaeology or archeology. The artifacts, buildings, sites, bio- or eco-facts, and cultural environments make up the archaeological record. Both a social science and an arts subfield, archaeology is both.
Archaeology enables us to comprehend not only when and where people have existed on earth, but also their way of life. Archaeologists study the historical change in search of trends and reasons. The three main objectives of archaeological research are to 1) build the history of culture (form), 2) recreate former ways of life (function), and 3) analyze and explain the cultural change.
Hence, both archaiologia and archaeology means to know about past.
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ryan met sam in history class. they found each other's personality and actions in class pleasing as they interacted throughout the semester. what does this display?
Ryan and Sam's enjoyment of each other's personalities and actions in history class display the formation of a social connection or relationship, which has the potential to enrich their lives and provide them with a sense of belonging and support.
Ryan and Sam's positive interactions and enjoyment of each other's personalities and actions in history class suggest that they have formed a social connection or relationship.
Social connection refers to the sense of closeness or bond that people feel with others, and it is often based on shared experiences, interests, or values. Social connections can take many forms, from casual acquaintances to close friends, and they play an important role in our emotional and mental well-being.
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which of the following statements about the privacy act are true? balances the privacy rights of individuals with the government's need to collect and maintain information regulates how federal agencies solicit and collect personally identifiable information (pii) sets forth requirements for the maintenance, use, and disclosure of pii all of the above
All of the above statements about the Privacy Act are true. Thus, the correct option is all of the above.
The Privacy Act of 1974 is a law that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal information by federal agencies. It governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal information by federal agencies. Its purpose is to protect the privacy of individuals who are citizens of the United States by controlling how federal agencies can access and utilize their personally identifiable information.
The Privacy Act regulates how federal agencies solicit and gather personally identifiable information (PII), lays forth standards for the maintenance, use, and disclosure of PII, and strikes a balance between individual privacy rights and the government's need to acquire and retain information.
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researchers are interested in how stress affects heart rate. in this situation, what type of variable is heart rate? group of answer choices dependent variable independent variable outcome variable extraneous variable
In this situation, heart rate is the dependent variable while stress is the independent variable. The right answer is a.
In order to observe how stress affects heart rate, you can directly adjust stress levels in your human subjects. The dependent variable is what you track in the study and what is impacted by it. The independent variable affects the dependent variable's behaviour. As it "depends" on the independent variable, it is known as a dependent variable.
Without an independent variable, a dependent variable cannot exist in a scientific experiment. A variable that is independent is precisely what it seems like. It is a stand-alone variable that is unaffected by the other variables you are attempting to assess.
The correct answer is option a.
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a researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. this is an evaluation of group of answer choices precision accuracy reliability validity
To determine whether a measurement tool yields reliable data, a researcher conducts several pilot trials. Reliability is being evaluated in this sentence.
What is meant by reliability?Reliability in data analysis refers to how simple it is to reproduce an outcome. For instance, if you measure a cup of rice three times and receive the same result each time, the result is reliable. The consistency with which a method measures something is referred to as reliability. The measurement is regarded as reliable if the same outcome can consistently be obtained by applying the same techniques under the same conditions. A reliable individual is expected to show up on time, take leadership in emergencies, and adhere to deadlines, among other things. A reliable person makes for a reliable, consistent, and trustworthy colleague. People are aware of and take notice of your dependability.To learn more about Reliability, refer to:
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A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of reliability.
A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of reliability.
Reliability refers to the consistency of results over time, whether they can be replicated and produce the same outcomes each time. It is a critical component of research methodology because it enables other researchers to recreate and validate the original study's findings. Pilot studies are typically conducted to determine if the research design is feasible and the methodology can be applied successfully, indicating that the measurement tool is reliable.
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john dewey's reflex arc paper, group of answer choices clearly identified (and named) functionalism as a school and denounced structuralism argued for an understanding of reflexes as they help the organism adjust to the world argued that reflex arcs could be reduced to simple stimuli and responses provided strong support for titchener's vision of psychology
John Dewey's reflex arc paper, he argued for an understanding of reflexes as they help the organism adjust to the world. So, option B is accurate.
John Dewey claimed that reflexes should be viewed as a component of a more comprehensive system of action and interaction between the organism and its environment in his work titled "Reflex Arc." He suggested that reflexes are more than just a collection of discrete stimulus-response reactions; they also serve a useful purpose in assisting the organism in adjusting to its environment.
Dewey did not expressly identify or designate functionalism as a school or disparage structuralism in this paper, despite the fact that his work is frequently credited with the emergence of functionalist principles in psychology. He also refuted the notion that reflex arcs could be reduced to straightforward stimuli and reactions, and his results did not further Titchener's view of psychology.
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The actual question is:
Fill in the blanks,
John Dewey's reflex arc paper, he _______________
A. clearly identified (and named) functionalism as a school and denounced structuralism
B. argued for an understanding of reflexes as they help the organism adjust to the world
C. argued that reflex arcs could be reduced to simple stimuli and responses
D. provided strong support for Titchener's vision of psychology
why is the freudian psychodynamic perspective still relevant to modern personality psychology?
Freudian psychodynamic perspective still relevant to modern personality psychology because he is the first to formalize how the human personality is structured and how it develops through naturalistic observation.
Psychology's most famous figure is also one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of the 20th century. Born in 1856, Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud is often referred to as the "father of modern psychology". Freud revolutionized the way we think about and deal with mental health issues. Freud founded psychoanalysis as a way to listen to patients and better understand how they think. Psychoanalysis continues to have a huge impact on modern psychology and psychiatry.
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The facts above describe how cell phones
A. have replaced computers for Internet use.
B. have become the only way people communicate.
C. have negative impacts on human networks.
D. have changed the ways people communicate.
Based on the given facts, the most accurate answer is D. Cell phones have changed the ways people communicate.
What is the facts above describe how cell phones?The facts do not suggest that cell phones have replaced computers for Internet use, become the only way people communicate, or have negative impacts on human networks.
Rather, they highlight how cell phones have enabled people to communicate more frequently and easily, and how they have become an integral part of modern communication.
Therefore the correct option is D.
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treatment of which personality disorder often includes social skills training, including role-playing? a. schizoid b. borderline c. histrionic d. schizotypal
Treatment of Option d schizotypal personality disorder often includes social skills training, including role-playing.
The inability to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships—even with family members—is a hallmark of the Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Also, disorganization of thought, eccentric beliefs like being a prophet or an alien, paranoid thoughts, and cognitive distortion. It belongs to the personality disorders of group 1 category.
Antipsychotics, antidepressants, and psychological therapy are used to treat this disorder, which affects less than 1% of the world's population and makes it difficult for them to integrate into society and maintain their independence.
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according to the no child left behind (nclb) act, which children were required to reach proficiency and meet adequate yearly performance goals?
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, which was signed into law in 2002, required all students in grades 3-8 to be tested annually in reading and math.
The law also required states to establish proficiency goals for these subjects and to ensure that all students were able to meet these goals within 12 years of the law's enactment.
Additionally, the law required states to identify schools that were not making adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward these goals, and to provide additional resources and support to help these schools improve.
Under NCLB, all students, including those with disabilities and English language learners, were required to reach proficiency in reading and math by the year 2014.
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a group of protestors is threatened with imprisonment and confiscation of their property if they do not cease their activities. this is an example of a. coercion. b. rent seeking. c. co-optation. d. clientelism.
A group of protestors is threatened with imprisonment and confiscation of their property if they do not cease their activities. this is an example of coercion. The correct option is a.
Coercion, threat, or use of punitive measures against states, groups, or people to make them do something or stop doing something. Coercion has undoubtedly been a key tactic used by states, political parties, and individuals to establish dominance and maintain rule. Coercion is the act of one party or group exerting pressure on another. Most forms of coercion rely on the threat of using physical force or other forms of violence.
However, coercion is typically much more covert than the overt use of violence or threat. Intimidation and threats are examples of this, as well as aggressive behavior or physical force, the use of alcohol or other drugs, power imbalances brought on by social status, discrimination systems, formal position or role. The correct option is a.
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based on the outcomes of the events you chose, what do you think were effective strategies in exposing civil rights struggles?
Effective strategies that were used in exposing civil rights struggles based on historical events.
Nonviolent resistance:
Legal action
Nonviolent resistance: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks all employed nonviolent resistance as a potent tactic during the civil rights movement. This tactic included nonviolent demonstrations, sit-ins, and boycotts to highlight injustice and discrimination. The effectiveness of nonviolent resistance was in making the authorities face a moral conundrum by emphasizing the injustice of segregation laws and policies.
Media coverage: The media was crucial in bringing attention to civil rights struggles by telling the stories of activists and their battles. The brutality and violence of segregation came to the public's attention through television news coverage of events like the Selma to Montgomery march, the March on Washington, and the Montgomery bus boycott.
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sharon has received a gift from her friend mei. even though sharon is disappointed with the gift, she feels as though she ought to smile and look happy. what concept does this illustrate?
Sharon has received a gift from her friend mei. even though Sharon is disappointed with the gift, she feels as though she ought to smile and look happy. This illustrates the concept of emotional labor.
Emotional labor is the process of managing one's feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job or social situation. In this case, Sharon is engaging in emotional labor by suppressing her disappointment and displaying happiness in order to adhere to social expectations and maintain a positive relationship with her friend Mei. By doing so, Sharon demonstrates a common form of emotional labor known as surface acting, which involves modifying one's outward expressions without actually changing the underlying emotions.
Emotional labor is often seen in professional settings, where employees are expected to maintain a specific emotional demeanor, such as customer service representatives who are required to remain cheerful and polite even when dealing with difficult customers. However, emotional labor also occurs in personal relationships, as people strive to maintain harmony and avoid conflict by managing their emotions and expressions.
In Sharon's situation, performing emotional labor by appearing happy with her gift may prevent any hurt feelings and preserve her friendship with Mei. However, if Sharon frequently engages in emotional labor and fails to express her genuine emotions, it could eventually take a toll on her emotional well-being.
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which of the following is true?he can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees.he will be unable to use videotape because he is studying children.he will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so.if he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been videotaped.
The first statement is true, as long as the child agrees and is old enough to give the consent, the researcher can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects. The correct option is A.
For the second statement, it is not necessarily true, as the researcher may also be studying adults, or be working with both children and adults. For the third statement, it is likely true, as getting permission is important in order to respect the rights of the participants and to make sure that the participants understand what the videotaping is for.
For the fourth statement, it is false, as the use of hidden cameras is not ethical and the researcher should always inform the participants that they are being videotaped, regardless of whether it is in a visible or hidden manner.
The correct option is A.
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What are the main arguments in the Discourses on Livy and The Prince written by Machiavelli?