Competitive Federalism: A system in which states or other subnational organisations compete with one another to entice investors, firms, or citizens by presenting enticing policies, rules, or incentives is referred to as competitive federalism.
It uses a decentralised approach where states have a great deal of autonomy in deciding on policies and can use a variety of strategies to meet local priorities and requirements.
Dual Federalism: Dual federalism, commonly referred to as layer cake federalism, is a political theory in which the federal government and state governments are given distinct and clear lines of authority.
Each level of government under dual federalism has its own distinct and independent areas of jurisdiction, with little to no overlap in its functions.
Learn more about Federalism here:
brainly.com/question/1951874
#SPJ12
which phase of the addie model of instructional design includes establishing instructional goals and objectives?
The Analysis phase of the ADDIE instructional design model includes establishing instructional goals and objectives. The analysis is the first phase of the ADDIE model.
Analysis phase is where you begin to gather data about the learners, what they need to learn, and the environment in which they will learn. In this stage, you define the goals and objectives of the instructional program.
Here, instructional designers should establish clear goals and objectives for the course. Objectives should be concrete and measurable, and they should be broken down into learning units. Additionally, you will look at the learning environment, the learners' backgrounds, and any resources available that can be used to support the training. A careful analysis of the situation will result in a well-structured training program that meets the learners' needs and delivers measurable results. During this phase, the instructional designer should also identify any limitations or constraints that may impact the design or delivery of the training program.
Learn more about the ADDIE model:
https://brainly.com/question/31001078
#SPJ11
what term describes strains that result from stressors affecting the healthy or normal functioning of the systems of the human body?
The term that describes strains that result from stressors affecting the healthy or normal functioning of the systems of the human body is known as psychosomatic disorders.
Psychosomatic disorders are mental health conditions that are caused by a combination of physical, psychological, and environmental factors. These conditions can involve physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach pain, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping, as well as emotional and psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and irritability.
In psychosomatic disorders, physical symptoms are caused by psychological and emotional distress, and these symptoms are typically worsened by stress. The body responds to stress by releasing hormones and chemicals that cause physical symptoms. This can lead to a physical condition that is both mental and physical in nature.
Stress-related conditions can be caused by a variety of sources, such as family and work pressures, environmental changes, and changes in lifestyle. When the body is unable to adapt to stress, it can lead to psychosomatic disorders. In some cases, these disorders can be managed with lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, and medication.
In summary, psychosomatic disorders are mental health conditions that are caused by a combination of physical, psychological, and environmental factors. These conditions involve physical symptoms that are worsened by stress, and can be managed with lifestyle changes, psychotherapy, and medication.
To learn more about psychosomatic disorders here:
https://brainly.com/question/29440956#
#SPJ11
most people travel more and enjoy more leisure when they are elderly than when they are middle-aged. this can be explained by
Most people travel more and enjoy more leisure when they are elderly than when they are middle-aged. This can be explained by increased financial security, improved health, and increased access to leisure activities as people age.
Elderly people tend to have more disposable income and better access to health care, allowing them to travel more often and for longer periods of time. Additionally, many leisure activities are better suited for elderly people due to their physical capabilities.
Older adults may also have fewer responsibilities and obligations to work or raise a family. They can, therefore, spend more time and money on leisure activities such as traveling, pursuing hobbies or interests, and spending time with family and friends.
Learn more about financial security here:
https://brainly.com/question/30548270
#SPJ11
it is common for bureaucratic organizations to develop an overzealous conformity to official regulations, sometimes at the expense of their actual purpose. what sociological term can we use to refer to this phenomenon?
The sociological term that can be used to refer to the phenomenon of bureaucratic organizations developing an overzealous conformity to official regulations, sometimes at the expense of their actual purpose, is "bureaucratic ritualism".
Bureaucratic ritualism occurs when a bureaucratic organization becomes so focused on following rules and procedures that they lose sight of their larger purpose. Instead of working towards achieving their goals, the organization becomes obsessed with following the regulations and protocols that govern their work.
This can result in a number of negative outcomes, such as a decrease in efficiency, a lack of innovation and creativity, and a decline in the quality of the organization's services. Additionally, bureaucratic ritualism can create a rigid and inflexible organizational culture that can be difficult to change, even when it is clear that changes are needed.
Overall, bureaucratic ritualism is a common challenge faced by many organizations, and it is important for leaders to be aware of this phenomenon and take steps to prevent it from occurring.
To learn more about bureaucratic organizations visit;
https://brainly.com/question/28269025
#SPJ4
but i don't sleep enough without you and i can't eat enough without you if you don't speak, does that mean we're through? don't like the sneaky sh*t that you do
"But I don't sleep enough without you. And I can't eat enough without you (huh). If you don't speak, does that mean we're through? Don't like sne.aky sh.!t that you do," is a lyrical excerpt from the song "Boy's a Liar Pt. 2" by PinkPantheress and Ice Spice.
This lyric conveying the speaker's dependence on their partner for sleep and food, questioning the state of their relationship when their partner stops communicating, and expressing their dislike for their partner's deceptive actions.
In this excerpt, the speaker expresses their reliance on their partner for basic needs such as sleep and food, highlighting the depth of their emotional attachment. The line "If you don't speak, does that mean we're through?" reveals the speaker's fear that their partner's silence may signify the end of their relationship.
The final line "Don't like sne.aky sh.!t that you do" suggests that the partner has been behaving deceptively, causing the speaker to feel uncomfortable and distrustful.
Learn more about the song lyrics https://brainly.com/question/30398326
#SPJ11
recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups. this process is referred to as the
This process is referred to as gender intensification. Gender intensification refers to the process by which gender differences become more prominent during adolescence, as individuals increasingly conform to societal gender roles and expectations.
This process may be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural norms, peer pressure, and media representations of gender.
The finding that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time suggests that peer influence may be an important factor in the development of gender intensification.
The increasing number of children seeking assistance from gender clinics worldwide highlights the need for prospective longitudinal research to gain a better understanding of the outcomes and trajectories of these children.
To know more about same-gender groups:
https://brainly.com/question/12278811
#SPJ4
Ezekiel is 88. According to demographers, which age category is he in?
According to demographers, Ezekiel, who is 88 years old, falls into the "elderly" age category. This is because the elderly are those who are 65 years of age or older.
Demographers are people who study population statistics, particularly as they relate to the characteristics of various populations, including age, gender, ethnicity, and other factors. They are experts in the field of demography, which is the study of human population dynamics, and they use various tools and methods to analyze data and draw conclusions about population trends over time.
In addition to identifying age groups, demographers can also use other demographic factors to study population patterns, such as fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and more. They can also use demographic data to study changes in population size, composition, and distribution over time.
Learn more about Demographers :- https://brainly.com/question/30611870
#SPJ11
carl rogers and abraham maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as behavior genetics. behaviorism. humanistic psychology. cognitive neuroscience.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted the historically significant approach known as Humanistic Psychology.
Humanistic Psychology focuses on helping people to achieve their highest potential by emphasizing self-awareness and personal growth. It views people as inherently good and capable of growth, and places emphasis on the individual's experience, rather than external stimuli or rewards. It is closely related to behaviorism and cognitive neuroscience, which both study how external factors shape behavior.
More about Humanistic Psychology on:
https://brainly.com/question/10846181
#SPJ11
most sociologists agree that the disproportionately high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of african americans are due to:
Most sociologists agree that the disproportionately high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of African Americans are due to systemic racism.
This is the result of a long history of institutionalized racism, in which African Americans have been subjected to discrimination and unfair treatment in various aspects of society, including education, employment, housing, and criminal justice.
For example, African Americans are more likely to be stopped, searched, and arrested by police, and to receive harsher punishments for the same crimes as compared to their White counterparts.
The unequal treatment of African Americans in the criminal justice system has resulted in significantly higher rates of incarceration and more lengthy sentences for African Americans than other racial/ethnic groups.
This has resulted in the “mass incarceration” of African Americans, which has been described as one of the most pressing social and racial justice issues of our time.
The high arrest and conviction rates of African Americans are also related to other forms of racial and social inequality. African Americans are more likely to live in poverty than other groups, leading to more limited educational opportunities, higher unemployment rates, and fewer economic resources.
These factors can lead to higher rates of crime, which in turn can lead to higher rates of arrest and incarceration. In addition, racism and discrimination may lead to African Americans being viewed as more dangerous or prone to criminal activity by law enforcement and other institutions, leading to more frequent and intense police encounters.
The disproportionately high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of African Americans are a complex issue that has been caused by centuries of systemic racism.
While there is much work to be done to address this problem, it is clear that systemic racism must be addressed in order to reduce the impact it has had on African Americans.
To learn more about racism here:
https://brainly.com/question/71548#
#SPJ11
which theory emphasizes the importance for leaders of helping people satisfy their dual needs for fellowship and transcendence?
The theory which emphasizes the importance for leaders of helping people satisfy their dual needs for fellowship and transcendence is called the ERG Theory.
The ERG Theory is an extension of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which includes three universal categories of human needs: existence, relatedness, and growth.The ERG Theory categorizes human needs into three basic categories: existence, relatedness, and growth.
Existence needs are the most basic and include things like food, water, shelter, and safety. Relatedness needs include social interaction, friendship, and love. Growth needs are related to self-actualization, personal development, and fulfillment.
The ERG Theory suggests that people have needs that must be fulfilled to maintain a sense of well-being. Leaders can help meet these needs by providing opportunities for fellowship and transcendence. Leaders who promote a sense of community and shared purpose can help people fulfill their relatedness needs. Leaders who foster growth and development can help people fulfill their growth needs.
By helping people fulfill these needs, leaders can create a sense of motivation and engagement that can drive success and achievement. Overall, the ERG Theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the needs of individuals in a group and working to meet those needs through effective leadership.
To know more about ERG Theory here
https://brainly.com/question/14131435
#SPJ4
PLEASE HELP
Charles Townshend proposed the Townshend Acts to British Parliament in 1767. These new acts placed a tax on various imported goods like paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea. In Townshend's opinion, the colonists would not protest to these "external" taxes since they were levied (paid for) only when the good was imported. The colonists did protest, however, and began another boycott of British goods.
Except for one item, all the taxes placed by the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770. Which item remained taxed after the acts were repealed?
A.
tea
B.
paint
C.
lead
D.
paper
The Townshend Acts, proposed by Charles Townshend in 1767, imposed taxes on imported goods like paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea. The colonists were not happy about these taxes and started boycotting British goods. In 1770, all taxes except one were repealed.
The answer to the question is A. tea.
dr. myers changed some of the data in a study because he thought that it didn't fit with the rest of the data. he didn't mean any harm, but there is a problem. if he doesn't disclose the fact that he changed the data he could be guilty of
If Dr. Myers doesn't disclose the fact that he changed the data he could be guilty of workplace misconduct.
Any behaviour that breaches the code of conduct or other guidelines describing how employees must behave at work is known to as workplace misconduct. These could involve actions taken while working that are immoral, rude, or even unlawful. These actions could range from little things to significant infractions of business rules. It is improper employee behaviour that's unsuitable for the workplace.
Misconduct is when a worker engages in improper conduct or takes improper action that violates workplace rules. Examples of improper behaviour include taunting, physical harm, and work refusal .Theft, verbal violence, wilful negligence, or brazen disobedience are all examples of extreme misbehaviour. As long as you stick to a fair method, you can fire an employee who has participated in extreme misbehaviour right away.
To learn more about misconduct here
brainly.com/question/14960287
#SPJ4
lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. what would be an environmental factor associated with roller skating for lin?
An environmental factor associated with roller skating for Lin is the weather conditions.
If it's too hot or raining outside, she may not be able to skate outdoors. Similarly, if the skating rink she usually visits is closed or under construction, this would also be an environmental factor that could affect her ability to skate. Hence, environmental factors play a crucial role in enabling the skater to enjoy skating sessions. The weather conditions in general have a lot of effect on our daily life and may change our routine drastically. Moreover, the weather is a very unpredictable phenomenon, and may fail the meteorological advancements in appropriating and predicting the future.
To know more about environmental factor refer: https://brainly.com/question/24872386
#SPJ11
dannu understands that a tall beaker and a short beaker hold the same amount of water. danny is demonstrating an understanding of .
Dannu understands that a tall beaker and a short beaker hold the same amount of water. Danny is demonstrating an understanding of .Danny is demonstrating an understanding of Conservation
Danny is demonstrating an understanding of conservation. Conservation refers to the ability to understand that the quantity of a substance remains the same even if its shape changes. When Danny understands that a tall beaker and a short beaker hold the same amount of water, he is showing that he knows that the water amount remains the same regardless of the beaker's shape.
To put it another way, conservation is the principle that describes the fact that even though the appearance of an object or substance may change, it is still the same amount of matter. As a result, Danny's understanding is indicative of his understanding of this principle.
Know more about Conservation here:
https://brainly.com/question/29405227
#SPJ11
a child averages 1 cup of fruits and 3 ounces of grains per day. according to the healthy eating for preschoolers daily food plan, his intake is recommended for a preschooler who is years old
According to the healthy eating for preschoolers daily food plan, a child who averages 1 cup of fruits and 3 ounces of grains per day falls within the recommended intake for a preschooler who is 4-5 years old. This age group typically requires balanced diet to support their growth and development.
The food plan suggests that a preschooler should consume a variety of fruits and grains to ensure they receive essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. A 4-5-year-old child should have around 1 to 1.5 cups of fruits and 3 to 4 ounces of grains per day, depending on their activity level and overall health.
Fruits provide important vitamins like vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber, which support healthy growth and development. Grains, especially whole grains, are essential sources of energy, dietary fiber, and B vitamins. Consuming an adequate amount of both fruits and grains is important for a balanced diet that promotes a preschooler's overall health and well-being.
While the child in the student question meets the recommendations for fruits and grains, it's essential to consider other food groups as well, such as vegetables, protein foods, and dairy. A well-rounded diet will ensure that the child receives all the necessary nutrients for proper growth and development.
Know more about balanced diet here:
https://brainly.com/question/25596307
#SPJ11
true or false: respondents or subjects in any research endeavor can be psychologically or physically harmed if the study involves deception.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
lacy's participants were socialized into a set of strategies that allowed them to negotiate racial discrimination. these improvisational strategies were often:
The improvisational strategies were often used to navigate and negotiate the complex, often oppressive, realities of racial discrimination.
Lacy's participants were socialized into a set of strategies that allowed them to negotiate racial discrimination. These improvisational strategies included using language to their advantage, avoiding provocative situations, and finding humor in the situation. They also used passive resistance and negotiation tactics to protect themselves and their communities. To explain further, these strategies used by Lacy's participants included using humor, language and negotiation tactics to peacefully negotiate racial discrimination, instead of engaging in confrontations or violence.
Here you can learn more about improvisational strategies https://brainly.com/question/26981718
#SPJ11
hector is a nurse at a hospital in houston. he is often called in to help with spanish-speaking patients because he grew up in mexico and speaks spanish and english fluently. hector is .
Bilingual.
As we can see, it says that he speaks both English and Spanish fluently: and that is the definition of a bilingual person, someone who speaks two languages fluently.
true or false? abnormal sensory processing in any modality is a common feature of individuals with asd.
The statement "Abnormal sensory processing in any modality is a common feature of individuals with ASD" is true.
What is ASD?Autism Spectrum Disorder, commonly known as ASD, is a neurodevelopmental condition that impairs communication, social interaction, and restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.
Abnormal sensory processing in any modality is a common feature of individuals with ASD. Sensory processing disorders are common in children with ASD. They have difficulty receiving, processing, and responding to sensory data, resulting in overreaction, underreaction, or inappropriate reactions to stimuli. Thus, the statement "Abnormal sensory processing in any modality is a common feature of individuals with ASD" is true.
To know more about ASD refer: https://brainly.com/question/29571177
#SPJ11
while walking to her car in the dark, jane felt the hair on the back of her neck tingle, and at the same time she felt afraid. which theory of emotion is demonstrated by this example?
While she was walking to her car in the dark, she felt the hair on the back of her neck tingle, and at the same time she felt afraid. The theory of emotion that is demonstrated by this example is Cannon-Bard theory.
What does the Cannon-Bard theory posit in psychology?The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, also known as the Thalamic theory of emotion, was developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard as a physiological explanation for emotion. According to Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotions as well as physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension at the same time.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we react to a stimulus while also experiencing the associated emotion. Physical reactions are not determined by emotional reactions, and vice versa.
Read more about Cannon-Bard theory
brainly.com/question/10055762
#SPJ1
because dr. patel believes that behavior is mainly determined by free will, she is likely a: psychoanalyst behaviorist psychologist humanistic psychologist behavior analyst
Dr. Patel believes that behavior is mainly determined by free will, she is likely to be a humanistic psychologist. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person, including the entire person's uniqueness and human potential.
Its core values include the importance of self-actualization, self-discovery, personal growth, and personal experiences. It recognizes that humans have the potential to grow, change, and evolve beyond their initial genetic makeup or environmental circumstances. The humanistic approach believes that humans have a basic human desire for self-actualization.
It is a process of discovering one's true self, of achieving one's full potential, and of being truly content with oneself. Rather than focusing on the negative aspects of human behavior or pathology, humanistic psychology focuses on the positive aspects of human existence, such as personal growth, creativity, and spirituality.
To know more about humanistic psychologist refer to-
brainly.com/question/10160376#
#SPJ11
it is generally easier to tell when someone is than it is to tell when someone is . (a) being truthful, lying (b) lying, being truthful (c) the prime suspect, an accomplice (d) an accomplice, the prime suspect
It is generally easier to tell when someone is lying than it is to tell when someone is being truthful. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer: "lying, being truthful."
There are several reasons why detecting lies can be easier than detecting truthfulness. When people lie, they often experience emotions such as guilt, fear, or anxiety, which can manifest as physical changes in their behavior, such as avoiding eye contact, fidgeting, or speaking in an unusual tone of voice.
Additionally, lying often requires more mental effort than telling the truth, as the person must keep track of the false story they are telling and avoid contradicting themselves.
On the other hand, when people are being truthful, they may not exhibit any obvious signs of deception, making it more difficult to discern whether they are telling the truth or not.
Learn more about truthful here:
https://brainly.com/question/21568324
#SPJ11
your textbook authors argue that we are complicated individuals with unique and multi-layered identities. what term describes this perspective?
The term used to describe this perspective is "social construction of identity".
This perspective states that identity is constructed by society and the influences it has on people, such as social norms, roles, and cultural expectations. It suggests that individuals are shaped by their environment and the culture they inhabit.
Explaining further, it means that people’s identity is not simply given, but rather is shaped and influenced by the various social settings they interact with, including family, peers, and media. Identity construction occurs through a process of Socialization, in which individuals learn the norms, values and expectations of the society.
To know more about social construction of identity, click on the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/29102732#
#SPJ11
25-year old cassy has recently learned that her roommate from college is suffering from a serious family matter, and cassy is upset by this. with whom is cassy most likely to discuss her feelings of distress?
Cassy is most likely to talk to a close friend, member of her family, or a mental health professional about how she is feeling because doing so can help one's emotional health.
What do you call persons who are typically outgoing, vocal, and energised by other people go by?The trait of extraversion is the tendency to find satisfaction largely outside of oneself. Extraverts are often passionate, chatty, aggressive, and social people who enjoy interacting with others. Being with other people gives extraverts energy and makes them thrive.
What does it mean to have a close, familiar bond with someone else?Intimacy. Feelings of closeness and attachment to one another are referred to as intimacy. This tends to fortify the close friendship that those two enjoy.
To know more about professional visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/3396195
#SPJ1
in general, exploratory research is appropriate for any problem about which much is known. group of answer choices true false
The given statement "in general, exploratory research is appropriate for any problem about which much is known" is false.
Exploratory research is a type of research that is usually conducted when the researcher knows little about the topic or problem. It is a type of research that aims to gather information or data that will help the researcher understand and learn more about the problem or topic. Exploratory research is appropriate for any problem about which little is known or nothing is known, and its main purpose is to investigate a problem, understand it, and gain insights into it.
Exploratory research is often used in the initial stages of research when the researcher is trying to identify the nature of the problem or topic. It is not appropriate when much is already known about the topic, and the researcher is looking for confirmation of previous findings or testing specific hypotheses. Exploratory research is more appropriate when the researcher is looking to explore a new problem, gain insights into an existing problem, or discover new trends, patterns, or relationships. Thus, the statement is false.
For more about exploratory research;
https://brainly.com/question/15877824
#SPJ11
would ruling another nation be compatible with basic american ideals of democracy and self-government?
Yes, ruling another nation can be compatible with basic American ideals of democracy and self-government, depending on the context and implementation.
For example, a nation could be placed under a trusteeship in which the U.S. would be responsible for administering the government and promoting the development of institutions that support democracy and self-government.
This could include the protection of civil and political rights, the advancement of education, the promotion of economic development, and the provision of aid and resources.
The process should be transparent and guided by the principles of democratic self-government. Ultimately, any form of foreign intervention should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the unique needs and values of the target nation.
To know more about self-government click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/19226541#
#SPJ11
sanjee hides an interesting object in a certain place several times, and his 10-month-old child finds it. but, when he watches sanjee hide it in a second place, the baby looks in the first location. this is called and this child is almost .
The behavior exhibited by Sanjee's 10-month-old child, looking for a hidden object in the first location despite watching it being hidden in a second place, is known as infant perseveration or object permanence error.
This phenomenon is called "infant perseveration" or "object permanence error". It occurs when infants under the age of one do not understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
In the scenario given, the infant was able to find the object when it was hidden in the first location, but when Sanjee hid it in a second place, the infant looked in the first location, indicating a failure to understand that the object could be in a new location. This is a typical behavior for infants around 10 months old, as they are still developing their cognitive abilities and have not yet fully grasped the concept of object permanence.
Learn more about infant perseveration: https://brainly.com/question/6345779
#SPJ11
the ability of people to quickly assess the emotions of those around them and adapt their words, tone, and gestures accordingly is known as social intelligence. question 4 options: true false
Answer:
true
Explanation:
now imagine other ultimate ends that people might have. plausibly, some ultimate ends are better than others. how do you think that we can decide this? what can we use to determine whether an ultimate end is best? or do you think that all ultimate ends are equally good?
When considering ultimate ends, it is important to consider a number of factors in order to determine whether or not they are better than others.
The most important factor is the potential benefits or outcomes of a particular end. For example, an ultimate end that could bring about greater peace and harmony in the world may be considered to be better than one that could potentially lead to conflict and chaos. Additionally, ultimate ends should also be evaluated on their practicality and feasibility, as well as their ethical implications.
When considering whether or not an ultimate end is better than others, it is also important to think about how it may affect various stakeholders, both positively and negatively. It is important to consider how an ultimate end will benefit the individual, society, and the environment. It is also important to consider how it will affect the current and future generations, as well as the global community.
In addition, it is important to consider how an ultimate end will be implemented. It is essential to ensure that the end can be achieved through means that are acceptable to the stakeholders, both in terms of the ethical implications and in terms of practicality. Ultimately, it is important to evaluate whether an ultimate end is better than others based on its potential benefits, practicality, feasibility, and ethical implications.
to know more about ultimate end:
https://brainly.com/question/29719777
#SPJ11
What kind of narrative is offered by world Jewry
Answer:The relationship between Israel and world Jewry is at a new and critical juncture. From the moment of the founding of the State and through its zenith in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, support for Israel was a unifying force in world Jewry. For many Jews, liberal Jews not least, a relationship with Israel was often the defining feature of Jewish identity. Over the last number of years, however, we are encountering growing numbers of Jews who are questioning the place and significance of Israel in their Jewish lives.
Explanation: