The discussion of relationship between lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus under whey conditions: focus on amino acid formation is given in the below paragraph-
In this study, we used Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2038 grown with or without Streptococcus thermophilus in whey medium to conduct microarray experiments to examine how these two strains use nitrogen since Lb. bulgaricus 2038 uses whey as its nitrogen before casein. Because S. thermophilus primarily preferred different types of peptides than L. bulgaricus, but has lost the ability to prioritize the use of free branched-chain amino acids, L. bulgaricus 2038 was better able to import the types of peptides required for growth compared to monoculture.
In order to stop Lb. bulgaricus 2038 from converting aspartate into intermediates that form the carbon skeleton, which is catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the ratio of nitrogen to carbon was reduced during co-culture.
What is an amino acid?Organic substances known as amino acids have both functional groups for amino and carboxylic acids. Alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most common amino acids in nature despite the fact that there are hundreds of them. The genetic coding only contains 22 alpha amino acids.
The locations of the primary structural functional groups in amino acids can be categorized as alpha, beta, gamma, or delta amino acids; further classifications relate to polarity, ionization, and the type of side chain group (aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, containing hydroxyl or sulfur, etc.).
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ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. this led to selection for longer-necked giraffes.
With shorter necks, giraffe ancestors could not reach food-containing branches on tall trees. This resulted in the directional selection of giraffes with longer necks.
Why is choosing a direction necessary?
It nearly appears obvious that the giraffe's long neck developed as a result of a lack of food in the lower branches of trees. The giraffe has a significant advantage because it is taller than any other mammal and can feed where few others can.
When compared to modern giraffes, the giraffe's ancient predecessors had a shorter neck. The plants that were lying at a higher level were inaccessible to them. Giraffe phenotypes have changed in various ways, and now have long necks to reach vegetation that is higher up. The extreme form is chosen above other features in directional selection. It was decided to choose the long-necked giraffe over the short-necked.
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When an ecosystem contains many different species, there are usually a high number of links in its food web. How does this affect the sustainability of the ecosystem?.
Answer: allow for a more sustained ecosystem
Explanation:
if a tree grew more than 3 feet during the year, how much more likely is it that the tree was at most 50 yards from the river? show all of your work.
According to the statement, It will take 50 years for the tree to grow 150 ft.
What explains the growth of the tree?
First, the measurement supplied in yards is translated to feet using the necessary dimensional analysis so that the tree may grow away from the river.
According to the information,
(50 yards) x (3 ft / 1 yard) = 150 ft
The value calculated is to be divided by the given rate,
n = 150 ft / (3 ft/year) = 50 years
Therefore, it will take 50 years for the tree to grow 150 ft.
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What are the subunits of DNA and their function?
Rawr!~ I'm Ash And I'm going to help you today! :P
Answer:
The subunits of the DNA molecule are the nucleotides, which are its monomers and which are conformed at the same time by other structures, such as (1) one or two carbon sugar rings known as pentoses or deoxyriboses; (2) a phosphate group at the 5' carbon atom; the lack of an oxygen atom at the 2' carbon atom of the ring; and (3) the nitrogenous bases, which are Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Guanine.
Explanation:
About whether the nucleotide has one or two carbon rings, it's important to say that it depends on the kind of nitrogenous bases, which could be pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine), and purines (Adenine and Guanine) having one carbon ring and two carbon rings, respectively. With this clear, we can say that both pyrimidines and purines complement each other, so they can't pair with another nucleotide of the same nature (pyrimidines and pyrimidines, or purines and purines can't match together, but pyrimidines and purines can do it), because of the number of hydrogen bonds they can share among them (2 hydrogen bonds between thymine and adenine, and 3 hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine).
The main functions of these three different parts of the nucleotide are to give the DNA molecule stability to avoid being denaturated and to store the genetic information which will be required for protein production.
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AshtheNeko
explain the convection cycle that takes place within Earth’s layers. Describe the source of thermal energy; the direction of flow for thermal energy and matter; the role of gravity in the process. Choose the statement that has all information correct.
A. nucleic radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down
B. nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves in a spiral; then cool areas of the mantle move down
C. nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the core also move up
D. nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down
Nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down.
What is convection?The term convection has to do with the situation in which there is a transfer of heat energy by the actual movement of the particles of the substance. We know that convection occurs within Earth’s layers.
The statement that correctly describes the movement of heat in the convection of the earth's layers is; nuclear radiation in Earth's core; matter heats and moves upwards; then cool areas of the mantle move down.
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the initial statement of the (click to select) hypothesis proposed that over time a bacterial endosymbiont of an ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently.
The initial statement of the Endosymbiotic hypothesis proposed that over time a bacterial endosymbiont of an ancestral cell in the eukaryotic lineage lost its ability to live independently.
What is Endosymbiotic ?Endosymbionts are living things that coexist well with other cells or creatures. Some endosymbionts are intracellular, or located inside cells; other endosymbionts adhere to the surface of cells (extracellular). Relationships that benefit both parties are said to be symbiotic.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, some eukaryotic cell organelles, such mitochondria and plastids, descended from prokaryotes that were free to move around. As proposed by Margulis, the information at hand suggests that the evolution of the eukaryotic cell was first sparked by the mitochondrial endosymbiosis.Learn more about Endosymbiotic here:
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whose work in genetics showed that certain non-pathogenic bacteria could change and become pathogenic
Frederick Griffith experiment explained that the non-pathogenic bacteria can become the pathogenic bacteria via Horizontal gene Transfer.
By the horizontal gene transfer involves the transfer of pathogenic vector DNA to the non-pathogenic bacteria which result the conversion of non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic bacteria.
Horizontal Gene Transfer- The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria (apart from those that are passed from parent to child) is a result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which also promotes the development of pathogens.
Pathogen- An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence.
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this hearty component of the hair houses the melanin pigments and provides most of the hair's strength:
Approximately 90 percent of the hair's total weight lies within in the cortex layer. Elongated cells form the fibrous substance that gives the strength and the elasticity to the hair. The cortex was also houses the pigment (melanin) that gives the hair as its natural color.
The cerebral cortex, which also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of the neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain and in the humans and other mammals. The cerebral cortex was mostly consists of the six-layered which is neocortex, with just about 10% consisting of the allocortex. By convention, there are basically six cortical layers, but this organization may be vary throughout the cerebral cortex of the given species or between the species: many regions that lack one or more then layers, whereas in other regions there is good reason to be consider more than six layers.
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Many deciduous trees, such as sycamores and aspens, drop their leaves each year. After some time, the nutrients from the leaves become part of the soil and are available again. Which of these types of organisms in an ecosystem is necessary for the nutrients in dropped leaves to become available?
A. consumers
B. decomposers
C. producers
D. herbivores
Answer: a
Explanation:
Many deciduous trees, such as sycamores and aspens, drop their leaves each year. After some time, the nutrients from the leaves become part of the soil and are available again. These type of the nutrients are made available to the soil again by the decomposers.
Deciduous trees are the trees that shed their leaves that sheds off their leaves once in a year usually in autumn.
Decompsers are the organisms that feed on the dead living organisms and their waste to produce energy for themselves including dead matter of plants, animals, fallen off leaves, excreta and other items.
They release the nutrients that are sequestrated in organic matter into the soil so that it can be used up by the plants.
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The oceans formed as a result of:
(1) oxygen producing organisms
(2) out gassing from volcanoes
(3) meteorite impacts bringing water from outer space
(4) transpiration from early plants
21. An offspring of two parents had an extra chromosome in its karyotype. The most likely cause of this condition would have
been (1 point)
A.a point mutation
B.translocation
C.nondisjunction
D.a nonsense mutation
The correct answer is option C. non-disjunction.
An aberrant number of chromosomes in all cells, known as aneuploidy, or in some cells, known as mosaicism, are caused by nondisjunction. Trisomy of autosomes, or chromosome 21, is the cause of Down's syndrome where an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present. A point mutation is a type of genetic modification in which only one nucleotide base from the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism is altered, added, or removed. Example, a single point mutation in the beta hemoglobin gene is the primary cause of sickle cell anemia. Hence, its incorrect. Translocation is a phenomena that causes chromosomes to reorganize themselves in an unexpected way. Hence, its incorrect. When a DNA sequence alteration results in a stop codon rather than a codon that specifies an amino acid, it is known as a nonsense mutation. A truncated protein that is probably useless is produced as a result of the new stop codon's existence. Its also incorrect.Hence, the correct answer is C. nondisjunction.
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how is sociological perspective different from the perspective used in economics or political science
The distinction between sociology and political science is that sociology focuses on how the political system affects other institutions in society, whereas political science devotes more attention to the forces that shape political systems and the theories for understanding these forces.
What is Sociology?This is defined as the study of human societies and their interactions with one another. It also studies the different processes that is responsible for their preservation.
Political system are part of the institutions which are responsible for shaping a society through the different laws created by them. It also studies how human behaviors are treated based on the rule of law.
Political science on the other hand is primarily concerned with the forces that shape political systems and the theories for understanding these forces.
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Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating body temperature. Which property of water allows it to prevent large fluctuations in body temperature?.
Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating body temperature. Water’s High Heat Capacity is the property of water which allows it to prevent large fluctuations in body temperature.
Heat capacity is known as the capacity of a body to absorb heat energy. The heat capacity of water is high, which means that a very high temperature is required to change the temperature of the human body.
This property resists the sudden temperature changes in the body and hence the human body does not experience large fluctuations in temperature.
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Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating body temperature. The property of water that prevents large fluctuations in body temperature is water has a high capacity for heat.
Water has a high heat capacity, so it takes up much energy before it gets hot. You may not realize how this affects you, but the particular water temperature significantly impacts the Earth's climate and directly influences the survival of many places worldwide.
Water has a high heat capacity, which means that it requires more energy to raise the water's temperature than other substances. This explains why water prevents large body temperature fluctuations. Water's high specific heat also helps to control the speed at which air temperature changes, which is why temperature changes between seasons are gradual rather than abrupt, particularly near the oceans.
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61. casares, d.; escribá, p. v.; rosselló, c. a., membrane lipid composition: effect on membrane and organelle structure, function and compartmentalization and therapeutic avenues. int j mol sci 2019, 20 (9).
Biological membranes are essential components for the upkeep of cell physiology and architecture.
What is the role of biological membrane?Beyond serving as a simple barrier to keep the cell's inside from its exterior, the plasma membrane also initiates intracellular signals, acts as a framework for cell-to-cell communication, and has additional purposes. The compartmentalization of the plasma membrane into lipid microdomains, which regulates the location and beneficial interactions of proteins involved in the transmission of cell signals, is essential for this function. In addition, additional membranes that are tightly regulated in terms of integrity and homeostasis and that govern the identity and function of the many organelles split cells into compartments.Learn more about the biological membrane with the help of the given link:
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norwitz ng, sota-mota a, kaplan b,etal.the lipid energy model: reimagin-ing lipoprotein function in the context of carbohydrate-restricted diets. me-tabolites 2022; 12:460.
Norwitz ng, sota-mota a, kaplan b,etal.the lipid energy model: reimagin-ing lipoprotein function in the context of carbohydrate-restricted diets. me-tabolites 2022; 12:460.
Lean people may additionally gather a lipid profile with raised LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels and reduced triglycerides once they comply with carbohydrate-confined diets (CRDs) (TGs). This lipid profile's intensity is correlated with BMI, therefore people with lower BMIs display extra rises in both LDL-C and HDL-C. Lean Mass Hyper-Responders (LMHR) is a subset of people who, while having normal pre-diet LDL-C, as shown by way of the inverse relationship between BMI and adjustments in LDL-C and HDL-C on CRD, reply to weight reduction by increasing their HDL-C and LDL-C ranges. revealed a big hyperlipidemic reaction to a CRD, with imply LDL-C and HDL-C degrees growing to 320 and 99 mg/dL, respectively, within the context of mean TG of forty seven mg/dL, in preference to non-LMHR (suggest values of 148 and 145 mg/dL, respectively). once more, with very regular pre-eating regimen LDL-C and the absence of genetic evidence suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia in those who've been examined, some LMHR may have LDL-C ranges above 500 mg/dL.With carbohydrate restriction in lean people, the elevated dependence on fats as a metabolic substrate drives elevated hepatic secretion and peripheral uptake of TG contained inside very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), resulting in marked elevations of LDL-C and HDL-C and coffee TG, in step with the Lipid power version (LEM), which targets to give an explanation for this metabolic phenomenon. right here, we undergo the LEM's predominant characteristics. We examine various strains of current research that aid the model and make guidelines for a way to test its predictions.To learn more about the lipid Energy Model here:-
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connective tissue and the arrangement of cells in image B, what is this tissue’s function in the body?
Connective tissue is a type of tissue which is responsible for the support, protection and forms the structure of different tissues and organs in the body.
What is connective tissue?Connective tissue is a type of tissue which is responsible for the support, protection and forms the structure of different tissues and organs in the body. It is made up of cells and extracellular components. Within the extracellular components we find the fundamental substance and fibers are the ones that will give the characteristics to the tissues that will form.
The fundamental substance, on the other hand, is going to be the solution in which the fibers and cells of the connective tissue are immersed. It will be made up of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that will give it a gelatinous consistency.
Therefore, we can confirm that connective tissue is a type of tissue which is responsible for the support, protection and forms the structure of different tissues and organs in the body.
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Pottasium
Atomic # =
Atomic Mass
# of Protons =
# of Neutrons =
# of Electrons=
One primary advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that ________.
Answer:
light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy
Explanation:
One big advantage of light microscopes is the ability to observe living cells. It is possible to observe a wide range of biological activity, such as the uptake of food, cell division and movement. Additionally, it is possible to use in-vivo staining techniques to observe the uptake of colored pigments by the cells.
polishing the occlusal surfaces of the teeth differs from polishing the smooth surfaces in what way?
Answer:
Bristle brushes are employed for occlusal surfaces to clean fissures
Explanation:
thyroid storm. which treatment should you initiate to reduce his level of circulating thyroid hormone?
High-dose of propylthiouracil (PTU) or the methimazole may be used for the treatment of the thyroid storm. PTU has been theoretical advantage in the severe thyroid storm because of its early and onset of action and to capacity to inhibit the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.
Thyroid storm is the rare life-threatening condition of the thyroid gland. that develops in cases of the untreated hyperthyroidism, or to overactive thyroid (thyrotoxicosis). The thyroid gland is also located in the neck, just to above where that your collarbones meet in the middle of Thyroid storm is the life-threatening health condition that is also associated with the untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism. During the thyroid storm, an individual's heart rate, the blood pressure, and the body temperature can soar to the dangerously high levels. Without to prompt, the aggressive treatment, the thyroid storm is often fatal.
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Describe the changes you see in a microscope image when you go from a scanning objective to low
power to high power.
The contraction of muscles in your body is a good example of a coupled reaction. Why?
The contraction of muscles involves the coupling of ATP hydrolysis with the movement of myosin and actin filaments.
Chemical processes and mechanical movement are connected in muscle contraction. ATP hydrolysis into ADP and Pi provides muscular contraction energy. Myosin and actin filaments contract when ATP hydrolysis releases energy.
ATP hydrolysis coupled with muscular action conserves energy. At rest, muscles synthesise and store ATP molecules for future contractions. ATP hydrolysis releases energy that slides myosin and actin filaments to shorten muscular fibres and contract the muscle.
Muscles need chemical energy release and mechanical activity to move limbs, breathe, and pump blood. It shows the body's efficiency and coordination.
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repression of stress-induced line-1 expression protects cancer cell subpopulations from lethal drug exposure
In the study, it was observed that LINE-1 repression leads to protection of subpopulations of cancer cells on exposure to lethal drugs.
An evolutionary conserved process that enables population survival under stressful conditions is the maintenance of phenotypic variability within cell populations. it was observed that the drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs), a subset of cancer cells that survives treatment with lethal medicines, have a suppressed chromatin state defined by elevated methylation of histone H3 lysines 9 and 27. (H3K9 and H3K27). It was further observed that H3K9me3-mediated heterochromatin formation regulators have a role in the survival of DTPs and that long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1) is the region of DTPs where the observed increase in H3K9me3 is most significant. Reducing LINE-1 expression or function partially prevents DTP ablation caused by disruption of the repressive chromatin over LINE-1 sites in DTPs.
The findings suggest that epigenetic repression of TEs, including H3K9me3-mediated repression of LINE-1s, is a mechanism by which a subpopulation of cancer cells transiently survive otherwise lethal drug exposures
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During this phase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments.
Mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments at the prophase stage of mitosis.
What are the stages of mitosis?Mitosis has 4 main stages that are more or less in a continuous spectrum. These stages are:
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseThe prophase stage is characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear envelope, the condensation of chromatin materials, and the onset of spindle formation.
The metaphase stage is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the equator and the engagement of each chromosome by spindle fibers at the centromere.
The separation of sister chromatids characterizes the anaphase through the shortening of the spindle fibers from the opposite ends of the cell.
The telophase is characterized by the completion of the migration of sister chromatids to the poles.
Thus, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments at the prophase stage of mitosis.
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Please answer fast.
Answer:
w
Explanation:
development of neuron-astrocyte co-culture system for mechanistic and pharmacological studies in neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are characterized by the progressive atrophy and loss of neuronal function.
Lack of knowledge of the essential molecular pathways that cause neurodegeneration is one of the major barriers to the development of neuroprotective medicines for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative illnesses. A deeper understanding of the diseases' molecular processes is urgently required. The lack of suitable in vitro models is a significant barrier to the creation of innovative neuroprotective therapies and the identification of early illness biomarkers. Furthermore, the majority of the ones that are available do not have active neuron-glia interactions. However, it is generally known that astrocytes are essential to both a healthy brain and to pathology, therefore their absence affects the applicability of these models.Learn more about the neurodegenration with the help of the given link:
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What molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis?.
Water molecule is the source of the oxygen that is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis.
Does photosynthesis produce ATP?The light reactions capture the energy of the light and use it to drive electron exchanges. Despite some using infrared light, the majority of photosynthesis-producing species use visible light. Products of these reactions include decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (NADPH).
During the process of photosynthesis, cells use carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to make sugar molecules and oxygen. These sugar molecules are basis for more complex molecules made by the photosynthesis cell .
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Root hairs adhere to soil particles:
O True
False
Answer:
true
Explanation:
A student needs to measure the volume of a sample of liquid. Which graduated cylinder shown below should the student use to measure the volume of this liquid most accurately?
To measure small liquid samples, the most accurate elements are graduated cylinders that have the most precise scale on them. Among the options, we should choose the one with more etchings.
What is the most accurate element to measure liquids?When working with liquids, we need to be precise, so we should choose a material that provides us with the necessary to make an accurate measure.
First, we need to choose a graduated element, which means that lines on it will indicate the amount of liquid on it.
Now, in the laboratory, several elements are graduated. So to take an accurate measure, we need to choose the correct one. To do it, we need to consider our sample size (large or small sample).
For instance, beakers or flasks should not be used to measure small liquid samples because they do not have a precise measuring scale.
These glasswares are prepared only to make crude measurings. So unless your sample is too large, it is not recomended to use them.
However, if our sample is small, we can use other appropriate elements instead. Among them, we can mention graduated cylinders and pipets, volumetric pipets, or burets.
These graduated or volumetric elements have rules with many etchings that can be used to make more precise measurements.
The more etchings there are in the element, the more precise it is, and the more accurate the liquid measure will be.
Note: Since I do not have the image of the graduated cylinders, I advise you to consider your sample size, and if it is a small one, then you should chose the cylinder with more etchings, which will be the most accurate one to take the measures.
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a parasitic or infectious cause that is a leading cause of death for children under the age of five in sub-saharan africa but not very important in other regions is: a. pneumonia b. malaria c. helminthic infections d. diarrhea
A parasitic or infectious cause that is a leading cause of death for children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa but not very important in other regions is option(d) i.e. diarrhea.
There are causes of diarrhea outside underlying diseases. A liquid diet, food intolerance, stress, anxiety, and laxative use are a few examples. Preterm birth problems, pneumonia, infant asphyxia, diarrhea, and malaria are the leading causes of death among children under the age of five. Malnutrition is a factor in about 45% of all toddler fatalities. Compared to young people in affluent regions, children in sub-Saharan Africa have a larger than 14 times greater risk of dying before the age of 5.
It is notable that about 40% of all diarrhea-related fatalities in children under five worldwide take place across the African continent. The high death rate from diarrhea among children under five in Sub-Saharan Africa demonstrates the widespread prevalence of this curable and avoidable illness in the area.
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