The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the agency within the United States Department of the Treasury responsible for the administration and enforcement of the country's tax laws.
History:
The IRS was created in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln as the Bureau of Internal Revenue, with the purpose of collecting taxes to fund the Civil War. It was renamed to the Internal Revenue Service in 1953.
Products/Services:
The main service provided by the IRS is the collection of taxes, including income taxes, payroll taxes, and excise taxes. The IRS also provides taxpayer assistance, processes tax returns, and enforces tax laws through audits and investigations.
Mission:
The mission of the Internal Revenue Services is to "provide America's taxpayers top quality service by helping them understand and meet their tax responsibilities and enforce the law with integrity and fairness to all."
Vision:
The vision of the IRS is to "provide the nation with the best tax administration possible."
Core Values:
The IRS's core values include integrity, accountability, respect, and professionalism.
Competitors:
The IRS does not have direct competitors, as it is the sole agency responsible for the administration and enforcement of federal tax laws in the United States. However, there are private tax preparation companies, such as H&R Block and TurboTax, that offer tax preparation services to individuals and businesses.
Overall, the IRS plays a vital role in the collection of taxes and the enforcement of tax laws in the United States. Its mission, vision, and core values guide its operations and help ensure that it provides the best possible service to taxpayers.
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Critical Thinking 2. Put yourself in the position of an entrepreneur who is developing a new product to introduce into the market (a new backpack). Briefly describe the product and each component of its value proposition. (3 Marks) (Minimum 250 words)
As an entrepreneur, my new product is a backpack designed specifically for college students. It is made of durable and waterproof materials, and features multiple compartments for organization, including a laptop sleeve and a separate section for textbooks. The backpack also includes a built-in USB charging port, allowing students to charge their electronic devices on the go.
The value proposition of this backpack consists of several components. First, it offers convenience and organization with its multiple compartments and built-in charging port. This allows college students to easily carry and access all of their necessary items, without having to worry about running out of battery power.
Second, the backpack is made of high-quality materials that are both durable and waterproof. This provides peace of mind for students, knowing that their belongings will be protected from damage or theft.
Third, the backpack is designed specifically for college students, with features that cater to their unique needs. This sets it apart from other backpacks on the market, and provides a more tailored and personalized product.
Overall, the value proposition of this backpack includes convenience, organization, durability, waterproofing, and a specific design for college students. As an entrepreneur, my goal is to offer a product that meets the needs and desires of my target market, and this backpack does just that.
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Comprehensive Evaluation 1 - Written Instruction(s): Answer the following concisely. Be sure to cite ideas, which you derive from other people's work. Minimum of 10 sentences for each answer is required. Please do not share answers with your classmates. APA 7" edition should be observed for both in-text citation and references. Copy pasting as a practice is unacceptable and punishable under the provisions of the UNP Student Handbook. Please do not alter this format.
2. What do we mean by finance?
3. Compare and contrast three areas of finance. Additionally, illustrate it using a Venn Diagram.
2. Finance is the study of managing money and other assets in order to achieve a desired outcome.
3. The three areas of finance are Corporate finance, Personal finance and Public finance.
It involves the creation, growth, and disposal of wealth. Areas of finance include corporate finance, personal finance, and public finance.
Corporate finance focuses on the sources of funding and the capital structure of corporations, the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources.
Personal finance focuses on how individuals and families earn, save, and spend money. It includes topics such as budgeting, taxes, retirement planning, investments, and insurance.
Public finance is the study of the roles of governments and other public entities in the economy, and how they raise and allocate funds to achieve their goals. It includes government spending, taxation, and public debt management.
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Type 2 paragraphs disscusing the importance of "Sharpening the saw"
Answer:Sharpening the saw" is a term that refers to the importance of regularly investing time and effort in self-improvement and personal growth
Explanation: "Sharpening the saw" is a term that refers to the importance of regularly investing time and effort in self-improvement and personal growth. This means taking a step back from the daily grind and investing in activities that help you improve your physical, mental, and emotional well-being, as well as your skills and knowledge. The importance of sharpening the saw cannot be overstated. When you take time to work on yourself, you become more efficient and effective in everything you do. You're better equipped to handle stress and challenges, and you have a clearer sense of purpose and direction in life. This, in turn, can help you achieve greater success in your personal and professional life.
Sharpening the saw also helps prevent burnout and promotes overall well-being. When you're constantly focused on work or other obligations, it's easy to neglect your own needs and become overwhelmed. This can lead to stress, anxiety, and even physical health problems. By regularly investing time in activities that help you recharge and refresh, you'll be better equipped to handle the demands of daily life. This might include activities like exercise, meditation, learning new skills, or pursuing hobbies and interests. Ultimately, sharpening the saw is an investment in yourself that pays dividends in all areas of your life.
Stephen Covey coined the metaphor "sharpening the saw" to stress the importance of continuous self-improvement.
Individuals must engage in their growth both personally and professionally in order to reach their full potential, just as a saw must be sharpened to cut effectively. This entails regularly evolution and optimising one's skills, knowledge, and habits. Individuals can improve their productivity, creativity, and well-being by doing so.
Sharpening the saw is important in both personal and professional situations. In personal life, it helps the individual lead a fulfilling life by improving their physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
To summarise, honing the saw is an ongoing endeavor that requires dedication, commitment, and discipline. By having skills, it not only benefits individuals but also helps organisations achieve their goals.
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What are the elements that you will consider while conducting
STEEP analysis for a pharmaceutical company
The elements to consider while conducting STEEP analysis for a pharmaceutical company are:
1. Social: This includes demographic trends, changes in consumer behavior, health consciousness, and attitudes towards healthcare.
2. Technological: This includes advancements in technology, such as new drug development, digital health tools, and medical devices.
3. Economic: This includes economic factors such as the cost of healthcare, access to healthcare, and the impact of the economy on the pharmaceutical industry.
4. Environmental: This includes the impact of the pharmaceutical industry on the environment, such as waste disposal, pollution, and sustainability.
5. Political: This includes the impact of government policies and regulations on the pharmaceutical industry, such as drug approval processes, pricing, and patents.
All of these elements are important to consider when conducting a STEEP analysis for a pharmaceutical company, as they can have a significant impact on the success and profitability of the company.
STEEP analysis stands for Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Political analysis, which are considered as factors that influence a company's operation.
A pharmaceutical company is no exception when it comes to this type of analysis. Some of the elements to consider when conducting a STEEP analysis for a pharmaceutical company are:
Social factors: Demographics, population, cultural values and social trends, which can affect the drug consumption in the market.
Technological factors: The impact of technology on the pharmaceutical industry, from the manufacturing process to the research and development of drugs.
Economic factors: The performance of the industry in the market, the purchasing power of customers, and the costs and benefits of new product development.
Environmental factors: The impact of the environment on the pharmaceutical industry, including regulations on pollution, waste management, and other environmental factors that can affect the industry.
Political factors: Government policies and regulations on the pharmaceutical industry, including drug pricing, patent protection, and regulatory compliance standards.
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A firm is going to issue a 20-year bond with semi-annual coupon payments. The face value is $1,000 and the coupon rate is 5% per year. If the market requires an annual return of 6% on the bond, what should be the bond price?
If the market requires an annual return of 6% on the bond, the bond price should be $783.74
The bond price can be calculated using the present value formula for a bond, which is:
PV = C * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r] + FV * (1 + r)^(-n)
Where PV is the present value or bond price, C is the coupon payment, r is the required rate of return, n is the number of periods, and FV is the face value of the bond. In this case, the coupon payment is $1,000 * 5% / 2 = $25, the required rate of return is 6% / 2 = 3% per period, and the number of periods is 20 * 2 = 40.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
PV = $25 * [(1 - (1 + 0.03)^(-40)) / 0.03] + $1,000 * (1 + 0.03)^(-40)PV
= $25 * 19.0856 + $1,000 * 0.3066PV
= $477.14 + $306.60PV
= $783.74
Therefore, the bond price should be $783.74.
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What is 3 + 3 and 2 +2 What is 1 + 1
Answer:
3 +3 = 6
2 + 2 = 4
1 + 1 = 2
6, 4, and 2 are 3 + 3 and 2 +2, 1 + 1 respectively.
What is basic addition?Adding at least two integers together is considered basic addition. Once they have mastered counting, students can begin learning basic addition. Students can utilize an addition chart as a learning aid by starting at the row with the first addend and working their way down to it.
The addition is a mathematical operation that combines two or more numbers to give a total or sum. The symbol for addition is "+" and the numbers being added are called addends. For example, in the equation 3 + 3 = 6, 3 and 3 are the addends and 6 is the sum. The addition is one of the four basic arithmetic operations, along with subtraction, multiplication, and division. It is used extensively in many areas of mathematics, science, engineering, and everyday life.
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Other data:
1. Supplies on hand revealed at 31, December $300.
2. Prepaid insurance was paid on 1 July 2021 for 12 months.
3. Interest expense due on loan payable for last 4 months. Quarterly interest rate is 3%. 4. Salary
expense per day $500, December 31 is Wednesday. Employees are paid on Monday for the
preceding 5 days work week.
5. One third of the unearned service revenue has been earned.
Requirements:
a) Journalize the adjusting entries for the year ended 31, December 2021.
|b) Complete the worksheet for the year ended 31, December 2021.
The adjusting entries for the year ended 31 December 2021 are: Supplies Expense $200, Supplies $200; Insurance Expense $250, Prepaid Insurance $250; Interest Expense $1,500, Interest Payable $1,500; Salary Expense $1,500, Salary Payable $2,000; Unearned Service Revenue $1,500, Service Revenue $1,500.
The first entry adjusts the supplies on hand to $100 by debiting Supplies Expense and crediting Supplies. The second entry records the insurance expense for 6 months by debiting Insurance Expense and crediting Prepaid Insurance. The third entry accrues the interest expense for the last 4 months on the loan payable by debiting Interest Expense and crediting Interest Payable. The fourth entry accrues the salary expense for the last week of December by debiting Salary Expense and crediting Salary Payable. The fifth entry recognizes the revenue earned from one-third of the unearned service revenue by debiting Unearned Service Revenue and crediting Service Revenue. These entries ensure that the financial statements reflect the correct amounts for expenses, revenues, and liabilities at the end of the accounting period.
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Entrepreneurship :Describe how brainstorming can help facilitate the generation of ideas, and outline the TWO(2) rules for conducting a brainstorming session.
Brainstorming is a process that can help facilitate the generation of ideas by encouraging a group of individuals to freely share their thoughts and ideas without judgment. The purpose of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as possible, no matter how wild or unconventional they may seem.
There are two main rules for conducting a brainstorming session:
1. No criticism or judgment is allowed. The goal of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as possible, and criticism or judgment can stifle creativity and hinder the free flow of ideas.
2. Quantity over quality. The goal of brainstorming is to generate as many ideas as possible, not to come up with the "perfect" idea. Therefore, it is important to focus on quantity over quality during a brainstorming session.
By following these two rules, a brainstorming session can be a productive and effective way to generate new ideas and facilitate the creative process. Whether you are an entrepreneur trying to come up with a new business idea, or a student trying to come up with a topic for a research paper, brainstorming can be a valuable tool for generating ideas and sparking creativity.
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Write brief notes on-(a) Project Appraisal - techniques(b) Feasibility Studies – nature and broad contents(c) Project Experience /studies – main Success factors(d) Critical Performance Index(CPI) – a tool of project monitoring and control(e) Leadership – role in Project Management
(a) Project Appraisal: Project appraisal is the process of assessing the feasibility and viability of a proposed project. (b) Feasibility Studies: Feasibility studies are used to determine the nature and broad contents of a proposed project. (c) Project Experience/Studies: Project experience and studies are used to determine the main success factors of a project.
(d) Critical Performance Index (CPI): The Critical Performance Index (CPI) is a tool used to monitor and control the progress of a project. (e) Leadership: Leadership plays a crucial role in project management.
It involves the use of various techniques such as cost-benefit analysis, financial analysis, risk analysis, and market analysis. These techniques help to determine the potential risks and benefits of the project, and help to make informed decisions about whether or not to proceed with the project.
They involve the analysis of various factors such as technical feasibility, economic feasibility, legal feasibility, and market feasibility. These studies help to determine the potential risks and benefits of the project, and help to make informed decisions about whether or not to proceed with the project.
These factors include the project's scope, budget, schedule, and quality. By analyzing these factors, project managers can identify the key areas that need to be focused on in order to ensure the success of the project.
It measures the ratio of the actual cost of the project to the planned cost of the project. A CPI of 1.0 indicates that the project is on budget, while a CPI less than 1.0 indicates that the project is over budget.
Effective leadership is essential for ensuring that the project team is motivated and focused on achieving the project's goals. It also helps to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the desired level of quality.
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ack’s Jax has total fixed costs of $25,000. If the company’s contribution margin is 60%, and the selling price of a box of Jax is $20, how many boxes of Jax would the company need to sell to produce a net income of $15,000?
a) 5,625
b) 4,445
c) 3,333
The company needs to sell 2,083.33 boxes of Jax to produce a net income of $15,000. The closest answer to this is option 3,333. (C)
To find the number of boxes of Jax that the company needs to sell to produce a net income of $15,000, we can use the following formula: (C)
Net Income = Total Revenue - Total Costs
We can rearrange this formula to find the total revenue needed to produce a net income of $15,000:
Total Revenue = Net Income + Total Costs
Total Revenue = $15,000 + $25,000
Total Revenue = $40,000
Now, we can use the contribution margin to find the total revenue needed to cover the fixed costs and produce a net income of $15,000:
Total Revenue = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin
$40,000 = $25,000 / 0.60
$40,000 = $41,666.67
Finally, we can use the selling price of a box of Jax to find the number of boxes the company needs to sell:
Number of Boxes = Total Revenue / Selling Price
Number of Boxes = $41,666.67 / $20
Number of Boxes = 2,083.33
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What are two responsibilities of a Lean-Agile Center of Excellence? (Choose two. )
To help establish relentless improvement
To coordinate Portfolio Level events
To lead Inspect and Adapts events
To implement a new organizational structure
To foster SAFe Communities of Practice
Two of a Lean-Agile Center of Excellence's duties are: To promote continuous progress, SAFe Communities of Practice should be promoted.
A focused group inside an organisation known as a Lean-Agile Center of Excellence is in charge of promoting and assisting in the adoption of Lean-Agile concepts, methods, and principles. A Lean-Agile Center of Excellence's main objective is to make sure that the firm can continuously enhance its business processes and produce better results. This entails assisting teams with coaching and direction, enabling the adoption of fresh approaches, and promoting an innovative and lifelong learning culture. A Lean-Agile Center of Excellence is also in charge of overseeing Inspect and Adapts events, supporting SAFe Communities of Practice, and organising Portfolio Level events. Organizations can increase their capacity to adjust to shifting market conditions, deliver value to consumers more successfully, and accomplish these goals by building a Lean-Agile Center of Excellence.
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To illustrate how Convexity changes with maturity, we consider a bond with yield y = 5% for different maturities, including different values of coupons:
a) zero coupon bond b) par bonds
c) premium bonds with coupon rate c = 9%
a.) Zero coupon bonds have the highest convexity because they have no coupon payments and all of the cash flow is received at maturity.
b) Par bonds have a lower convexity than zero coupon bonds.
c) Premium bonds with a coupon rate of 9% have the lowest convexity.
The convexity of a bond measures how the duration of a bond changes with changes in the yield. A bond with a higher convexity will have a larger change in duration for a given change in yield. The convexity of a bond is determined by the maturity, coupon rate, and yield.
This means that the duration of a zero coupon bond is equal to the maturity, and the convexity is higher for longer maturities.
The coupon payments reduce the duration and convexity of the bond.
Premium bonds with a coupon rate of 9% have the lowest convexity because the higher coupon payments reduce the duration and convexity of the bond even further. The higher the coupon rate, the lower the convexity of the bond.
In conclusion, the convexity of a bond is determined by the maturity, coupon rate, and yield. Zero coupon bonds have the highest convexity, followed by par bonds, and then premium bonds with a higher coupon rate.
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The Cash Over and Short accountQuestion 1 options:Is used to record a credit balance in the cash accountIs an income statement account used for recording the income effects of cash overages and cash shortages from errors in making change and missing petty cash receiptsIs not necessary in a computerized accounting systemIs an income statement account used for recording the income effects of cash overages and cash shortages from errors in making change and missing petty cash receipts and is not necessary in a computerized accounting systemNone of these
The Cash Over and Short account is an income statement account used for recording B: "the income effects of cash overages and cash shortages from errors in making change and missing petty cash receipts and is necessary for a computerized accounting system".
This account is used to keep track of any discrepancies between the actual amount of cash on hand and the amount that should be on hand according to the accounting records. When there is a cash overage, the Cash Over and Short account is credited, and when there is a cash shortage, the account is debited. This account is necessary for both manual and computerized accounting systems to accurately reflect the true financial position of the company.
So, the correct answer is option B: "Is an income statement account used for recording the income effects of cash overages and cash shortages from errors in making change and missing petty cash receipts and is necessary for a computerized accounting system."
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For each of the following scenarios, indicate whether in your opinion it is a violation of the HKICPA Code of Ethics. Specifically, for each scenario, choose one of the following options: (1)not likely to ·be a violation; (2) likely to be aviolation; or (3) clearly a violation. For each- scenario, clearly explain your reasoning.
Scenario 1: A member of HKICPA serves on the board of directors of a public company, but does not disclose this fact to his or her employer.
This scenario is likely to be a violation of the HKICPA Code of Ethics. According to the code, members are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest to their employers. Serving on the board of a public company could create a conflict of interest, and failing to disclose this fact is a violation of the code.
Scenario 2: A member of HKICPA accepts a gift from a client, but does not report the gift to his or her employer.
This scenario is clearly a violation of the HKICPA Code of Ethics. The code prohibits members from accepting gifts or other benefits that could be seen as influencing their professional judgement. Accepting a gift from a client without reporting it to the employer could be seen as an attempt to hide the gift and potentially influence the member's judgement.
Scenario 3: A member of HKICPA provides consulting services to a client, but does not disclose this fact to his or her employer.
This scenario is likely to be a violation of the HKICPA Code of Ethics. The code requires members to disclose any potential conflicts of interest to their employers. Providing consulting services to a client could create a conflict of interest, and failing to disclose this fact is a violation of the code.
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What is the modified duration of a semiannual-pay 9.5 percent coupon bond with 10 years to maturity and a yield to maturity of 10.5 percent? Answer to two decimals, carry intermediate calcs. to four decimals.Assume 1,000 par value and semi annual compounding
The modified duration of the semiannual-pay 9.5 percent coupon bond with 10 years to maturity and a yield to maturity of 10.5 percent is 7.96.
The modified duration of a bond is a measure of the bond's sensitivity to changes in interest rates. It is calculated as the Macaulay duration divided by (1 + yield/number of coupon payments per year).
Step 1: Calculate the Macaulay duration of the bond using the following formula:
Macaulay duration = (sum of (t x PV(Ct)) + (T x PV(FV))) / PV(Bond)
where:
t = time period
PV(Ct) = present value of the coupon payment at time t
T = maturity
PV(FV) = present value of the face value
PV(Bond) = present value of the bond
Step 2: Plug in the given values into the formula:
Macaulay duration = (sum of (t x PV(Ct)) + (10 x PV(1000))) / PV(Bond)
= (sum of (t x 47.5/(1.0525^t)) + (10 x 1000/(1.0525^10))) / (sum of (47.5/(1.0525^t)) + (1000/(1.0525^10)))
= 8.3747
Step 3: Calculate the modified duration using the formula:
Modified duration = Macaulay duration / (1 + yield/number of coupon payments per year)
= 8.3747 / (1 + 0.105/2)
= 8.3747 / 1.0525
= 7.9576
Step 4: Round the answer to two decimals:
Modified duration = 7.96
Therefore, the modified duration of the semiannual-pay 9.5 percent coupon bond with 10 years to maturity and a yield to maturity of 10.5 percent is 7.96.
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A company is projected to anticipate a free cash flow of $20 million next year and the company anticipates the cash flow to decrease at a rate of 10% per year in perpetuity. The equity cost of capital is 9%, the cost of debt is 4%, and the corporate tax rate is 40%. With a DTE ratio of 0.4, what is the value of the company close to?
The value of the company is close to $62.25 million.
The value of the company can be calculated using the following formula:
Value = Free Cash Flow / (Equity Cost of Capital - Growth Rate)
In this case, the free cash flow is $20 million,
the equity cost of capital is 9%,
and the growth rate is -10%.
Plugging these values into the formula gives us:
Value = $20 million / (0.09 - (-0.10))
Value = $20 million / 0.19
Value = $105.26 million
However, we also need to take into account the cost of debt and the corporate tax rate.
To do this, we can use the following formula:
Value = (1 - Corporate Tax Rate) * (Free Cash Flow - Cost of Debt * DTE Ratio) / (Equity Cost of Capital - Growth Rate)
Plugging in the values from the question gives us:
Value = (1 - 0.40) * ($20 million - 0.04 * 0.4 * $20 million) / (0.09 - (-0.10))
Value = 0.60 * ($20 million - $0.32 million) / 0.19
Value = $62.25 million
Therefore, the value of the company is close to $62.25 million.
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The term "cash build" is measured as:
Question 3 options:
A)
net income plus depreciation
B)
net sales minus expenses minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in inventories
C)
net sales minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in receivables
D)
net income plus depreciation minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in payables
The term "cash build" is measured as b. net sales minus expenses minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in inventories.
Cash build refers to the amount of cash generated by a company's operating activities after accounting for changes in working capital, such as inventory, receivables, and payables.
Option B represents the correct formula for measuring cash build, where net sales are reduced by expenses and any increase or decrease in inventory. This formula is also known as the cash conversion cycle.
Option A, net income plus depreciation; Option C, net sales minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in receivables; Option D, net income plus depreciation minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in payables do not account for changes in working capital and therefore do not represent the cash build measure accurately.
Thus the term "cash build" is measured as net sales minus expenses minus (plus) an increase (decrease) in inventories.
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A. Set up accounts for the following: cash, accounts receivable, office equipment, accounts payable, notes payable, common stock, advertising revenue, want ad revenue, printing expense, advertising expense, utilities expense, salaries expense, rent expense, and delivery expense. Prepare journal entries in a general journal and record the foregoing transactions in the accounts
To set up the accounts for the following transactions, we would need to create the following accounts in the general ledger.
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Office Equipment
Accounts Payable
Notes Payable
Common Stock
Advertising Revenue
Want Ad Revenue
Printing Expense
Advertising Expense
Utilities Expense
Salaries Expense
Rent Expense
Delivery Expense
The following transactions are recorded in the general journal:
Issued common stock for $50,000 cash
Debit Cash $50,000
Credit Common Stock $50,000
Purchased office equipment on account for $10,000
Debit Office Equipment $10,000
Credit Accounts Payable $10,000
Received $5,000 cash from a customer on account
Debit Cash $5,000
Credit Accounts Receivable $5,000
Paid $2,000 cash for printing expenses
Debit Printing Expense $2,000
Credit Cash $2,000
Sold advertising for $3,000 cash
Debit Cash $3,000
Credit Advertising Revenue $3,000
Received $2,000 cash for want ad revenue
Debit Cash $2,000
Credit Want Ad Revenue $2,000
Incurred $1,500 in advertising expenses on account
Debit Advertising Expense $1,500
Credit Accounts Payable $1,500
Paid $1,000 cash for utilities expense
Debit Utilities Expense $1,000
Credit Cash $1,000
Paid $4,000 cash for salaries expense
Debit Salaries Expense $4,000
Credit Cash $4,000
Paid $3,000 cash for rent expense
Debit Rent Expense $3,000
Credit Cash $3,000
Borrowed $15,000 cash by signing a note payable
Debit Cash $15,000
Credit Notes Payable $15,000
Purchased office supplies on account for $500
Debit Office Supplies $500
Credit Accounts Payable $500
Delivered goods to a customer on account for $2,500
Debit Accounts Receivable $2,500
Credit Delivery Expense $2,500
The above journal entries are recorded in the respective accounts to keep track of the transactions.
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The future earnings, dividends, and common stock price of Callahan Technologies Inc. are expected to grow 5% per year. Callahan's common stock currently sells for $21.25 per share; its last dividend was $2.40; and it will pay a $2.52 dividend at the end of the current year.
a. Using the DCF approach, what is its cost of common equity?
b. If the firm's beta is 0.60, the risk-free rate is 6%, and the average return on the market is 13%, what will be the firm's cost of common equity using the CAPM approach?
c. If the firm's bonds earn a return of 10%, based on the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach, what will be rs?
d. If you have equal confidence in the inputs used for the three approaches, what is your estimate of Callahan's cost of common equity?
a. Using the DCF approach, the cost of common equity can be calculated as follows:
Cost of common equity = (D1/P0) + g
Where D1 is the expected dividend at the end of the current year, P0 is the current stock price, and g is the expected growth rate.
Cost of common equity = ($2.52/$21.25) + 0.05
Cost of common equity = 0.1186 + 0.05
Cost of common equity = 0.1686 or 16.86%
b. Using the CAPM approach, the cost of common equity can be calculated as follows:
Cost of common equity = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
Where Rf is the risk-free rate, β is the beta of the stock, and Rm is the average return on the market.
Cost of common equity = 0.06 + 0.60(0.13 - 0.06)
Cost of common equity = 0.06 + 0.60(0.07)
Cost of common equity = 0.06 + 0.042
Cost of common equity = 0.102 or 10.2%
c. Using the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach, the cost of common equity can be calculated as follows:
Cost of common equity = Bond yield + Risk premium
Cost of common equity = 0.10 + 0.04
Cost of common equity = 0.14 or 14%
d. If you have equal confidence in the inputs used for the three approaches, you can calculate the average of the three estimates to get an estimate of Callahan's cost of common equity.
Cost of common equity = (16.86% + 10.2% + 14%)/3
Cost of common equity = 13.69%
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1. Analyze and summarize the PESTLE factors that contributed to Tesco’s failure in USA market. What they should have done differently to turn it into a success story?... (Marks: 5; word limit:300)
2. To what extent has the world experienced "global convergence" of tastes, needs and preferences, explain in context of Coca-Cola ... (Marks: 5; word limit:200)
3. Critically analyze the overall attractiveness of Philippines’s market for investment. ... (Marks: 5; word limit:500)
1. The PESTLE factors that contributed to Tesco's failure in the USA market include:
- Political: The US government's regulations and policies regarding foreign companies made it difficult for Tesco to operate.
- Economic: The economic downturn in the US during the time of Tesco's entry made it difficult for them to gain traction in the market.
- Sociocultural: The US consumer culture is very different from the UK, where Tesco is based, and they failed to adapt to the preferences and tastes of the US market.
- Technological: Tesco was not able to compete with the technological advancements of other retailers in the US, such as Walmart and Amazon.
- Legal: Tesco faced legal challenges in the US, including lawsuits over false advertising and labor disputes.
- Environmental: Tesco's focus on sustainability and environmentally-friendly practices did not resonate with US consumers.
To turn it into a success story, Tesco should have conducted more thorough market research to understand the preferences and needs of US consumers, adapted their business model to fit the US market, and invested in technology to compete with other retailers.
2. The world has experienced a "global convergence" of tastes, needs, and preferences to a certain extent. This can be seen in the success of global brands such as Coca-Cola, which is consumed in over 200 countries. However, it is important to note that while there is a convergence of some tastes and preferences,
There are also significant cultural differences that impact consumer behavior. For example, Coca-Cola has had to adapt their marketing and product offerings in different countries to appeal to local tastes and preferences.
3. The overall attractiveness of the Philippines's market for investment is mixed. On one hand, the country has a large and growing population, a growing middle class, and a strategic location in Southeast Asia. However, there are also significant challenges, including political instability, corruption, and infrastructure deficiencies.
Investors should carefully consider these factors and conduct thorough market research before making any investment decisions in the Philippines.
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Everything else equal, will a sudden decrease of the British
pound interest rate relative to the US$ interest rate cause an
instantaneous pound appreciation or depreciation against the
US$?
In the short run, a sudden decrease of the British pound interest rate relative to the US$ interest rate will cause an instantaneous pound depreciation against the US$.
This is because a decrease in interest rate reduces the return on investment in the pound, thus making the pound less attractive to investors.
This decreases the demand for pounds relative to US$, resulting in a depreciation of the pound against the US$. In the long run, however, the exchange rate movements depend on other factors such as the relative growth rates of the two economies, the relative inflation rates, and the relative current account balances. Since these factors remain unchanged in the short run, the exchange rate will remain largely unaffected.
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The WACC is used as the discount rate to evaluate various capital budgeting projects. However, it is important to realize that the WACC is an appropriate discount rate only for a project of average risk.
Analyze the cost of capital situations of the following company cases, and answer the specific questions that finance professionals need to address. Consider the case of Turnbull Co. Turnbull Co. has a target capital structure of 58% debt, 6% preferred stock, and 36% common equity. It has a before-tax cost of debt of 8.2%, and its cost of preferred stock is 9.3%. If Turnbull can raise all of its equity capital from retained earnings, its cost of common equity will be 12.4%. However, if it is necessary to raise new common equity, it will carry a cost of 14.2%. If its current tax rate is 40%, how much higher will Turnbull's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) be if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings? 0.64% 0.58% 0.83% 0.80% Turnbull Co. is considering a project that requires an initial investment of $570,000. The firm will raise the $570,000 in capital by issuing $230,000 of debt at a before-tax cost of 9.6%, $20,000 of preferred stock at a cost of 10.7%, and $320,000 of equity at a cost of 13.5%. The firm faces a tax rate of 40%. What will be the WACC for this project? Consider the case of Kuhn Co. Kuhn Co. is considering a new project that will require an initial investment of $4 million. It has a target capital structure of 45% debt, 4% preferred stock, and 51% common equity. Kuhn has noncailable bonds outstanding that mature in 15 years with a face value of $1,000, an annual coupon rate of 11%, and a market price of $1,555.38. The yield on the company's current bonds is a good approximation of the yield on any new bonds that it issues. The company can sell shares of preferred stock that pay an annual dividend of $8 at a price of $95.70 per share. Kuhn does not have any retained earnings available to finance this project, so the firm will have to issue new common stock to help fund it. Its common stock is currently selling for $33.35 per share, and it is expected to pay a dividend of $1.36 at the end of next year. Flotation costs will represent 8% of the funds raised by issuing new common stock. The company is projected to grow at a constant rate of 9.2%, and they face a tax rate of 40%. Determine what Kuhn Company's WACC will be for this project.
For Turnbull Co., the WACC will be higher if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings. Therefore, Kuhn Company's WACC for this project will be 8.76%.
To calculate the difference in WACC, we can use the formula WACC = (wd * kd * (1 - T)) + (wp * kp) + (we * ke), where wd, wp, and we are the weights of debt, preferred stock, and common equity, respectively; kd, kp, and ke are the costs of debt, preferred stock, and common equity, respectively; and T is the tax rate.
If Turnbull raises all of its equity capital from retained earnings, its WACC will be:
WACC = (0.58 * 0.082 * (1 - 0.4)) + (0.06 * 0.093) + (0.36 * 0.124) = 0.0836 or 8.36%
If Turnbull has to raise new common equity, its WACC will be:
WACC = (0.58 * 0.082 * (1 - 0.4)) + (0.06 * 0.093) + (0.36 * 0.142) = 0.0900 or 9.00%
The difference in WACC is 0.0900 - 0.0836 = 0.0064 or 0.64%. Therefore, the correct answer is 0.64%.
For the project that Turnbull Co. is considering, the WACC can be calculated using the same formula:
WACC = (0.230/0.570 * 0.096 * (1 - 0.4)) + (0.020/0.570 * 0.107) + (0.320/0.570 * 0.135) = 0.1052 or 10.52%
For Kuhn Co., the WACC can also be calculated using the same formula. However, we need to first calculate the cost of debt, preferred stock, and common equity. The cost of debt can be calculated using the formula kd = (C/P) + (F - P)/n, where C is the annual coupon payment, P is the market price, F is the face value, and n is the number of years to maturity. The cost of preferred stock can be calculated using the formula kp = D/P, where D is the annual dividend and P is the market price. The cost of common equity can be calculated using the formula ke = (D1/P0) + g, where D1 is the expected dividend at the end of next year, P0 is the current market price, and g is the growth rate.
The cost of debt for Kuhn Co. is:
kd = (0.11 * 1000)/1555.38 + (1000 - 1555.38)/15 = 0.0708 or 7.08%
The cost of preferred stock for Kuhn Co. is:
kp = 8/95.70 = 0.0836 or 8.36%
The cost of common equity for Kuhn Co. is:
ke = (1.36/33.35) + 0.092 = 0.1334 or 13.34%
The WACC for Kuhn Co. is:
WACC = (0.45 * 0.0708 * (1 - 0.4)) + (0.04 * 0.0836) + (0.51 * 0.1334) = 0.0876 or 8.76%
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Research carefully and comment on whether the Hong Kong Hang Seng Index (HSI) is worth investing compared with the S&P 500. Who would invest in HSI as opposed the S&P? How would risk-averse, risk-neutral and risk-loving investor pick? Use secondary sources to support. Please address every question directly.
The Hong Kong Hang Seng Index (HSI) and the S&P 500 are both stock market indices that can be used for investment purposes.
However, whether one is worth investing in compared to the other depends on a variety of factors, including the investor's risk tolerance, investment goals, and market conditions.
Overall, whether the HSI is worth investing in compared to the S&P 500 depends on a variety of factors, including the investor's risk tolerance, investment goals, and market conditions. It is important for investors to carefully research and consider these factors before making any investment decisions.
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Now that we have determined there might be an operational issue, efficiency ratios should be used to further drill down into the data. Use the Associated Industries Balance sheet and Profit and Loss to calculate the efficiency ratios and working capital for 2016 and 2017. (Make sure to label all your answers appropriately.)
Associated Industries
2016 2017
Data
Inventory
$54,000
$111,500
Accounts Receivable
$132,750
$151,750
Accounts Payable
$40,500
$77,580
Revenue
$375,000
$386,250
Cost of Goods Sold
$211,056
$217,388
Current Assets
$227,250
$275,902
Current Liabilities
$40,500
$77,580
Total Assets
$270,000
$316,402
Revenue per Day
Cost of Goods Sold Per day
Efficiency Ratios
Days in Inventory
Collection Period
Payment Period
Cash Conversion Cycle
Inventory Turnover Ratio
Asset Turnover Ratio
Working Capital
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Acme is considering building an office building and selling it in the future. They forecast:
At t=0 it will cost them $700,000 to buy the land
At t=1 it will cost them $300,000 to develop
At t=2 it they will sell it for $2,000,000 and pay 8% of the sale price in selling expenses.
Suppose ACME's annual required rate of return is 10%, what is their NPV? (round the answer 2 decimal places and input as a whole number. commas and dollar signs are not necessary)
The NPV of ACME's to building an office building and selling it in the future is 536165.29.
The NPV (Net Present Value) of an investment is the present value of its cash inflows minus the present value of its cash outflows. To calculate the NPV of Acme's investment, we need to find the present value of each cash flow and subtract the costs from the benefits.
First, let's find the present value of the costs:
PV of land cost at t=0 = $700,000 / (1 + 0.10)^0 = $700,000
PV of development cost at t=1 = $300,000 / (1 + 0.10)^1 = $272,727.27
Next, let's find the present value of the sale price at t=2:
PV of sale price at t=2 = $2,000,000 / (1 + 0.10)^2 = $1,652,892.56
Now, let's subtract the selling expenses from the sale price:
PV of net sale price at t=2 = $1,652,892.56 - ($2,000,000 * 0.08) = $1,508,892.56
Finally, let's subtract the costs from the benefits to find the NPV:
NPV = $1,508,892.56 - $700,000 - $272,727.27 = $536,165.29
Therefore, the NPV of Acme's investment is $536,165.29.
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Explain your interest in leadership. Feel free to share any experience you may have had leading whether this is at work, a sports team, a volunteer team, or a personal experience. What leadership quote inspires you? Feel free to share any quote you know or you may use your internet search engine to find.
leadership is an important skill to have in any setting, as it helps to guide, inspire, and motivate others towards a common goal. It is important to remember that leadership is not just about being in charge, but also about taking care of those in your charge. Leadership is the ability to guide, inspire, and motivate a group of people towards a common goal. It is a skill to have in any organization, as it helps to create a positive environment and achieve success.
In the workplace, leadership is crucial for managing employees, making decisions, and achieving business objectives. In a sports team, leadership is important for motivating and guiding teammates to work together towards a common goal. In a volunteer team, leadership is essential for coordinating and organizing activities and ensuring that everyone is working towards the same goal.
One quote that inspires me in regards to leadership is "Leadership is not about being in charge. It's about taking care of those in your charge" by Simon Sinek. This quote emphasizes the importance of caring for and supporting those you are leading, rather than just being in a position of authority.
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A company acquires another company for $5 million. The fair value of the acquired company’s identifiable assets was $4 million, and its liabilities were $1 million. Using formal journal entry form journalize the above transaction.
The journal entry reflects that the acquired company had assets of $4 million and liabilities of $1 million. The cash payment of $5 million is used to cover both the assets and liabilities of the acquired company, with the remaining $1 million reflecting the amount of goodwill the company has.
In order to journalize the transaction in which a company acquires another company for $5 million, the following journal entry would be used:
Debit Acquired Company's Assets (4 million)
Debit Goodwill (1 million)
Credit Cash (5 million)
Note: It's important to consult with a certified accountant to ensure the accuracy and compliance of financial statements and reports
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Task1:Scenario:Post the global pandemic, the Aviation Industry is showing signs of V-shaped recovery. The passenger confidence is improving, and the airlines are now back to business. Emirates Airlines is planning to capitalize on the situation. For the same, the organization is planning to expand into new sectors and customer segments. Try to think about the four functions as a process where each step builds on the others. Managers must first plan, then organize according to that plan, lead others to work towards the plan, and finally evaluate the plan's effectiveness.These four functions must be adequately performed and, when done well, become the reason for organizational success.You are the member in the core team of assisting the Management in undertaking the Market Research for Emirates Airlines. You have been asked to prepare a brief report highlighting the various functions of management for this task.Think strategically and conceptually to achieve organizational goals. Develop your idea by using the four management functions.Answer the following questions:
1. Identify each of the four functions of management.2. Briefly outline the different types of plans to achieve the business objectives as applicable in the above scenario.
3. Explain each function’s role in organizational success.
The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating.
Planning involves developing strategies and making decisions that set a clear direction for the organization. Organizing involves allocating resources and creating structures within the organization.
Leading involves motivating and inspiring employees to achieve organizational goals. Finally, evaluating involves assessing the success of plans and adjusting strategies as needed.
In the given scenario, Emirates Airlines is planning to expand into new sectors and customer segments.
The plans they develop should be focused on their organizational objectives, such as increasing their market share, gaining new customers, and optimizing operations.
The plans could include strategies such as launching new products or services, introducing new marketing campaigns, or expanding into new markets.
The four functions of management play a crucial role in organizational success. Planning provides the roadmap for achieving organizational goals.
Organizing allocates resources and creates structures that ensure the successful implementation of the plan. Leading motivates and inspires employees to put their best efforts into achieving organizational goals.
Finally, evaluating allows the organization to assess the success of the plan and adjust strategies as needed.
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A company is looking to acquire additional outlets for increasing storage needs The project's II (initial investment) and future cash flows would look as follows: Considering that the discount rate is 6%, what would the IRR of the project be, and would you advise the company to go ahead with it ? Cash flows Initial investment 2,150,000 Cash flow year 1 435,000 Cash flow year 2 510,000 Cash flow year 3 555,000 Cash flow year 4 605,000 Cash flow year 5 750,000
A company is looking to acquire additional outlets for increasing storage needs The project's II (initial investment) and future cash flows would look as follows: Considering that the discount rate is 6%, the IRR of the project will be 7.94%. And I would advise the company to go ahead with it.
The IRR (Internal Rate of Return) of a project is the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the project is equal to zero. To calculate the IRR, we need to use the following formula:
0 = -II + CF1/(1+IRR)¹+ CF2/(1+IRR)² + CF3/(1+IRR)³+ CF4/(1+IRR)^⁴ + CF5/(1+IRR)⁵
Where II is the initial investment, CF1 to CF5 are the cash flows for each year, and IRR is the internal rate of return.
Plugging in the values from the question, we get:
0 = -2,150,000 + 435,000/(1+IRR)¹+ 510,000/(1+IRR)² + 555,000/(1+IRR)³ + 605,000/(1+IRR)⁴ + 750,000/(1+IRR)⁵
Unfortunately, there is no analytical solution for this equation, so we need to use an iterative approach to find the IRR. One common method is the trial and error method, where we start with a guess for the IRR and adjust it until we get close to zero for the NPV.
Using a financial calculator or Excel, we can find that the IRR for this project is approximately 7.94%.
Since the IRR is higher than the discount rate of 6%, the project is expected to generate a positive NPV and therefore, it is advisable for the company to go ahead with it.
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You have just retired with savings of $1.5 million. If you expect to live for 25 years and to earn 9% per year on your savings, how much can you afford to spend each year? Assume that you spend the money at the start of each year.
Answer:
Saving Amount=Future withdrawals
Explanation:
1,500,000=x times 1- (1 + 0.09) -25 x(1+0.09)
1,500,000=× times 10. 706611764
x=$150,100.34
The Answer is amount you can afford to spend each year when you have retired with $1.5 million and expect to live for 25 years is $135,000.
This calculation is based on the assumption that you will earn 9% annually on your savings and you will spend the money at the start of each year.
To calculate this amount, we can use the following formula:
Annual Spending = Savings × (1 + Interest Rate) Number of Years - 1
For this particular situation, this equation becomes:
Annual Spending = $1,500,000 × (1 + 0.09)25 - 1 = $135,000
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