Answer:
(1.) Gorbachev took a stance of nonintervention in communist bloc uprisings
(2.) Peace within the Soviet Union allowed groups to agree on the decision to end the country.
Explanation:
Hope it helps!
Which of the following was an effect of American imperialism in the Pacific?
American imperialism in the Pacific had several effects, including:
Annexation of Hawaii:
The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898, which gave the U.S. a strategic foothold in the Pacific and access to important resources such as sugar.
Acquisition of Guam and the Philippines:
The U.S. also acquired Guam and the Philippines as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898. This gave the U.S. control over important trade routes in the Pacific and access to new markets.
Increased U.S. naval presence:
The U.S. expanded its naval presence in the Pacific, establishing naval bases in places like Hawaii and Guam. This helped the U.S. project its military power in the region and protect its economic interests.
Cultural and social impacts:
American imperialism in the Pacific had significant cultural and social impacts. For example, American missionaries introduced Christianity to many Pacific islands, and American influence led to the adoption of Western-style education systems and legal codes.
Resistance and resentment:
American imperialism in the Pacific also led to resistance and resentment from local populations who felt that their sovereignty and way of life were being threatened. This resistance took various forms, including armed rebellion, peaceful protests, and cultural movements.
PLEASE SOMEONE HELP ME
1. To what the phrases ¨the dark past,¨ the ¨stony¨ road, and the ¨way that with tears has been watered¨ refer?
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2. What do you think Johnson means by the lines, ¨Have not our weary feet / Come to the place for which our fathers sighed?¨
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3. What does the song tell you about the religious beliefs of some African Americans at the time?
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4. How would you compare the tone of Johnson's poem with the work of Wharton and Fitzergreald?
The song that the speakers want us to sing is brimming with trust and optimism. The second stanza delves deeply into African Folks' incredibly challenging past. The speakers make reference to the "rod" that was used to "chasten" African-Americans as well as the "stony" path they had travelled.
What is the black national anthem poem?
Raise Every Voice and Sing, a hymn that is sometimes referred to as "The African National Anthem," was penned as a poem by NAACP founder James Weldon Johnson in 1900. The poems' music was written by John Rosamond Johnson, his brother, who lived from 1873 to 1954.
The national anthem is a song that serves as a reminder that our warriors battle to keep us secure and that we are fortunate to live in a free nation. The song is typically played before to sporting events in order to thank and remember those who put their life in danger so that we might live in peace.
Etymology. The word "anthem" comes from the Greek "v" (antphna) through the Old English word "antefn." These terms originally applied to call-and-response singing techniques called antiphons. "Antimic" is the adjectival form.
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After one of Joshua Glover's rescuers was arrested, the Wisconsin Supreme Court challenged the constitutionality of the _____.
A.Compromise of 1850
B.Petition Gag Rule
C.Gradual Emancipation Act
D.Fugitive Slave Act
The Yellow Press
The American people’s sympathy for the Cuban rebels played a large role in bringing about the war. American sympathies were fanned daily by sensational headlines in the newspapers. In the 1890's newspapers attracted readers by playing up scandalous and sensational news. News stories that used big headlines, dramatic pictures and emotional writing were known as ‘yellow journalism.’ Especially influential were the New York city newspapers owned by Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer(New York World). Both publishers squeezed all the sensation they could out of the violent conflict in Cuba.
Their reporters wrote of the terrible suffering of the Cuban people and the atrocities committed by the Spanish, many which were exaggerated. Their front pages were filled with exaggerated and sometimes fabricated stories of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. There were false stories about wells being poisoned and little children being thrown to sharks. American journalists who were not allowed to enter the areas where fighting was taking place, would sit around in bars in Havana and make up reports about battles that never took place.
4a. What was the “Yellow Press?”
4b. How did the “Yellow Press” contribute to the start of the Spanish American war?
Newspaper reporting that prioritized sensationalism over truth was referred to as yellow journalism.
What is meant by yellow journalism?Yellow journalism, often known as yellow press, refers to journalism and related newspapers that show little to no real, in-depth news in favor of employing catchy headlines to boost readership. Methods could involve sensationalizing, exaggerating newsworthy occurrences, or some combination of these. Newspaper reporting that placed more of an emphasis on sensationalism than on facts was known as yellow journalism. While it was at its height in the late 19th century, it was one of several elements that influenced the United States and Spain to go to war in Cuba and the Philippines, which resulted in the United States acquiring foreign territory. Yellow journalism refers to news reports that are more concerned with drawing readers' attention than with presenting accurately reported news.Therefore,
It was one among many elements during its heyday in the late 19th century that influenced the United States and Spain to go to war in Cuba and the Philippines, which resulted in the United States gaining control of foreign territory.
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9. How did the Confederate States of
America use the song "Dixie's Land”?
a. to promote their cause
b. to inspire the enemy
c. to have entertainment for the army
d. to boost record sales
The Confederate States of America used the song "Dixie's Land" to promote their cause during the American Civil War.
What was the song Dixie's Land?The song was considered an unofficial anthem of the Confederacy and was widely played and sung at rallies, parades, and other events.
The lyrics of the song celebrated the Southern way of life, including the institution of slavery, and were meant to inspire and rally supporters of the Confederacy.
Therefore, option A - to promote their cause - is the correct answer.
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What facilities in Hawaii did the Japanese not attack that allowed the US Navy to recover quickly?
a. Storage depots
b. Repair facilities
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above
e. They destroyed everything
The facilities in Hawaii that the Japanese did not attack that allowed the US Navy to recover quickly were the oil storage facilities, repair yards, and submarine base located in Pearl Harbor. Option c
The Japanese hoped that the attack would enable them to gain control of the Pacific Ocean and increase their military superiority over the United States. The United States military suffered significant losses, with nearly 2,500 soldiers, sailors, and civilians killed, and almost 200 planes destroyed, eight battleships damaged or destroyed, and more than 150 American aircraft destroyed. Nonetheless, the Japanese did not destroy the oil storage tanks, which would have made the US Navy's recovery even more difficult.
The repair yards and the submarine base, too, were left alone. The attack on Pearl Harbor caused the US to enter World War II, and it was critical in boosting morale and increasing military involvement in the Pacific. In any event, the attack demonstrated that the US needed to maintain a more significant military presence in Hawaii and improve its military capabilities.
Thus option C is correct
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How did the Russian Revolution impact World War I?
Answer:
Explanation:
Russian Revolution impact World War is that the Russians pulled out from the war, enabling the Germans to focus on the Western front.
The Russian Revolution is a known revolution in history as it influenced the final result of WWI. It allowed the Germans to focus on the Western Front, and place pressured on the Americans to send more military and economic aid to the Allies.
Conclusively, The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I as it removed Russia from the war and made thd transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) a reality.
What action did the colonies take after the punishments for the Boston Tea Party were introduced?
After the punishments for the Boston Tea Party were introduced, the colonies took the action of boycotting British goods.
What was the Boston Tea Party? The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that happened on December 16, 1773, in Boston, Massachusetts. The protestors, who were American colonists, were against Britain's taxation policy. The colonists dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the Atlantic Ocean. The event was the culmination of resistance by colonists in Boston to the Tea Act passed by the British Parliament in 1773.A direct result of this action was the Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts which were harsh punishments the British government imposed on Boston following the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Port Act closed Boston Harbor until the damage from the Boston Tea Party was repaid.
The Massachusetts Government Act restricted the democratic rights of Massachusetts citizens. Other Acts were the Quartering Act and the Administration of Justice Act. Colonies take after the punishments for the Boston Tea Party were introduce dafter the Coercive Acts were imposed, the colonies took the action of boycotting British goods.
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the Qing dynasty was weakened by pressure from the west as well as by
The Qing dynasty was weakened by pressure from the west as well as by internal rebellions and corruption.
The Qing dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China and ruled from 1644 to 1912. The dynasty faced several challenges during its reign, including increasing pressure from Western powers, such as Britain and France, who sought to expand their trade and influence in China.
This pressure led to a series of unequal treaties, which further weakened the Qing dynasty's control over its territory. In addition to external pressures, the Qing dynasty also faced internal rebellions and corruption. The Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1850 to 1864, was one of the most significant internal rebellions, resulting in the deaths of millions of people and weakening the Qing dynasty's authority.
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Complete Question:
the Qing dynasty was weakened by pressure from the west as well as by whom?
what is the name of the rival kingdom that hank fought in a connecticut yankee in king arthurs court
The rival kingdom that Hank fought in "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" is known as the "Kingdom of the East Angles."
In the novel "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court," the protagonist, Hank Morgan, finds himself transported back to King Arthur's court. Hank was an engineer in the modern-day Connecticut, and he brought his knowledge of science and technology with him to the sixth century.
While in the past, Hank eventually comes into conflict with the Kingdom of the East Angles. Their king, Prince Edward, is married to King Arthur's half-sister, Princess Morgan le Fay. However, he is unfaithful to her and instead becomes enamored with a lady-in-waiting named Alisande.
Hank intervenes to try and prevent the situation from escalating into war, but Prince Edward refuses to listen to reason. As a result, Hank is forced to lead an army against the East Angles in battle.
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3) analysis: what does: "clearly, spain had ceased to be cuba's economic metropolis...it was now
america..." suggest to you about how americans might have viewed themselves in 1898 in
relation to both spain and cuba?
The long-standing dictatorial government apparatus was overthrown, and, at least in principle, Cubans were guaranteed representation in some domestic electoral institutions as well as in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament).
Six years after the passage of emancipation legislation in 1880, slavery was abolished. Eventually, a more egalitarian pattern of racial relations that was noticeably less tense than in the United States started to emerge in Cuban society. Cuba's population experienced a significant process of Hispanization at the same time as a result of a large influx of Spanish immigrants (approximately 709,000 arrived between 1868 and 1894). This process was especially evident in the country's major cities.
There were numerous American citizens living in Cuba, and the United States had invested millions of dollars in companies there. The US and Cuba also engaged in commerce. To defend its citizens and commercial interests in Cuba during the conflict of 1898, the United States provided support. The Spanish-American War was the name of this conflict.
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which two planets were in conjunction this past week?
This past week, Jupiter and Saturn were in conjunction.
A conjunction occurs when two or more planets appear to come close together in the sky from our viewpoint on Earth. A conjunction is a relatively rare occurrence because planets move at different speeds and are located at varying distances from the sun, making it difficult for them to align. When planets do come together, they can create some spectacular sights for stargazers and space enthusiasts around the world. There are also different types of conjunctions, including a great conjunction, which happens when Jupiter and Saturn meet in the sky about every 20 years.
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How did the defeat of Spain and Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars help to bring about political changes in Latin America?
answer choices
It made Napoleon the ruler of Latin America
It provided Latin Americans the opportunity to rebel
It allowed the British to establish colonies in Latin America
It provided Latin Americans the opportunity to rebel. The defeat of Spain and Portugal during the Napoleonic Wars allowed Latin Americans the opportunity to rebel, which contributed to political changes in the region.
The loss of European influence created a power vacuum in Latin America, allowing local movements to grow and gain strength. Latin Americans had long been unhappy with the rule of Spain and Portugal, and their defeat provided an opportunity for them to begin to create their own political systems. A series of revolutions began across Latin America in the early 19th century, leading to the establishment of independent republics.
These republics were modeled after the United States and France, with democratic constitutions and governments that were meant to represent the people. The wars also weakened Spain and Portugal's hold on their colonies in the Americas, leading to the eventual loss of their territories. This allowed the United States and other European powers to establish colonies in the region, which further contributed to the political and economic changes taking place.
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major ethnic strife in canada came in the 1870s and 1880s, when louis riel led a band of disaffected people of mixed european and indigenous ancestry, who were known as the
The major ethnic strife in Canada came in the 1870s and 1880s, when Louis Riel led a band of disaffected people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, who were known as the Métis.
What was the Red River Rebellion?The Red River Rebellion took place in 1869 and 1870. It was a conflict in which the Métis and Indigenous peoples of the Red River Valley, led by Louis Riel, opposed the transfer of the Western interior of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company to the Dominion of Canada. After several months of political and military action, the rebellion ended when the Canadian government acquired Manitoba and promised to respect Métis rights.According to the above context, Louis Riel led a group of mixed ancestry, called the Métis. It was the major ethnic strife in Canada that came in the 1870s and 1880s.What was Louis Riel's role in Canada's history?Louis Riel was a political leader of the Métis in Canada. He led two uprisings against the Canadian government: the Red River Rebellion in 1869-70 and the North-West Rebellion in 1885. Riel was charged with high treason and executed by the Canadian government for his role in the latter uprising. He is regarded as a controversial figure in Canadian history and has been both praised and criticized for his actions.
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how did the settlement patterns of population in the northern states differ from the southern states in the years prior to the civil war?
The distribution of building structures as well as houses in a rural settlement is referred to as a settlement pattern. Geographers, historians, as well as anthropologists seem to be interested in settlement patterns because they provide insight into how a community has evolved over time.
This was due to the region's economic focus on manufacturing and trade, which attracted large numbers of immigrants and workers from rural areas. In contrast, the South had a more dispersed population pattern, with many people living on small farms or plantations. This was due to the region's reliance on agriculture, particularly the cultivation of cotton and tobacco, which required large amounts of land and labor. As a result, the South had a more rural and agricultural economy, with fewer urban centers and less industrial development.
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A historian is interested in studying the role of women during the Industrial
Revolution. He finds a recently published secondary source that includes this
information:
The Wealthlest Women During the 19th-Century Industrial
Revolution:
• Were able to hire servants to do the majority of
housework
. Often worked for charities or became activists
• Pushed for social reforms such as women's rights and
the right to vote
Which piece of information would most help him understand the historical
context of these facts?
The best choices come first. To handle the majority of the chores, we were able to hire servants.
The industrial revolution: what is it?The Industrial Revolution was the change to new industrial techniques that took place in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States between roughly 1760 and about 1820–1840.
The change involved switching from manual to mechanical production methods, developing new methods for producing chemicals and iron, using water and steam power more and more, developing machine tools, and establishing mechanised factory systems. Productivity increased dramatically, which caused the population to increase at an unprecedented rate.
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why did the american medical association oppose truman's proposal for national health insurance in 1949?
The American medical affiliation go against Truman's proposition for public health care coverage in 1949 they denounced it as socialized medicine. option (B) is correct.
However, Congress endorsed Truman's expansion of Government-backed retirement benefits, dismissed the possibility of public medical care, tried not to pass any new social liberties regulation, and neglected to forcefully handle worries over fair work rehearses in all equitable countries under danger from outside or inner dictator powers.
Truman contended that the US could never again hold on and permit the effective extension of Soviet autocracy into free, autonomous countries since American public safety currently relied on something other than the actual security of the American region. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
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This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
why did the American medical association oppose truman's proposal for national health insurance in 1949?
A. They considered it a corporate sellout
B. They denounced it as socialized medicine
C. The organization claimed it was insufficient
D. The group feared for the future of Medicare
No new state can be admitted to the Union without the permission of
The President
The Congress
The Supreme Court
2/3 of state legislatures
Use the graphic organizer and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question. Sectionalism+Slavery+?=Causes of the Cuvil war What best completes the graphic organizer above? British Mercantilism States' Rights Slavery O Congressional Compromises
Sectionalism+Slavery= State rights. is the correct choice from the given options.
What is the state's significance?Protection of life and property: While the state serves as the fundamental pillar for the upkeep of law and order, it also serves to safeguard the citizens' personal property. 4. Protection of Weaker Members of Society: The state also defends minorities, women, and other weaker members of society. The state legislature has concurrent authority over issues included in List III of the Constitution's Seventh Schedule and exclusive authority over those listed in List II. The legislature has the authority to authorise all state government borrowing, taxes, and expenditures. The Constitution also acknowledges the authority of state governments in the Tenth Amendment. They traditionally encompassed the welfare, health, and education "police powers."
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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many people proclaimed their desire for liberty and equality. What sort of people gained greater liberty and equality? What people did not? What do you think liberty and equality meant to people in those two centuries? What do they mean to you today?
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many people proclaimed their desire for liberty and equality. However, the extent to which different groups were able to achieve greater liberty and equality varied widely.
In many cases, white men of property and education were able to gain greater political and economic freedom during this period. This was particularly true in Western Europe and North America, where the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution helped to promote individual rights and limited government. These men gained greater access to political power, economic opportunities, and educational resources, and they were able to exercise greater control over their own lives.
However, for other groups, such as women, people of color, and the working classes, the struggle for liberty and equality was more difficult. Women were largely excluded from political and economic power, and people of color were often enslaved, colonized, or subjected to institutional racism. The working classes faced long hours, low wages, and poor working conditions, and they were often denied the right to organize or to advocate for their own interests.
The meaning of liberty and equality in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries varied depending on one's social and political context. For many white men of property and education, liberty and equality meant the ability to exercise individual rights and to participate in political and economic life. For women, people of color, and the working classes, liberty and equality often meant a struggle for recognition, representation, and basic human rights.
Today, liberty and equality continue to be important values, although their meaning has evolved and expanded over time. For many people, liberty means the ability to exercise personal autonomy and to be free from undue interference by the state or other actors. Equality means the ability to access resources, opportunities, and protections on an equal basis regardless of one's race, gender, sexuality, or other characteristics.
In two to three sentences, explain what ghettos were.
Answer:During the Holocaust, the creation of ghettos was a key step in the Nazi process of brutally separating persecuting and ultimately destroying Europe's Jews.
second example:Jews were forced to move into the ghettos where living conditions were miserable. Ghettos were often enclosed districts that isolated Jews from the non Jewish population and from other Jewish communities.
Explanation:
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what impact did the civil rights act of 1964 have on american law?
Answer:
The Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs. It also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.
Based on the historical situation in which the speech was given, Hitler’s most significant motivation for giving the speech was likely to continue to
make his case to the German people that Jews and other minority populations were a threat to Germany
eliminate potential opposition to Nazi rule by labeling political opponents as traitors to the German nation
overstate the extent to which Nazi economic policies had helped Germany overcome the unjust actions of its Western European rivals and prosper again
reinforce the idea to the German people that past injustices required Germany to continue its military buildup and engage in future territorial expansion
Based on the historical situation in which the speech was given, Hitler's most significant motivation for giving the speech was likely to continue to make his case to the German people that Jews and other minority populations were a threat to Germany.
The speech was given on January 30, 1939, just a few months before Germany invaded Poland and the start of World War II. Hitler had already established a strong anti-Semitic and anti-minority platform in his political agenda, and this speech was meant to reinforce these ideas and to rally support for his government's policies.While other factors such as the elimination of political opposition, overstatement of Nazi economic policies, and territorial expansion were also part of Hitler's political agenda, the primary motivation behind this particular speech was to continue to spread his anti-Semitic and anti-minority message to the German people and to reinforce their belief in the need for aggressive military action.
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what form does zeus take when perseus is conceived?
In Greek mythology, Perseus is the son of the mortal Danae and the god Zeus. According to the myth, Zeus visited Danae in the form of a shower of gold and impregnated her.
Therefore, Zeus did not take a physical form that was recognizably human or animal-like, but rather appeared as a divine manifestation of golden rain.
It is worth noting that Greek gods and goddesses were often depicted as shapeshifters, able to take on different forms and appear in various guises to interact with humans. In this case, Zeus chose to appear as a shower of gold to impregnate Danae, demonstrating his ability to take on a variety of forms and manipulate the natural world to achieve his desires.
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Wreckage from an 1894 collision between two vessels was found at the bottom of which Great Lake?ALake HuronBLake MichiganCLake Superior
Answer: I'm pretty sure it's A
Explanation:
Austria-Hungary was concerned about Serbia’s desire to be an independent state because
of Austria-Hungary's worries about its own Slavic minorities.
of feelings in Austria-Hungary that Serbia was not capable of being independent.
of Austria-Hungary’s fear of Serbia’s superior military strength.
of Austria-Hungary’s history of disliking Slavic peoples.
The correct response is A. Austria-Hungary was concerned about Serbia’s desire to be an independent state because of Austria-Hungary's worries about its own Slavic minorities.
The irredentist South Slavic movements supported by Serbia were seen as a threat to the unity of Austria-Hungary's multinational empire. Austria intended to strike Serbia militarily after the murder in order to show Serbia its own power and to reduce Serbian support for Yugoslav nationalism. However, Vienna requested a promise from its ally Germany that Berlin would defend Austria in any confrontation because it was concerned about how the Russian Empire—a significant Serbia supporter—would react. Germany pushed Austria to launch an immediate attack while there was widespread support for Ferdinand in order to localize the conflict and prevent it from involving Russia, even though it had already pledged its backing through what became known as the "blank cheque."
But instead of mounting an immediate assault with the available Austrian authorities discussed until the middle of July before agreeing that Austria would issue a stern ultimatum to Serbia on July 23 and would refrain from attacking without fully mobilizing the Austro-Hungarian Army.
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Main question is what events MOST contributed to the start of the Civil War?
POSSIBLE EVENTS TO DISCUSS:
Wilmot Proviso
The Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Law—1850
Uncle Tom’s Cabin—Harriet Beecher Stowe
Kansas Nebraska Act 1854
Bleeding Kansas
Charles Sumner Beating—Preston Brooks
Nativism and the Know Nothings
The New Republican Party Forms
The Dred Scott Decision 1857
Lincoln Douglas Debates
Harpers Ferry Incident
Election of 1860 - Lincoln Elected President
Southern Secession—the Confederacy
Answer:
Compromise of 1850.
Explanation:
The immediate result of the Compromise of 1850 was to avert the threat of dissolution of the United States. The secession of the South and creation of the Confederacy was postponed for a decade. The concept of popular sovereignty was soon to result in a proxy civil war in the Kansas Territory.
3. And most of those slaves were ___________________ born, because the brutal living and working conditions prevented natural population growth.
Answer:
Explanation: And most of those slaves were not native-born, because the brutal living and working conditions prevented natural population growth. Slavery in the United States relied heavily on the importation of enslaved Africans, who were forcibly brought to the Americas to work on plantations and in other industries. The conditions of slavery were often brutal and inhumane, and many enslaved people suffered from malnutrition, disease, and physical abuse. As a result, the natural population growth of enslaved people was often limited, and the majority of those held in slavery were not born in the United States.
in contrast to what transpired during world war i, germany during world war ii was able to
Answer:
In contrast to what transpired during World War I, Germany during World War II was able to surrender to the Allies only after the country had been invaded and occupied by Allied troops.
The Allied Powers defeated Germany in World War II, which ended in Europe on May 8, 1945, with Germany's surrender. In World War I, Germany surrendered to the Allies on November 11, 1918, after it became apparent that the country could not win the war.Germany was able to recover economically and militarily after World War I and exerted its strength in World War II. Adolf Hitler, who became the Führer (leader) of Germany in 1933, rose to power in Germany in the years leading up to World War II.Hitler was able to increase the size of the German military and began to seize territory in Europe. When Hitler broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with the Soviet Union and invaded the country in 1941, the Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers against Germany, greatly enhancing their strength.The Allied Powers, led by the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, continued to attack Germany until it surrendered. They fought on two fronts, in the Pacific and in Europe, finally ending World War II.
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what generalization can you make about the size of the black population in the north in 1860?
In 1860, the black population in the North of the United States was generally smaller than the white population. The majority of black people in the United States at that time lived in the South, where they were enslaved and made up a significant portion of the population.
While there were black communities in many Northern cities, they tended to be relatively small and concentrated in urban areas.
According to the 1860 U.S. Census, the black population of New York City, for example, was approximately 12% of the total population, while in Philadelphia it was around 5%. In some smaller Northern cities, the black population was even smaller, often less than 1% of the total population.
It is worth noting, however, that the experiences of black people in the North varied widely depending on the specific city or region in which they lived. While some Northern cities were relatively welcoming to black migrants from the South, others were marked by discrimination, segregation, and violence against black communities.
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