Permutation P-values should never be zero: calculating exact P-values when permutations are randomly drawn
This is a research paper whose authors are Belinda Phipson , Gordon K Smyth,
Abstract:
Permutation tests are among the most extensively used statistical procedures in current genomic research, and they include randomly permuting the sample or gene labels to assign p-values to test statistics. However, permutation p-values reported in the genomic literature are frequently estimated improperly, understating the number of permutations by roughly 1/m. When Monte Carlo simulation is used to assign p-values, the same thing frequently happens. Although the p-value understatement is generally small in absolute terms, the repercussions in a multiple testing situation might be severe.The underestimation stems from the intuitive but incorrect notion of using permutation to estimate the tail probability of the test statistic. Instead, we propose that permutation should be understood as yielding an exact discrete null distribution. The relevant literature, some of which is likely to have been relatively unavailable to the genetic community, is reviewed and summarised.Conclusions:
When permutations are selected at random, a computing approach is established for accurate p-values. The approach works for any number of permutations and samples. Some basic guidelines are offered for the practical application of permutation testing.To learn more about statistics, visit :
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Bill has twice as much money as Bob. Paul has $12 more than Bill. Together they have $92. How much money does Bob have?
Answer:
$16
Step-by-step explanation:
Let x = how much money Bob has. (x)
Bob has twice as much money as Bob. (2x)
Paul has $12 more than Bill. (2x+12)
To find out how much money Bob has, we can add our expressions for each person and set them equal to 92.
x + 2x + 2x + 12 = 92
To simplify this equation, we first need to find the like terms and add them.
1x + 2x + 2x = 5x
5x + 12 = 92
Now that we have done that, we can find how much money Bob has by solving for x. First, we subtract 12 on both sides of the equation.
5x + 12 - 12 = 92 - 12
5x = 80
Then we divided by 5 on both sides of the equation.
5x/5 = 80/5
x = 16
Since x = 16, we know that Bob has 16 dollars.
there are four even integers in the top five rows of pascal's triangle. how many even integers are in the top 10 rows of the triangle?
There are 22 even numbers in the top 10 rows.
Pascal's triangle is the triangular array of numbers that begins with 1 on the top and with 1's running down the two sides of a triangle.
The tip of the triangle starts with 1 and the 1 starts continuing to both the ends of the triangle in each row and in between there is the sum.
For example:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
In the above manner, it continues.
now, for 10 rows the pascal triangle will be:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
for five rows in the top, the even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 4 which are 4 in total.
for 10 rows in the top, the numbers are 2, 4, 6, 4, 10, 10, 6, 20, 6, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 36, 84, 126, 126, 84, 36
Hence there are 22 even numbers in the top 10 rows.
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Show Your Work
The steps a student took to solve an equation are shown below.
2(x+4)= 6(x-2)
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
-2x-8=6x-12
-8=4x-12
4 = 4x
x = 1
What error did the student make and what is the correct value
of x?
Answer:
x=5
Step-by-step explanation:
step 1 : exapnding 2(x+4) will give you 2x +8 , the student made an error in expanding
so it should then be 2x+8 = 6x-12
and then if you move the letters to one side and the numbers to the other you will get :
-4x = -20
x=5
hope this works :)
x=5
Step-by-step explanation:
the student added a minus in 2x and 8 when it's suppose to be an addition that is the error
2(x+4)=6(x-2)
2x+8=6x-12
2x-6x=-8-12
-4x=-20
x= -20/-4= 5
x=5
A line with a slope of -1/12 passes through the point (0, 11). What is its equation in slope-intercept form ?
Answer:
y = -1/12x + 11
Step-by-step explanation:
An ordered pair is the form (x,y) Us the x and y from the point and the slope to find the y intercept and then you can write the equation.
Use o for x and 11 and or y and - 1/12 for m
y = mx + b
11 = (-1/12)(0) + b
11 = b
y = -1/12x + 11
Answer:
Y = -1/12 x + 11
Step-by-step explanation:
Start with point (0,11) slope ( -1/12) form :
(y-11) = -1/12 (x-0)
re-arrange to slope intercept form just by adding 11 to both sides
y = -1/12 x + 11
It takes Mr.Rose 10 hours to complete a painting job. His helper John can complete the same job in 15 hours. If Mr.Rose and John work together, how long will it take them to complete the job?
Answer: 25 hours long time"
Yan po yung sagot pa brainliest po
Step-by-step explanation:
. a boat costs x dollars, and this cost is to be shared equally by a group of people. in terms of x, how many dollars less will each person contribute if there are 4 people in the group instead of 3
Answer:
x/12
Step-by-step explanation:
In terms of x with no dollar numbers provided, the amount LESS for 4 people versus 3 would be x/3 - x/4. Getting 12 as the LCD and subtracting gives x/12 less to pay.
Ross is buying pecans and cashews at the supermarket. There is a proportional relationship between the weight of the nuts and the cost.
This table shows the cost of pecans:
Pecans
Weight (pounds) Cost
0.5 $5
1.5 $15
4 $40
This equation describes the cost of cashews, where y represents the cost in dollars and x represents the weight in pounds:
y=9.35x
Which nuts have a higher unit price?
How much more do those nuts cost?
$
more per pound
The nut that has the higher unit price is pecans.
The pecans cost $0.65 more than cashews.
Which nut cost more?Looking at the table of the cost of pecan, it can be seen that the cost of pecan increase by $10 for every 1 pound increase in weight.
Cost of one pound of pecan : $5 / 0.5 = $10
A linear function is a function that has one dependent variable and one independent variable. A linear function represents a straight line on a coordinate plane.
A linear function has the form: a + bx
Where:
a = constant b = independent variabley = 9.35x
Cost of one pound of cashew : 9.35 x 1 = $9.35
Difference in cost = $10 - $9.35 = $0.65
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Your set of measuring cups consists of one, a half, a third and a quarter cup measures. If one cup equals 240ml, how many litres does your set hold?
Answer:
0.5L
Step-by-step explanation:
240ml = 1 cup
120ml = 1/2 cup
80ml = 1/3 cup
60ml = 1/4 cup
^ add together and get 500ml, change unit to liters and your set will hold 0.5l
Given the figure below, find the values of x and z.
20
X
(5x + 39)°
71°
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
(5x+39)° and 71° are in a straight line therefore their summation will have to give us 180°(supplementary angles)5x+39°+71°=180°5x=180°-39°-71°5x=70°[tex]\frac{5x}{5} =\frac{70}{5} \\x=14\\[/tex] z is vertically opposite to 71° therefore z= 71°What is the length, in inches, of EG?
y−t/x=m Solve for 'y'.
Answer:
y = m(x) + t
Step-by-step explanation:
Pretty sure this is the right answer...
Hope this helps! :D
“simplify the expression 14.4+(- 8.2)” need help
Answer:
6.2
Step-by-step explanation:
Convert the equation to absolute value
[tex]14.4\pm-8.2[/tex]
Simplify
[tex]\\14.4-8.2\\6.2[/tex]
select the points you need to calculate the average rate of change from the beginning of the slide to when the slide has covered a horizontal distance of 15 feet. (0, 80) (5, 40) (10, 20) (15, 10) the average rate of change is .
The typical pace of change since the slide's start, -14/3.
Let, the average rate of change is k
(x1,y1) (x2,y2), k= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
=10-80/15
=-70/15
k=-14/3
Average = -14/3
How do you find average rate?Divide the change in y-values by the change in x-values to determine the average rate of change. Identifying changes in measurable parameters like average speed or average velocity calls for the knowledge of the average rate of change.
The average rate of change is a measure of how quickly on average one quantity changes in relation to another. It provides a general sense of the function's change in value per unit throughout the specified time period. Simply said, the rate of change is calculated by dividing the amount of change in one item by the equal amount of change in another. Let's take a closer look at the average rate of change formula.
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How do you simplify this
-2 6
3. x · x
Answer:
13 • -2 = -26
Step-by-step explanation:
-13 + -13= -26
Mary typed 546 words in 13 minutes. julie typed 602 words in 14 minutes. who can type more words per minute? how much faster is that person?
Answer:
Julie, by one word per minute.
Step-by-step explanation:
Marie can type 42 words per minute, because 546/13 is 42. Julie can type 43 words per minute, because 602/14 is 43. Therefore, Julia is faster by one words.
(PLEASE I NEED THIS) Solve the following system of inequalities graphically on the set of axes below. State the coordinates of a point in the solution set.
y<2x-8
y>-1/2-3
The solution of the graph of the solution set y< 2x - 8 and y > -1/2 x - 3 is shown in image by purple shade.
What is Inequality?
To compare two or more mathematical expression in a relation is called an Inequality.
Given that;
The solution sets are;
y < 2x - 8
y > -1/2 x - 3
Now, We draw graph of inequalities.
Then we get,
The graph of the solution set y< 2x - 8 and y > -1/2 x - 3 is shown in image by purple shade.
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the set of all real numbers less than 50 or less than 50 set builder notation
Here is a simple example of set-builder notation set builder notation it says " the set of all x's, such that X is greater than 0".
An 8-pint container of window cleaner costs $18.72. What is the price per cup?
Answer:
I think the answer is Answer: 1.17 per cup
Step-by-step explanation:
Work
If one 1-pint is 2 cups
Then 2 * 8 = 16 cups
so then $18.72 divided by 16
1.17 US
Hope this help pls like
8y-2(y+4) pls help wil be rewarded with prize
Answer:
[tex] \large \sf \: 6y - 8[/tex]
Step-by-step explanation:
Let's simplify step-by-step.
8y−2(y+4)
Distribute:
=8y+(−2)(y)+(−2)(4)
=8y+−2y+−8
Combine Like Terms:
=8y+−2y+−8
=(8y+−2y)+(−8)
=6y+−8
=6y−8
Answer:
6y - 8
Step-by-step explanation:
This is a simplifying problem, so we just need to separate and link the like terms.
First we start with the parenthesis by distributing
-2*y + -2*4
-2y - 8
We can the put it back into the equation
8y - 2y + 8
8y and -2y are like terms so we can put them together to get 6y
6y +8
Amir drove from Jerusalem to the lowest place on Earth, the Dead Sea.
His altitude relative to sea level (in meters) as a function of time (in minutes) is graphed. How long was each descent by 88 meters?
Choose 1 answer:
44
11
10
8
From the given linear function, it is found that each descent by 88 meters was 11 seconds long.
What is the missing information?
The graph of the linear function is missing, and it is given at the end of the answer.
A linear function is modeled by:
y = mx + b
In which:
m is the slope, which is the rate of change, that is, by how much y changes when x changes by 1.b is the y-intercept, which is the value of y when x = 0, and can also be interpreted as the initial value of the function.Given two points on the graph, the slope is given by change in y divided by change in x. For this problem, the points are given as follows:
(0, 440) and (40,0).
Hence the slope is:
m = (0 - 440)/(40 - 0) = -11.
Meaning that in each minute, he descended 8 meters. Thus the time to descend 88 meters is given by:
t = 88/8 = 11 seconds.
Each descent by 88 meters was 11 seconds long.
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In a classroom, 14 children have a dog as a pet, 11 children have cats and 3 who have both. If 24 children don't have either a cat of a dog, how many children are in the classroom.
Greetings from Brasil...
Using set theory to solve this question
Let
D = Dogs Set
C = Cats Set
R = Classroom Set
n(D ∪ C) = n(D) + n(C) - n(D ∩ C)
n(D ∪ C) = 14 + 11 - 3
n(D ∪ C) = 22
Then,
Total = n(D ∪ C) + 24
Total = 22 + 24
Total = 464.4+ 1.5 * 2 / 0.5
Please help!
Answer:
***4.4+ 1.5 * 2 / 0.5*** = 10.4
***3-2.5/3+1 1/3*** = 3.5
Step-by-step explanation:
I’m struggling on this, and I need help??
Answer:
b
Step-by-step explanation:
If you had $20 US, estimate how many Yen and Pounds you would have. Show your work. Please help I have to have it done today and I have to show my work!!!!!
Step-by-step explanation:
20 USD = about 2,859.72 yen
20 USD= about 17.55 pound silver
1USD = 142.99 yen
1USD = 0.88 pound
Answer:
I deleted my answer because I didn't see that someone already answered this question.
what the hell we switched from hegarty to sparx and i hate it .
help please
Answer:
a) 3
b) draw a rectangle
Step-by-step explanation:
___
|___| combine the rectangle (3 bottom lines, 3 top lines, 2 left lines, 2 right lines)
Question 3
Examine the table, which contains some points of a quadratic function.
X
-1
0
1
2
3
Which
f(x)
12
15
16
15
12
mont correctly describes the end behavior of the function?
Answer
this question is impossible!11!1!!!!
Step-by-step explanation:
none
The hotel staff is decorating the lobby by placing one row of string lights along the outer edge of the rectangular ceiling. A member of the staff maps the ceiling on a coordinate grid as shown, where each unit represents 1 meter. What is the approximate length of string lights the staff needs to decorate the ceiling?
The approximate length of string lights the staff needs to decorate the ceiling is 40.25
What is the approximate length of string lights the staff needs to decorate the ceiling?The complete question is added as an attachment
From the attached figure, we have the following coordinates
A = (5, 16)
B = (17, 10)
C = (14, 4)
D = (2, 10)
Calculate the lengths AB and BC using the following distance formula
d = √[(x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2]
This gives
AB = √[(5- 17)^2 + (16- 10)^2] = 13.4
BC = √[(14- 17)^2 + (4- 10)^2] = 6.7
The approximate length of string lights the staff needs to decorate the ceiling is then calculated as
P = 2 * (AB + BC)
This gives
P = 2 * (13.4 + 6.7)
Evaluate
P = 40.2
Hence, the approximate length of string lights the staff needs to decorate the ceiling is 40.25
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Answer: 40.25
Step-by-step explanation:
1/4 divided by 2 3/8
Answer:
2/19
Step-by-step explanation:
Rewrite the mixed number as an improper fraction. Frist, multiply 2x8 then add that to 3 to get 19/8. Now you have 1/4 / 19/8. Multiply by the reciprocal of the denominator. Now you have 1/4 x 8/19. 1 x 8 = 8. 4 × 19= 76. This gives you 8/76. You can simplify this by dividing the numerator and denominator by 4. This would give you 2/19.
In the formula i=p·r·t, what does r stand for? a. rate: the percent that interest is paid annually as a decimal b. ratio: the size of the interest interval compared to time c. return: how much money you end up earning d. reserves: how much money you have in the investment please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
r stands for a. rate: the percent that interest is paid annually as a decimal.
The formula given in question is of simple interest. Rewriting the formula, along with definition of each value.
S. I. = p × r × t. In this formula, S.I. is simple interest, p refers to principal amount, r refers to rate of interest and t refers to time period.
Principal amount is the original amount of money, which person has from beginning. Rate of interest is the indicative of charge on principal amount, that has to be paid back. It can be charged annually, monthly, quarterly or as specified. Time period is amount of time for which the principal amount is taken. Interest will be calculated for this time period.
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Use the position equation given below, where s represents the height of the object (in feet),
v0
represents the initial velocity of the object (in feet per second),
s0
represents the initial height of the object (in feet), and t represents the time (in seconds), as the model for the problem.
s = −16t2 + v0t + s0
You drop a coin from the top of a building. The building has a height of 1028 feet.
(a) Use the position equation to write a mathematical model for the height of the coin.
s = ?
(b) Find the height of the coin after 1.5 seconds.
s = ? ft
(c) How long does it take the coin to strike the ground? (Round your answer to two decimal places.)
t = ? sec
(I really can't comprehend how to due this but its due soon, please help me!)
Using the motion equation we can get:
a) s = -16*t^2 + 1028
b) 992 feet above the ground.
c) after 8 seconds, the coin will hit the ground.
How to write the height equation?
First, we know that the general height equation is:
s = -16*t^2 + v0*t + s0
In this case, the coin is dropped, so the initial velocity v0 is zero.
And the coin is dropped from a height of 1028 ft, then s0 = 1028
Replacing that in the equation we get:
s = -16*t^2 + 1028
b) The height after 1.5 seconds is what we get by evaluating the height equation in t = 1.5
s = -16*(1.5)^2 + 1028 = 992
This means that the height after 1.5 seconds is 992 ft above the ground.
c) The coin will strike the ground when s = 0, then we need to solve:
s = 0 = -16*(t)^2 + 1028
Solving that for t, w eget:
16*t^2 = 1028
t^2 = 1028/16
t = √(1028/16) = 8
This means that the coin will hit the ground after 8 seconds.
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