Part A: Journal Entries for Dust Ltd. from April 1, 2020 to April 1, 2021
April 1, 2020
Dr. Right-of-use Asset $247,607
Cr. Lease Liability $247,607
(To record the lease)
April 1, 2020
Dr. Lease Liability $49,000
Cr. Cash $49,000
(To record the payment of the first lease installment)
December 31, 2020
Dr. Interest Expense $12,874
Cr. Lease Liability $12,874
(To record the interest expense on the lease liability at the lessee's incremental borrowing rate of 9%)
December 31, 2020
Dr. Depreciation Expense $49,522
Cr. Accumulated Depreciation $49,522
(To record the depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset using the straight-line method over the lease term of 5 years)
Part B: Balance Sheet Presentation for Liabilities for Dust Ltd. on December 31, 2020
Lease Liability: $211,481 ($247,607 - $49,000 + $12,874)
(Note: The lease liability is the present value of the remaining lease payments discounted at the lessee's incremental borrowing rate of 9% per year).
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Harper Company stock currently sells for $14 per share and is expected to be worth either $10, $16, or $25 in 1 year. The current risk-free rate is 0.125. A 1-year call with an exercise price of $15 currently sells for $3.
a. What would be the value of a 1-year call with an exercise price of $9?
b. What are the synthetic probabilities in this economy?
a.) The value of a 1-year call with an exercise price of $9 is $6.
b.) The synthetic probabilities in this economy are 0.155.
a. The value of a 1-year call with an exercise price of $9 can be calculated by using the formula C=S-PV(X). Here, C is the call option value, S is the current stock price, PV(X) is the present value of the exercise price, and X is the exercise price. Plugging in the given values, we get:
C=$14-PV($9)
C=$14-($9/(1+0.125))
C=$14-$8
C=$6
Therefore, the value of a 1-year call with an exercise price of $9 is $6.
b. The synthetic probabilities in this economy can be calculated by using the formula p=(C+PV(X)-S)/(U-L), where p is the probability, C is the call option value, PV(X) is the present value of the exercise price, S is the current stock price, U is the upper bound of the stock price, and L is the lower bound of the stock price. Plugging in the given values, we get:
p=($3+PV($15)-$14)/($25-$10)
p=($3+($15/(1+0.125))-$14)/($25-$10)
p=($3+$13.33-$14)/($25-$10)
p=$2.33/$15
p=0.155
Therefore, the synthetic probabilities in this economy are 0.155.
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Is the following statement true or false?
Marginal cost of capital uses lowest cost debt and cost of
retained earnings in proportion to their market value weight in the
capital structure.
The statement is true.
Marginal cost of capital uses lowest cost debt and cost of retained earnings in proportion to their market value weight in the capital structure.
Marginal cost of capital (MCC) is the cost of raising an additional unit of capital. It is calculated by using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) formula, which takes into account the proportion of debt and equity in the capital structure and their respective costs.
The lowest cost debt and cost of retained earnings are used in the calculation because they are the most cost-effective sources of financing. Therefore, the statement that "marginal cost of capital uses lowest cost debt and cost of retained earnings in proportion to their market value weight in the capital structure" is true.
Here is the formula for calculating MCC:
MCC = (Wd x Rd) + (We x Re)
Where:
Wd = proportion of debt in the capital structure
Rd = cost of debt
We = proportion of equity in the capital structure
Re = cost of equity
By using the lowest cost debt and cost of retained earnings in the calculation, a company can minimize its cost of capital and maximize its profitability.
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ABC was a small video rental store 15 years ago. It lent videos to customers for a fee. ABC’s owners would like to cut labour costs by streamlining and automating some of its operations by machines or computer systems. The following scenario describes the manual activities done by ABC’s staff:Customers must become member before borrowing any videos. New customers must fill out a form with their personal details and credit card details. ABC’s staff would approve each membership after checking credit card details etc. After approval, new customer would be given a membership card, and new customer's form would be added to the customer file by ABC’s staff.Any customer wishing to borrow a video would present to ABC’s staff the empty box of the video, their membership card, and payment – payment is always with the credit card used to open the membership account. ABC’ staff would approve this video loan by checking if this member owed any money to ABC, and validity of member’s credit card. If approved, ABC’s staff would process the credit payment for this video loan. If bank approves the credit payment, ABC’s staff present the video and loan’s receipt to the member, then update the video stock file.The customer then returns the video to the store after watching it. ABC’s staff need to update the video stock file regularly when videos are returned. If a loaned video is overdue by a day, the customer's credit card is charged, and a reminder letter is sent to them. Each day after the due date, a further deduction is made on member’s credit card, and each week a reminder letter is sent to the member. This continues until either the member returns the video, or the charges are equal to the cost of replacing the video.From the above description, draw a data flow diagram showing the flow of input information (and/or data) and output information (and/or data) to and from processes for the activities of ABC’s staff and any data stores, external environmental elements that interact with the activities. In this diagram, you must identify the following:processes for ABC’s staff activities (15 marks)external environmental elements, data stores that interact with any of theprocesses identified in (a) (2 marks)input and output information (and/or data) to and from each of the processes, external environmental elements, data stores identified in (a) and (b) (8 marks)(Hint: there are two environmental elements, and six main processes)(State any assumptions – if any – you make about this system.)
The processes for ABC's staff activities are: Approve Membership, Process Payment, Approve Video Loan, Update Video Stock, Charge Overdue Fees and Send Reminder Letters.
The external environmental elements are:
1. Customers
2. Banks
The data stores are:
1. Customer File
2. Video Stock File
The input and output information for each of the processes, external environmental elements, and data stores are as follows:
Approve Membership:
- Input: New customer form, credit card details
- Output: Membership card, updated customer file
Process Payment:
- Input: Credit card details, payment amount
- Output: Approval or denial from bank, updated customer file
Approve Video Loan:
- Input: Empty video box, membership card, payment
- Output: Approval or denial of loan, updated video stock file
Update Video Stock:
- Input: Returned videos
- Output: Updated video stock file
Charge Overdue Fees:
- Input: Overdue videos, customer credit card details
- Output: Updated customer file, updated video stock file
Send Reminder Letters:
- Input: Overdue videos, customer information
- Output: Reminder letters
Customers:
- Input: Membership card, payment, empty video box, returned videos
- Output: New customer form, credit card details
Banks:
- Input: Credit card details, payment amount
- Output: Approval or denial of payment
Customer File:
- Input: New customer form, credit card details, payment information, overdue fees
- Output: Membership card, approval or denial of membership, approval or denial of video loan, updated customer file
Video Stock File:
- Input: Empty video box, returned videos, overdue videos
- Output: Approval or denial of video loan, updated video stock file
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Basseterre, St. Kitts, April 29, 2021 (SKNIS): St. Kitts and Nevis Youth Ambassador Corps officially launched a new project on Wednesday (April 28, 2021) designed to increase the contributions of young people to the sustainable development of the twin-island Federation. The initiative, dubbed the Youth Capacity Building Small Grants Project on Youth in Sustainable Development, will build the capacity and practical skills of young people to design, implement, and monitor interventions relevant to the social, economic, and sustainable development of youth and their communities. The project is geared towards members of youth groups specifically. It is spearheaded by the national youth ambassador corps in collaboration with the GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP), and the Departments of Youth in St. Kitts, and Nevis. The Small Grants Project is funding the initiative to the tune of US$49,970.00. SGP Coordinator, Illis Watts, noted that her organization has a long and productive partnership with the Department of Youth Empowerment in St. Kitts that has resulted in several environmental-centric projects such as seabed and beach clean-ups, an art exhibition, and coral reef tours and education sessions. Ms. Watts added that she is constantly seeking new opportunities to promote sustainable actions and this project fits the strategic objective of the organizations. "The committee is very pleased with what this project is going to deliver and particularly that this project is going to be a national project," she stated, adding that it will help to "set a standard for similar national projects in the Federation. Minister of Youth, the Honourable Jonel Powell, said the creativity and resilience of young people are evident in this project. "This initiative is indeed a testament to the ability of our young people to rise to the occasion, to identify a critical community need, to develop creative interventions, and to build and mobilize a network of partners for an effective response to that need," he stated. "… It also unveils the inherent ability to lead in realizing the necessary community improvements and growth, ultimately shaping a stronger, more sustainable St. Kitts and Nevis." CARICOM Youth Ambassador, Dwane Hendrickson, encouraged members of youth groups to register for the interactive youth building project, noting that it will be a tremendous benefit to their organization. Groups can register at the respective Departments of Youth in the Federation. The project begins on May 01. 2021 and concludes at the end of August 2022.
As the project management team responsible for the successful implementation of the youth development project in St. Kitts, create five (5) subsidiary project plans to show how your project team will effectively manage the project. Your team’s focus should be on developing the five (5) subsidiary plans below:
(a) identify the Project Scope in the scenario above.
The Youth Capacity Building Small Grants Project on Youth in Sustainable Development is a comprehensive initiative aimed at increasing the contributions of young people to the sustainable development of the twin-island Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis.
To effectively manage the project, the project management team will need to develop the following five (5) subsidiary project plans:
1. Scope Management Plan: This plan will define the project scope and outline the process for managing scope changes. It will include a detailed description of the project goals, objectives, deliverables, and boundaries, as well as the process for managing scope changes throughout the project lifecycle.
2. Time Management Plan: This plan will outline the process for managing the project schedule, including the identification of key milestones, the development of a project timeline, and the process for managing schedule changes.
3. Cost Management Plan: This plan will outline the process for managing the project budget, including the identification of project costs, the development of a budget, and the process for managing budget changes.
4. Quality Management Plan: This plan will outline the process for ensuring that the project meets the required quality standards, including the identification of quality metrics, the development of quality control processes, and the process for managing quality changes.
5. Risk Management Plan: This plan will outline the process for identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks, including the identification of potential risks, the development of risk response plans, and the process for managing risk changes.
By developing these five subsidiary project plans, the project management team will be able to effectively manage the Youth Capacity Building Small Grants Project on Youth in Sustainable Development and ensure that it is successfully implemented.
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Discuss the main features of an activity-based costing system
and cite the benefits companies report from using this approach
The main features of an activity-based costing system are:
1. Allocating costs based on activities performed in the organization instead of products.
2. Assigning indirect costs to activities and then to the products that use those activities.
3. Utilizing cost drivers to assign costs to activities and products.
Benefits of using an activity-based costing system include:
1. Increased accuracy in product costs.
2. Improved cost control.
3. Improved cost allocation decisions.
4. Increased understanding of the costs associated with activities.
5. Increased ability to identify inefficient activities and make necessary changes.
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Prepare Ledger Accounts from the following Transactions:
i. Mr. Mizan started a business with cash tk. 1,00,000
ii. Cash withdraw from bank for personal use tk 20,000
iii. Cash deposit to bank 10,000
iv. Machinery purchase in cash tk. 10,000
V. Rent paid with cheque tk. 1500
To prepare the ledger accounts from the given transactions, we need to create separate accounts for each transaction and record the debits and credits accordingly. Here's how the ledger accounts will look like:
Cash Account:
Debit Credit
1,00,000 (To record the initial investment by Mr. Mizan) 20,000 (To record the cash withdrawal for personal use)
10,000 (To record the cash deposit to bank) 10,000 (To record the machinery purchase in cash)
Bank Account:
Debit Credit
10,000 (To record the cash deposit to bank) 1,500 (To record the rent paid with cheque)
Machinery Account:
Debit Credit
10,000 (To record the machinery purchase in cash)
Rent Account:
Debit Credit
1,500 (To record the rent paid with cheque)
These are the ledger accounts prepared from the given transactions. Each account records the debits and credits related to that particular transaction.
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Is all about identification and description of the strategies that managers can carry so as to achieve better performance and a competitive advantage for their organization?
Yes, identification and description of the strategies that managers can use to achieve better performance and a competitive advantage for their organization is a key part of strategic management.
Strategic management involves setting goals and objectives for the organization, analyzing the competitive environment, assessing the internal organization, and implementing and evaluating strategies. Managers must identify and implement strategies that will help the organization to achieve its goals and gain a competitive advantage in the market. This may involve developing new products or services, expanding into new markets, improving operational efficiency, or implementing new technology. By identifying and implementing effective strategies, managers can help the organization to achieve better performance and a competitive advantage.
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Q21) You would like to retire in 25.0 years. The expected rate of inflation is 3.04% per year. You currently have a standard of living that requires $6,050.00 of monthly expenses. Assuming you want to maintain the Same standard of living in retirement, what are your monthly expenses expected to be the first year of retirement? (2 points)
The answer are monthly expenses in the first year of retirement expected to be $12,768.28
To determine the monthly expenses in the first year of retirement, we need to account for the expected rate of inflation over the next 25 years. We can do this by using the formula:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Inflation Rate) ^ Number of Years
Plugging in the given values:
Future Value = $6,050.00 * (1 + 0.0304) ^ 25
Future Value = $6,050.00 * 2.11
Future Value = $12,768.28
Therefore, your monthly expenses in the first year of retirement are expected to be $12,768.28 in order to maintain the same standard of living.
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Elyssa's Elegant Eveningwear (EEE) needs to ship finished goods from its manufacturing facility to its distribution warehouse. Annual demand for EEE is 2400 gowns. EEE can ship the gowns via regular parcel service (3 days transit time), premium parcel service (1 day transit time), or via public carrier (7 days transit time). Calculate the average annual transportation inventory for each alternative.
The average annual transportation inventory for Elyssa's Elegant Eveningwear (EEE) can be calculated by using the following equation: Transportation Inventory = (Annual Demand x Transit Time) / 2.
For regular parcel service, the transportation inventory will be (2400 gowns x 3 days transit time) / 2 = 3600 gowns.
For premium parcel service, the transportation inventory will be (2400 gowns x 1 day transit time) / 2 = 1200 gowns.
For the public carrier, the transportation inventory will be (2400 gowns x 7 days transit time) / 2 = 8400 gowns.
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Question 23 (5 points) Please name and describe the four theories we discussed related to market efficiency Question 24 (5 points) What is a. the expected return b. standard deviation for the following two stock portfolio? (please take out to 100th, example: 56) Stock Weight Return Standard Dev Correlation between A/B
А 0.4 0.12 0.25 0.45
B 0.6 0.1 0.15
Question 23 (5 points) Please name and describe the four theories we discussed related to market efficiency Question 24 (5 points) What is a. the expected return b. standard deviation for the following two stock portfolio? (please take out to 100th, example: 56) Stock Weight Return Standard Dev Correlation between A/B А 0.4 0.12 0.25 0.45 B 0.6 0.1 0.15
Answer 23:
The four theories related to market efficiency are:
1. The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH): This theory suggests that all available information is reflected in the prices of stocks, and that it is impossible to consistently beat the market.
2. The Random Walk Theory: This theory suggests that stock prices are unpredictable and move randomly, making it impossible to consistently make profits by trying to predict the future prices of stocks.
3. The Behavioral Finance Theory: This theory suggests that investors are not always rational and that their decisions can be influenced by biases and emotions, which can lead to market inefficiencies.
4. The Fundamental Analysis Theory: This theory suggests that it is possible to determine the intrinsic value of a stock by analyzing the financial health and prospects of the company, and that stocks can be undervalued or overvalued based on this analysis.
Answer 24:
a. The expected return of the portfolio is calculated by multiplying the weight of each stock by its return and then summing the results:
Expected return = (0.4 x 0.12) + (0.6 x 0.1) = 0.048 + 0.06 = 0.108 or 10.8%
b. The standard deviation of the portfolio is calculated using the following formula:
Standard deviation = √[(0.4^2 x 0.25^2) + (0.6^2 x 0.15^2) + (2 x 0.4 x 0.6 x 0.25 x 0.15 x 0.45)]
= √[0.01 + 0.0054 + 0.0081] = √0.0235 = 0.1532 or 15.32%
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Interchange Inc. had sales of $400,000, based on a unit selling price of $200. The variable cost per unit was $175, and fixed costs were $75,000. The maximum sales within Interchange Inc.’s relevant range are 2,750 units. Interchange Inc. is considering a proposal to spend an additional $32,750 on billboard advertising during the current year in an attempt to increase sales and utilize unused capacity.
a. Construct a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for last year. Verify your answer, using the break-even equation.
Break-even sales (dollars) = 600,000 and Break-even sales (units) = 3,000
b. Using the cost-volume-profit chart prepared in part (1), determine (A) the income from operations for last year and (B) the maximum income from operations that could have been realized during the year. Verify your answers using the mathematical approach to cost-volume-profit analysis. Income from operations for last year Per unit # of units Total Sales 200 2000 400,000 Variable Costs 175 2000 350,000 Contribution margin 25 2000 50,000 Fixed Costs 75,000 Operating Income 25,000
Income from operations for last year
Per unit # of units Total
Sales 200 2000 400,000
Variable Costs 175 2000 350,000
Contribution margin 25 2000 50,000
Fixed Costs 75,000
Operating Income 25,000
(B)
Sales 200 2,750 550,000
Variable Costs 175 2,750 481,250
Contribution Margin 25 2,750 68,750
Fixed Costs 75,000
Operating Income 62,500
c. Construct a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for the current year, assuming that a noncancellable contract is signed for the additional billboard advertising. No changes are expected in the unit selling price or other costs. Verify your answer, using the break-even equation.
d. Using the cost-volume-profit chart prepared in part (3), determine i. the income from operations if sales total 2,200 units and ii. the maximum income from operations that could be realized during the year. Verify your answers using the mathematical approach to cost-volume-profit analysis.
(I need help with questions C & D)
The break-even sales for the current year are 4,310 units or $862,000 and the maximum income from operations that could be realized during the year is -$39,000.
C) To construct a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for the current year, we need to take into account the additional $32,750 on billboard advertising. This will increase the fixed costs to $107,750 ($75,000 + $32,750). The variable cost per unit and the unit selling price remain the same. The break-even equation is:
Break-even sales (units) = Fixed costs / (Unit selling price - Variable cost per unit)
Break-even sales (units) = $107,750 / ($200 - $175) = 4,310 units
Break-even sales (dollars) = Break-even sales (units) * Unit selling price = 4,310 units * $200 = $862,000
Therefore, the break-even sales for the current year are 4,310 units or $862,000.
D) To determine the income from operations if sales total 2,200 units, we can use the following equation:
Income from operations = (Unit selling price * Number of units sold) - (Variable cost per unit * Number of units sold) - Fixed costs
Income from operations = ($200 * 2,200) - ($175 * 2,200) - $107,750 = $440,000 - $385,000 - $107,750 = -$52,750
Therefore, the income from operations if sales total 2,200 units is -$52,750.
To determine the maximum income from operations that could be realized during the year, we can use the same equation with the maximum sales within Interchange Inc.'s relevant range of 2,750 units:
Income from operations = ($200 * 2,750) - ($175 * 2,750) - $107,750 = $550,000 - $481,250 - $107,750 = -$39,000
Therefore, the maximum income from operations that could be realized during the year is -$39,000.
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question 1
If you deposit $2,000 in a bank account that pays 4% interest annually, how much will be in your account after 5 years? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
Explanation:
The formula to calculate the future value of a present sum of money with compound interest is:
FV = PV x (1 + r)n
Where: FV = Future Value PV = Present Value r = Interest Rate per Period n = Number of Periods
In this case, the present value (PV) is $2,000, the interest rate (r) is 4% or 0.04 per year, and the number of periods (n) is 5 years. Therefore, we can calculate the future value (FV) as follows:
FV = $2,000 x (1 + 0.04)5 FV = $2,000 x 1.21665 FV = $2,433.30
Therefore, after 5 years, the amount in the account will be $2,433.30 (rounded to the nearest cent).
Discuss the differences in the evaluation methods for PP&E
permitted under IFRS and under US GAAP. What other differences
exist in the measurement of PP&E between IFRS and US GAAP and
What is the difference between US GAAP and IFRS comparison of goodwill valuation and impairment?
Under IFRS, the evaluation methods for PP&E (property, plant, and equipment) include the cost model and the revaluation model. Under US GAAP, only the cost model is permitted. The cost model requires the PP&E to be measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. The revaluation model, permitted under IFRS, allows for the PP&E to be measured at a revalued amount, which is its fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses.
Another difference in the measurement of PP&E between IFRS and US GAAP is the treatment of subsequent expenditures. Under IFRS, subsequent expenditures are capitalized only if it is probable that they will result in future economic benefits. Under US GAAP, subsequent expenditures are capitalized if they extend the useful life, increase the capacity, or improve the quality of the asset.
In terms of goodwill valuation and impairment, there are also differences between IFRS and US GAAP. Under IFRS, goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indications of impairment. Under US GAAP, goodwill is tested for impairment annually at the reporting unit level. Additionally, under IFRS, impairment losses cannot be reversed, while under US GAAP, impairment losses can be reversed up to the original cost of the asset.
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When a bond premium is amortized, the bond interestexpense recorded is greater than the cash paid.True? Or False? Explain your answer!
The given statement "when a bond premium is amortized, the bond interest expense recorded is greater than the cash paid" is false because when a bond premium is amortized, the bond interest expense recorded is less than the cash paid.
This is because the bond premium reduces the amount of interest expense that is recorded on the income statement. The bond premium is the amount by which the bond's selling price exceeds its face value. When a bond is sold at a premium, the bond issuer receives more cash than the bond's face value, and this excess cash is recorded as a bond premium.
The bond premium is amortized over the life of the bond, reducing the amount of interest expense recorded on the income statement each period. As a result, the bond interest expense recorded is less than the cash paid for the bond interest.
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If the value of the Swiss Franc (CHF) is currently $1.08, and
the value of Polish Zloty (PLN) is $0.24, then the value of one
Zloty in Swiss Francs is CHF ____
If the value of the Swiss Franc (CHF) is currently $1.08, and the value of Polish Zloty (PLN) is $0.24, then the value of one Zloty in Swiss Francs is CHF 0.22
The value of one Zloty in Swiss Francs can be found by dividing the value of the Zloty by the value of the Swiss Franc. This can be written as:
Value of one Zloty in Swiss Francs = (Value of Zloty) / (Value of Swiss Franc)
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Value of one Zloty in Swiss Francs = ($0.24) / ($1.08)
Value of one Zloty in Swiss Francs = 0.2222222222222222
Therefore, the value of one Zloty in Swiss Francs is CHF 0.2222222222222222, or approximately CHF 0.22.
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1. Do you agree that anti-spam legislation should be part of Canada's strategy to combat spam? Why not leave the problem of spam to the marketplace to resolve? 2. What factors will determine whether a contract will be the result of lengthy negotiations or will be easily and quickly concluded? 3. Why might a business decide to accept an offer by conduct instead of formally communicating acceptance to the other side? What are the risks of doing so? 4. Critical Analysis: Legislation has removed some of the uncertainty about online contracting. However, questions still remain concerning whether communications on a website are an offer or invitation to do business and whether an electronic acceptance is effective on sending or receipt. What risks do these uncertainties pose for business? What steps can a business take to minimize these risks and avoid contractual disputes? 5. Family members are presumed not to intend legal relations, while businesspeople are subject to the opposite presumption, namely, that an intention to create legal relations is present. Why should the relationship between the parties affect the enforceability of their promises?
1. Yes, anti-spam legislation should be part of Canada's strategy to combat spam.
2. Factors that will determine whether a contract will be easily and quickly concluded include how detailed the contract is.
3. To save time, a company may choose to accept an offer by action rather than formally announcing acceptance.
4. Businesses face risks due to the uncertainty of online contracting since they cannot be confident if an offer or acceptance is legally binding.
5. The parties' relationship influences the enforceability of their pledges since family members do not expect legal consequences when they make a promise, but business people do.
1. Yes, anti-spam legislation should be part of Canada's strategy to combat spam as it serves as a form of deterrence for the illegal activity. Marketplace solutions are often not enough to properly address the problem of spam.
2. Factors that will determine whether a contract will be easily and quickly concluded include how detailed the contract is, how well the parties understand the terms of the contract, and how willing each party is to compromise and accept the other party's terms.
3. A business might decide to accept an offer by conduct instead of formally communicating acceptance in order to save time. However, there is a risk that the other party will not be aware that the offer has been accepted, which could lead to a contractual dispute.
4. The uncertainties of online contracting pose risks to businesses because they are unable to know with certainty whether an offer or acceptance is legally binding. Businesses can minimize these risks by ensuring that all online communications regarding contracts are clear and unambiguous, and by sending a written confirmation of all accepted offers and contracts.
5. The relationship between the parties affects the enforceability of their promises because, when family members make a promise, they are not expecting legal consequences, while business people are.
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Financial Data collected 20X1 20X2 Financial Department Note Cash Common Stock Accounts Receivable Retained earnings Inventories Prepaid Expenses Land Building China, Glass, etc. Accumulated depreciation Deferred income taxes ---Current Accounts payable Long-term debt Current portion of long-term debt Accrued Expense Marketable Securities 18,000 255,587 15,000 200,000 15,650 3,500 150,000 1,008,000 300,000 460,263 8,500 14,000 560,000 21,000 2,000 11,200 21,000 Business bank account balance at the end of the year 313,420 Common shares at the end of the year 7,600 Outstanding Accounts Receivable at the end of the year 160,000 Accumulated earning for previous years 32,000 Warehouse inventory balance at the end of the year 3,320 Advance payment for future 150,000 Land property balance at the end of the year 1,008,000 Building property balance at the end of the year 350,000 Other investment assets property 560,000 Total accumulated depreciation 8,400 Current deferred income tax owing 16,000 Owing balance at the end of the year 500,000 Total long-term loan borrowed from the bank 18,000 Current portion of the loan owing 2,100 Owing to utility providers 6,000 Investment in GIC and securities Date First Last Student ID MGMT(52A) In-class Assignment2 Required 1) Rearrange the Accounts order following the Balance Sheet Format 2) Calculate the sub-total for each category accounts on the Balance sheet 3) Calculate net working capital for 20x1 and 20x2 4) Calculate the amount change and percentage changes from 20x1 to 20x2. 5) Calculate the following ratio Current Ratio Acid Test Ratio A/R turn-over Ratio and Avg collection period Solvency Ratio Debt to Equity Ratio Asset turn-over Ratio Profit Margin (Assume the 2001 Revenue 1,300,000, profit is 65,000, Operating Cash flow is 201,000. 2002 Revenue 1,090,000, profit is 472,000, operating cash flow is $192,000 HERZO Dust Extraction Cutting Guard for 4
Rearranged Accounts in Balance Sheet Format:
Assets:
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Inventories
Prepaid Expenses
Accrued Expense
Marketable Securities
Land
Building
China, Glass, etc.
Less: Accumulated Depreciation
Deferred Income Taxes
Total Assets
Liabilities:
Accounts Payable
Long-term Debt
Current Portion of Long-term Debt
Owing to Utility Providers
Total Liabilities
Equity:
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Equity
Sub-total for each category accounts on the Balance Sheet:
Assets:
Current Assets:
Cash: 18,000 (20x1) / 313,420 (20x2)
Accounts Receivable: 15,000 (20x1) / 160,000 (20x2)
Inventories: 200,000 (20x1) / 15,650 (20x2)
Prepaid Expenses: 3,500 (20x1) / 2,000 (20x2)
Accrued Expense: 14,000 (20x1) / 11,200 (20x2)
Marketable Securities: 560,000 (20x1) / 21,000 (20x2)
Total Current Assets: 810,500 (20x1) / 523,470 (20x2)
Property, Plant, and Equipment:
Land: 1,008,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Building: 1,008,000 (20x1) / 350,000 (20x2)
China, Glass, etc.: 150,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Less: Accumulated Depreciation: (8,400) (20x1 and 20x2)
Total Property, Plant, and Equipment: 2,157,600 (20x1) / 1,399,600 (20x2)
Other Assets:
Deferred Income Taxes: 16,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Total Other Assets: 16,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Total Assets: 2,984,100 (20x1) / 1,923,070 (20x2)
Liabilities:
Current Liabilities:
Accounts Payable: 460,263 (20x1) / 8,500 (20x2)
Current Portion of Long-term Debt: 14,000 (20x1) / 2,100 (20x2)
Owing to Utility Providers: 6,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Total Current Liabilities: 480,263 (20x1) / 10,600 (20x2)
Long-term Liabilities:
Long-term Debt: 300,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Total Long-term Liabilities: 300,000 (20x1 and 20x2)
Total Liabilities: 780,263 (20x1) / 310,600 (20x2)
Equity:
Common Stock: 255,587 (20x1 and 20x2)
Retained Earnings: 1,948,250 (20x1) / 1,356,883 (20x2)
Total Equity: 2,203,837 (20x1) / 1,612,470 (20x2)
Total Liabilities and Equity: 2,984,100 (20x1) / 1
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5)assume that the decision to make pool shades and trellises are considered to be long-term decisions and that chandler would make these products one at a time as time is available so as not to delay any of the custom orders. As such, the resource usage approach would be a more appropriate approach to evaluating the decision to make the products. 5a)compute the rates to be used for the resource usage view (show your work) design/drafting engineering fabrication powder coating scheduling general factory
The rates to be used for the resource usage view is
Design/Drafting = 1 hour/product ,Engineering = 2 hours/product
Fabrication = 3 hours/product ,Powder Coating = 4 hours/product
Scheduling = 1 hour/product, General Factory = 0.5 hour/product
What is resource?A resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is produced. Resources can be broadly classified into two categories: natural resources and human resources. Natural resources are generally materials from the environment, such as air, water, soil, minerals, plants, animals, and energy. Human resources are the skills, knowledge, and effort of people used to create value and wealth. All resources are limited, so they must be managed and used wisely. Natural resources are finite, meaning they can be depleted, while human resources are renewable and can be developed and improved. Ensuring the sustainable use of resources is essential to the well-being of future generations.
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Discuss the pros and cons of hiring an independent contractor versus an employee. When is it more appropriate to choose one over the other?
There are several pros and cons of hiring an independent contractor versus an employee. It is important to consider these factors when deciding which type of worker is more appropriate for a specific situation.
Pros of hiring an independent contractor:
- Cost savings: Independent contractors are responsible for their own taxes and benefits, so employers do not have to pay for these expenses.
- Flexibility: Independent contractors can be hired for short-term projects and can be let go easily if their services are no longer needed. - Specialized skills: Independent contractors often have specialized skills that may not be available in-house.
Cons of hiring an independent contractor:
- Less control: Independent contractors are not employees, so employers have less control over their work. - Potential legal issues: If an independent contractor is misclassified as an employee, the employer may face legal penalties.
Pros of hiring an employee:
- Control: Employers have more control over employees and can direct their work more closely.
- Loyalty: Employees may be more loyal to the company and invested in its success.
Cons of hiring an employee:
- Cost: Employers are responsible for paying taxes, benefits, and other expenses for employees.
- Less flexibility: Employees are typically hired for long-term positions and it can be more difficult to let them go. It is more appropriate to choose an independent contractor when a specific skill set is needed for a short-term project, and an employee when there is a need for long-term commitment and control over the work.
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case study-Sabina decides to set up a business selling flowers. She gets up early in the morning, visits the market, and then sets up a stall by the side of the road. For the first year, all goes well. She sells all the flowers she is able to buy and she derives some income from the business. However, Sabina feels that she could sell more flowers if she was able to transport more to the place where she sells them, and she also knows that there are several other roads nearby where she could sell flowers, if she could be in two places at once.She could achieve these two things by buying a van and by employing other people to sell flowers in other locations. Sabina needs more money to achieve this expansion of her business. She decides to ask her rich friend Ibrahim to invest in the business. Ibrahim can see the potential of Sabina's business and wants to invest, but he doesn't want to be involved in the management of the business. He also does not want to have ultimate liability for the debts of the business if it fails.He therefore suggests that they set up a limited company. He will own the majority of the shares and be entitled to dividends. Sabina will be managing director and be paid a salary for her work. At the end of the first year of trading as a limited company, Ibrahim receives a copy of the financial statements. Profits are lower than expected, so his dividend will not be a large as he had hoped. He knows that Sabina is paid a salary so does not care as much as him that profits are low.Ibrahim is concerned by the level of profits and feels that he wants further assurance on the accounts. He doesn't know whether they give a true reflection on the last year's trading, particularly as the profits do not seem as high as those Sabina had predicted when he agreed to invest. Ibrahim approached their auditing firm Bilal & Co. (Imagine you are the auditing firm) and requested them to conduct an audit of their company and give an assurance report
1. Consider the elements of assurance engagment and discribe the roles of Bilal & Co and Ibrahim in this assurance service.2.what is the subject matter of the assurance engagement ?3- What kind of review engagement has to be done?4- who has to give the audit report and at whom?
1. The elements of an assurance engagement are the three-party relationship between the auditor, the client, and the intended users, the subject matter, the criteria used to evaluate the subject matter, the assurance report, and the evidence obtained by the auditor.
In this case, Bilal & Co is the auditor, Sabina and Ibrahim are the clients, and the intended users are the shareholders and potential investors. Bilal & Co's role is to conduct an independent and objective examination of the financial statements and provide an assurance report on their findings. Ibrahim's role is to provide the necessary information and access to the company's records for the audit to be conducted.
2. The subject matter of the assurance engagement is the financial statements of the company, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.
3. A review engagement has to be done, which involves a less detailed examination of the financial statements than an audit. A review engagement provides limited assurance on the financial statements and is less extensive than an audit.
4. The audit report is given by Bilal & Co, the auditing firm, and is directed at the shareholders and potential investors of the company. The report provides an opinion on the fairness and accuracy of the financial statements and whether they are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
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FACTUAL REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Define the expression quality culture. 2. Explain why the implementation of total quality requires cultural change. 3. List and describe the steps involved in laying the foun- dation for a quality culture. 4. What are the characteristics shared by companies that have a quality culture? 64
1. Quality culture is an organizational culture that prioritizes quality in every aspect of the business, from production processes to customer service.
2. The implementation of total quality requires cultural change because it requires a shift in mindset and behavior throughout the organization.
3. The steps involved in laying the foundation for a quality culture includes like Setting quality goals ,Creating a system,Establishing a vision .
4. Companies that have a quality culture share several characteristics, including focus on customer satisfaction,Employee empowerment,commitment to quality .
1, It is characterized by a focus on continuous improvement, employee empowerment, and customer satisfaction.
2.This includes a commitment to quality at all levels of the organization, a willingness to continually improve processes and products, and a focus on customer satisfaction.
3. The steps involved in laying the foundation for a quality culture are:
- Establishing a vision for quality and communicating it throughout the organization
- Setting quality goals and objectives
- Creating a quality management system
- Developing a quality training program for employees
- Creating a system for measuring and monitoring quality performance
- Implementing continuous improvement processes
4. Companies that have a quality culture share several characteristics, including:
- A commitment to quality at all levels of the organization
- A focus on customer satisfaction
- Employee empowerment and involvement in quality improvement efforts
- A willingness to continually improve processes and products
- A system for measuring and monitoring quality performance
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i) "The legislator’s and the regulator’s main goal is to keep itself in power. So, they design regulation in a way that can attend the needs of the interest group that exercises more relative pressure on them" (Source: Cardoso,2008, p.6).Required:a- The statement above is related to economic interest theory. Explain the concept of economic interest theory.b- Politically connected firm means the close relationship between business and political elements. Describe this relationship according to economic interest theory.
a) Economic interest theory posits that legislation and regulation are heavily influenced by economic interest groups. b) In economic interest theory, a politically connected firm is a business that has a close relationship with political elements, such as legislators and regulators.
a) Economic interest theory is a concept that suggests that individuals and groups are motivated by their own economic self-interest. This means that people will make decisions and act in ways that will benefit them financially.
According to this theory, legislators and regulators are also motivated by their own economic self-interest, and will design regulations in a way that benefits the interest groups that have the most influence on them. This is because these interest groups can provide financial support to the legislators and regulators, which can help them stay in power.
b) Politically connected firms refer to firms that have a close relationship with the political elements in a given jurisdiction. According to economic interest theory, these firms may be granted access to special treatment and regulations, including preferential taxation, access to government loans or subsidies, or access to regulations that restrict competition.
This relationship can be beneficial for both the firm and the political elements, as the firm can use its influence to get favorable regulations and policies, while the political elements can receive financial support from the firm. This relationship can lead to a situation where the interests of the politically connected firm are prioritized over the interests of other stakeholders, such as consumers and competitors.
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Sophan Industries has 50 million shares outstanding trading at
$35.50 per share today. The book value of the company is $1 billion
dollars. What is the market value of the company and market value
add
The market value of Sophan Industries is $1.775 billion dollars. This is calculated by multiplying the number of outstanding shares (50 million) by the current market price per share ($35.50), which gives us a market value of $1.775 billion.
The market value of the company is the total value of all the outstanding shares of the company. It is calculated by multiplying the number of outstanding shares by the current stock price.
In the case of Sophan Industries, the market value is calculated as follows:
Market value = 50 million shares * $35.50 per share = $1,775,000,000
Therefore, the market value of Sophan Industries is $1.775 billion dollars.
The market value add (MVA) is the difference between the market value and the book value of the company. It is calculated as follows:
MVA = Market value - Book value = $1.775 billion - $1 billion = $775 million
Therefore, the market value add for Sophan Industries is $775 million.
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Can you help me arrange the steps in accounting cycle?
-Preparing the adjusting Entries at the end of the year and
posting the entries to the ledgers.
-Preparing the Financial Staments
-Journalizing o
Yes, I can help you arrange the steps in the accounting cycle. The accounting cycle is a series of steps that companies follow in order to prepare their financial statements.
The steps are as follows:
1. Journalizing: This is the first step in the accounting cycle and involves recording all financial transactions in a journal.
2. Posting: This step involves transferring the journal entries to the ledgers.
3. Preparing the adjusting entries at the end of the year: This step involves making any necessary adjustments to the financial statements to ensure that they accurately reflect the company's financial position.
4. Preparing the financial statements: This step involves preparing the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.
5. Closing the books: This step involves closing out temporary accounts, such as revenue and expense accounts, and transferring their balances to permanent accounts.
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Question 2. Consider the following goal:
GOAL Achieve [PCN Issued When CC Not Paid]
GIVEN a vehicle travels through the CC zone on a day and time where CC is due
AND the vehicle is not exempt from CC on the day of travel
AND no CC payment for that vehicle and that day has been received by midnight of the day
following the day of travel
THEN within a day the CCMS will send a PCN to the vehicle owner
2.1. Sketch a conceptual model of the world phenomena used in the goal definition.
A conceptual model of the goal "Achieve [PCN Issued When CC Not Paid]" could be visualized with a flow diagram. The process begins when a vehicle travels through the CC zone on a day and time where CC is due.
Next, the system must confirm that the vehicle is not exempt from CC on the day of travel. Following this, the system must check to see if a CC payment for that vehicle and day has been received by midnight of the day following the day of travel. Finally, the CCMS will send a PCN to the vehicle owner if the payment has not been received.
The flow of this process is as follows: Vehicle enters CC Zone → Check for Exemption → Payment Received? → Send PCN to Owner.
To implement this concept, a computer system must be created that can handle the various components of this process. This could include data management software to store vehicle information, payment systems to manage payments, and a system to track the time and date of travel.
The conceptual model for the goal "Achieve [PCN Issued When CC Not Paid]" is a simple yet efficient system. By following this process, the system can ensure that all vehicles that enter the CC zone are appropriately charged, even if payment is not received.
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Magnolia Electric Car Cleaning has the following accounts:
- Equipment Notes Payable
- Accounts Payable Owner’s Capital
- Cash Owner’s, Drawing
- Supplies Equipment
- Accounts Receivable
Identify which items are (1) Assets
a. Liabilities
b. Owner's Equity
The items in the Magnolia Electric Car Cleaning's accounts can be categorized into three main groups: (1) Assets, (2) Liabilities, and (3) Owner's Equity. Here is how each item can be categorized:
(1) Assets:
- Cash: This is an asset because it is a resource that the company owns and can use to generate revenue.
- Supplies: This is also an asset because it is a resource that the company owns and can use to generate revenue.
- Equipment: This is an asset because it is a resource that the company owns and can use to generate revenue.
- Accounts Receivable: This is an asset because it represents money that is owed to the company and will be collected in the future.
(2) Liabilities:
- Equipment Notes Payable: This is a liability because it represents money that the company owes and will have to pay back in the future.
- Accounts Payable: This is a liability because it represents money that the company owes and will have to pay back in the future.
(3) Owner's Equity:
- Owner's Capital: This is owner's equity because it represents the owner's investment in the company.
- Owner's Drawing: This is also owner's equity because it represents the owner's withdrawals from the company.
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With the aid of appropriate examples, show to what extent companies need to listen to their customers when it comes to ethics, even if they know that they can avoid doing what is right and still make huge profits
With the aid of appropriate examples, show to what extent companies need to listen to their customers when it comes to ethics, even if they know that they can avoid doing, Companies need to listen to their customers when it comes to ethics to a great extent, even if they know that they can avoid doing what is right and still make huge profits.
This is because listening to customers and valuing their opinions is essential for maintaining a good reputation and building long-term relationships with customers.
One example of this is the case of Nike, which faced backlash in the late 1990s for its use of sweatshop labor. While the company may have been able to continue making profits by ignoring the concerns of customers and activists, it ultimately decided to listen and implement changes to improve working conditions in its factories. This decision not only helped to improve the lives of workers, but also helped to improve the company's reputation and build trust with customers.
Another example is the case of Johnson & Johnson, which faced a crisis in the 1980s when it was discovered that some of its Tylenol products had been tampered with and caused deaths. The company responded by recalling all of its Tylenol products, even though it was not legally required to do so and it cost the company millions of dollars. This decision helped to maintain the trust of customers and protect the company's reputation.
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you are offered bond with a 3% annual coupon rate and a yield to
maturity (ytm) of 7%. the face value of this bond is £100. what is
the price of the bond if it matures in 3 years time?
You are offered bond with a 3% annual coupon rate and a yield to maturity (ytm) of 7%, if the face value of this bond is £100. The price of the bond if it matures in 3 years time is approx £94.99.
The price of a bond can be calculated using the formula:
Price = (C / (1 + YTM) ^ t) + (FV / (1 + YTM) ^ n)
Where C is the annual coupon payment, YTM is the yield to maturity, t is the time period, FV is the face value, and n is the number of time periods until maturity.
In this case, the annual coupon payment is 3% of the face value, or £3. The yield to maturity is 7%, and the bond matures in 3 years. Plugging these values into the formula gives:
Price = (£3 / (1 + 0.07) ^ 1) + (£3 / (1 + 0.07) ^ 2) + (£3 / (1 + 0.07) ^ 3) + (£100 / (1 + 0.07) ^ 3)
Price = £2.80 + £2.62 + £2.45 + £87.13
Price = £94.99
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You have been appointed policy advisor of the country Economia. The country is an open economy, has a floating exchange rate regime and uses the Econ as its currency.
The government is unsure how to record some international transactions in the Balance of Payment. Show (using the credit/debit tables) how each of the following transactions should be recorded in Economia’s Balance of Payments. You should specify the account that is affected and the accompanying credit/debit entry.
a. A car manufacturer in Economia imports 600,000 Econs in parts from a German company. It pays for the purchase using a bank account in Economia.
b. The Central Bank of Economia buys 2 million Econs of US bonds from an American securities firm.
c. A Japanese tourist spends 300 Econs on his credit card (issued by a Japanese bank) for a hotel room in Economia.
d. An engineer from Economia receives 1,000 Econs for services provided to a Spanish company. The payment is made using a Spanish bank account.
For the car manufacturer in Economia importing 600,000 Econs in parts from a German company Credit/Debit Entry: Debit 600,000 Econs, For the Central Bank of Economia buying 2 million Econs, For a Japanese tourist spending 300 Econs and For an engineer from Economia receiving 1,000 Econs.
a. For the car manufacturer in Economia importing 600,000 Econs in parts from a German company and paying for the purchase using a bank account in Economia, the transaction should be recorded in Economia’s Balance of Payments as follows:
Account Affected: Current Account
Credit/Debit Entry: Debit 600,000 Econs (the import of parts from Germany has resulted in a net outflow of currency from Economia).
b. For the Central Bank of Economia buying 2 million Econs of US bonds from an American securities firm, the transaction should be recorded in Economia’s Balance of Payments as follows:
Account Affected: Capital Account
Credit/Debit Entry: Credit 2 million Econs (the purchase of US bonds has resulted in a net inflow of currency into Economia).
c. For a Japanese tourist spending 300 Econs on his credit card (issued by a Japanese bank) for a hotel room in Economia, the transaction should be recorded in Economia’s Balance of Payments as follows:
Account Affected: Current Account
Credit/Debit Entry: Credit 300 Econs (the spending of a Japanese tourist has resulted in a net inflow of currency into Economia).
d. For an engineer from Economia receiving 1,000 Econs for services provided to a Spanish company and the payment being made using a Spanish bank account, the transaction should be recorded in Economia’s Balance of Payments as follows:
Account Affected: Current Account
Credit/Debit Entry: Credit 1,000 Econs (the payment received from the Spanish company has resulted in a net inflow of currency into Economia).
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Josephine picks up a handbag. She brings it to the cashier. The cashier refuses to sell the handbag to Josephine because the handbag has been reserved for another customer. Advise Josephine whether she can force the shop to sell her the handbag. (20mark) (b) Yen Yen offered to sell her dog for RM 500. Ah Beng offers to purchase Yen Yen's dog for RM 200. Yen Yen answered "hello, no way". Ah Beng replied that he now wants to accept the original offer of RM 500. Yen Yen did not reply to Ah Beng. Discuss whether there is a contract between the parties.(20mark) (c) Pinky is a sought-after speaker. She asks Ah Meng, her husband, to prepare her speech in one of her seminars. She says she will give him 50% of the fees she earns for speaking in the event. Ah Meng completed the speech and claims for the money. Pinky refuses to pay her husband. Advise Ah Meng whether Pinky's promise to pay him is binding. (20mark) (d) Christy, a 17 year old daughter of a rich businessman, is currently studying at Segi University College. She signed a contract to buy a luxurious handbag that costs RM 5,000. Is this contract valid? (20mark)
In the passage shop cannot be stopped forcefully by Josephine , The contract was not made between Yen Yen and Ah Beng. Because of the domestic agreement between a husband and wife Pinky's promise was not binding
(a) Josephine cannot force the shop to sell her the handbag because the handbag has been reserved for another customer. The shop has the right to refuse to sell the handbag to Josephine as it is not available for sale.
(b) There is no contract between Yen Yen and Ah Beng. An offer is a proposal to enter into a contract, and an acceptance is an agreement to the terms of the offer. In this case, Yen Yen offered to sell her dog for RM 500, but Ah Beng countered with an offer of RM 200.
Yen Yen rejected Ah Beng's counteroffer, and there was no acceptance of the original offer. Therefore, there is no contract between the parties.
(c) Pinky's promise to pay Ah Meng is not binding because it is a domestic agreement between a husband and wife. Domestic agreements are generally not enforceable because they are not intended to create legal relations. Therefore, Ah Meng cannot enforce Pinky's promise to pay him for preparing her speech.
(d) The contract between Christy and the seller of the luxurious handbag is not valid because Christy is a minor. Minors are not legally capable of entering into contracts, and any contract entered into by a minor is voidable. Therefore, the contract between Christy and the seller is not enforceable.
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