Microbiologists often need to determine the number of bacteria in a sample and compare the bacterial growth under various conditions. Counting microorganisms is especially important in dairy microbiology, food microbiology, and water microbiology. The first important technique is the viable plate count, also called the standard plate count or simply the plate count. The basic principle of this method is that single isolated bacteria form visible isolated colonies. This means that 1 colony then represents 1 viable, isolated bacterium. We are interested in knowing how many bacteria are in our sample, or put another way, how many colony forming units (CFU) are in our sample. To be sure you understand the process, look at the Lab 9: Viable Plate Count document in content, below these instructions. At the end of these lab instructions are a couple of videos that can illustrate individual parts of the process as well. Open a website about plate counting (also called viable plate count) that explains the main methods used to determine viable cell counts in populations. You will be using this formula for counting colonies to determine the number of living bacteria in the stock solution:CFU stock solution = (CFU counted * dilution factor)/volume plated in mL Notice that if the plate on which the colonies were counted was the 10-4dilution plate the dilution factor is 104. We remove the minus sign - remember we are trying to determine the number of bacteria in the stock solution which is going to be MANY, MANY more than is on our plate or in the chambers in Part 2. 1. From theLab 9: Viable Plate Countdocument I created from my experiment, go throughthe calculation for the 10-9plate to determine the colony forming units per milliliter of stocksolution in my experiment. The volume plated is shown in that document too. Be sure toshow your work 2, According to thewebsite, why do we choose the plate with between 30 and 300 coloniesto count to determine our CFUs per ml 3. Determine the number of bacteria per milliliter or cubic centimeter of my original stocksolution and remember to show how you arrived at your answ 4. The inoculating loop is placed into the flame between each new line after each turn of theplate. Why do you think this is 5. What does an isolated colony represen 6. Why is an isolated colony important

Answers

Answer 1

1. To determine the colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter of stock solution in the 10-9 plate, we can use the formula: CFU stock solution = (CFU counted * dilution factor)/volume plated in mL.
From the Lab 9: Viable Plate Count document, we know that the CFU counted is 50, the dilution factor is 10^9, and the volume plated is 0.1 mL. Plugging these values into the formula, we get: CFU stock solution = (50 * 10^9)/0.1 = 5 * 10^11 CFU/mL.
2. According to the website, we choose the plate with between 30 and 300 colonies to count to determine our CFUs per ml because this range is considered to be statistically significant and accurate. Plates with fewer than 30 colonies may not accurately represent the bacterial population, and plates with more than 300 colonies may be too crowded and difficult to count accurately.

3. To determine the number of bacteria per milliliter or cubic centimeter of the original stock solution, we can use the same formula as in question 1, but with the values from the original stock solution. From the Lab 9: Viable Plate Count document, we know that the CFU counted is 50, the dilution factor is 1 (since there is no dilution in the original stock solution), and the volume plated is 0.1 mL. Plugging these values into the formula, we get: CFU stock solution = (50 * 1)/0.1 = 500 CFU/mL or 500 CFU/cm^3.
4. The inoculating loop is placed into the flame between each new line after each turn of the plate to sterilize the loop and prevent contamination of the sample. This helps to ensure that the colonies counted are from the original sample and not from other sources.
5. An isolated colony represents a single bacterium that has divided and grown into a visible colony.
6. An isolated colony is important because it allows for the accurate counting of bacterial colonies and the determination of the number of bacteria in a sample. It also allows for the isolation and identification of specific bacterial strains.

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Related Questions

Give 2 facts about cell differentiation

Answers

Answer:

It plays a significant role in the development of the embryo and in the complex organisms as it causes changes in size, shape and metabolism of the cells.

Helps to replace the old and the damaged cell pairs.

Preserves the genetic material: During the process of transcription, there are more chances of DNA getting mutated, cell differentiation helps to prevent the DNA from getting damaged.

Explanation:

what is an operon? brifly describe how the lac operon works and regulated. (b) describe transcription, and what are GTFs

Answers

An operon is a group of genes that are regulated together and transcribed into a single mRNA molecule. The lac operon is a well-known example of an operon that is responsible for the metabolism of lactose in bacteria.

The lac operon is regulated by the presence or absence of lactose in the environment. When lactose is present, it binds to the LacI repressor protein and prevents it from binding to the operator site of the lac operon. This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the genes of the lac operon, which encode enzymes that metabolize lactose. When lactose is absent, the LacI repressor protein binds to the operator site and prevents transcription of the lac operon.

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into RNA. This process is initiated by the binding of general transcription factors (GTFs) to the promoter region of a gene. GTFs are a group of proteins that are required for the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase. They help to position the RNA polymerase at the start site of transcription and to unwind the DNA double helix to allow for the synthesis of RNA. Once the RNA polymerase is properly positioned, it begins to synthesize RNA using the DNA template.

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This question carries 10% of the marks for this assignment and assesses module learning outcomes KU1 and KU4. It relates to material covered in Topic 5 Parts 1 and 2.
Outline five mechanisms which ensure that the information contained in a gene is accurately transcribed and translated into the correct sequence of amino acids in a protein. Briefly explain how each mechanism ensures accuracy in protein synthesis. (10 marks)
When the mechanisms that ensure accurate gene transcription and translation fail, a number of defects or diseases can occur. Some examples include:

Answers

There are several mechanisms that ensure accurate gene transcription and translation which includes Proofreading , Splicing , Ribosome binding ,  tRNA selection , Termination.

1. Proofreading: During transcription and translation, the enzymes involved in these processes can recognize and correct any mistakes that may occur.

This helps to ensure that the information contained in a gene is accurately transcribed and translated into the correct sequence of amino acids in a protein.

2. Splicing: During transcription, introns (non-coding regions of a gene) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined together to form a mature mRNA molecule. This process ensures that only the relevant information is included in the final protein product.

3. Ribosome binding: During translation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA molecule at the correct location to ensure that the correct sequence of amino acids is produced.

4. tRNA selection: During translation, tRNAs with the correct anticodon are selected to ensure that the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain.

5. Termination: During transcription and translation, there are specific signals that indicate when the process should stop. This ensures that the final protein product is the correct length and sequence.

When these mechanisms fail, a number of defects or diseases can occur, including genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease.

These disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA that affect the accuracy of gene transcription and translation, leading to the production of abnormal proteins.

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PLEASE HELPP!! will give brainly
super simple! just got a lot of work on my plate. thank you!!

Answers

Answer:

EVOLUTION

Explanation:

the answer is A, evolution

Discuss the use of gel electrophoresis for the separation of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and protein) of different sizes and topological forms. (Include in you answer the different recombinant DNA techniques that require gel electrophoresis)

Answers

Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, based on size and topological form.

It utilizes an electric field to move molecules through a matrix made up of either agarose or polyacrylamide. The electric field is generated by connecting the matrix to electrodes in a container filled with buffer.

The smaller molecules travel faster through the matrix due to their smaller size and form, thus, the larger molecules separate out further from the origin.

Different recombinant DNA techniques that require gel electrophoresis include restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), gene cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, and DNA sequencing. RFLP is used to identify genes that are responsible for various diseases.

Gene cloning is a technique used to copy genes and transfer them to a different organism. Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to modify specific genes in an organism. Lastly, DNA sequencing is used to identify the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

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1. while replicating, DNA polymerase adds ____ to the original
once they are separated?
a. complementary RNA nucleotides.
b. complementary DNA nucleotides.
c. amino acids in sequence
d. all of them
2.

Answers

While replicating, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the original strands once they are separated. Therefore, the correct answer is option b. complementary DNA nucleotides.

DNA replication, which is the process of copying DNA before cell division, depends on the enzyme DNA polymerase. An enzyme known as helicase initially unwinds the double-stranded DNA molecule during replication before splitting it into two single strands.

DNA polymerase then adds complementary nucleotides to each of the original DNA strands, utilising them as templates after the DNA strands have been split. For instance, DNA polymerase will add a complementary "T" base if the initial strand had the nucleotide base "A". Similar to this, DNA polymerase will add a complementary "G" base if the original strand has a "C" base and vice versa.

Once two new double-stranded DNA molecules are created, each of which contains one original strand and one newly synthesised complementary strand, this process is repeated down the length of the original DNA strands. For the genetic information to be maintained and transferred from one generation of cells to the next, DNA replication must be accurate and effective.

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Affected hand with the palmar surface in contact with the cassette.Center the 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint to the midline of the cassette.

Answers

To properly center the 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint to the midline of the cassette, ensure the palmar surface of the affected hand is in contact with the cassette. Then, line up the 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint in the middle of the cassette.

To get a precise radiographic picture of the hand, it is advised to center the third metacarpophalangeal joint on the midline of the cassette. The middle joint of the third finger of the hand is known as the third metacarpophalangeal joint. The final picture will clearly and accurately depict the bones and structures of the hand by aligning this joint to the midline of the cassette.

The affected hand's palmar surface must first make contact with the cassette in order to reach this orientation. This makes it easier to make sure the hand is flat and in the same spot every time, which might enhance the sharpness of the image. After the hand is in contact with the cassette, you may locate the third metacarpophalangeal joint and move the hand as necessary to position it so that it is centered along the midline of the cassette.

Radiologic technicians and other healthcare professionals are educated to follow certain procedures and recommendations to guarantee that the placement is ideal for each type of radiographic examination since proper positioning is crucial for generating clear and accurate radiographic pictures.

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"1. (2) What is "vitalism?" What kind of evidence eventually
killed this theory?
2. (4) Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of size
and structures. Give examples of each.

Answers

Vitalism is the belief that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things.

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

The theory of vitalism was eventually killed by the discovery of biochemical reactions and the realization that all living organisms are made of the same basic elements as non-living things.

Prokaryotic do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and their DNA is circular and found in the cytoplasm. Examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Their DNA is linear and found in the nucleus. Examples of eukaryotic cells include animal and plant cells.

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"When should a server begin assessing patrons for signs of
intoxication?
a. prior to them leaving
b. after their first drink
c. upon arrival
d. after their second drink"

Answers

A server should begin assessing patrons for signs of intoxication is c. upon arrival

It is important to determine the level of intoxication before serving any drinks to ensure the safety of the patron and those around them. By assessing patrons upon arrival, the server can make informed decisions about how much alcohol to serve and when to cut them off if necessary. It is also important to continue monitoring patrons throughout their stay to ensure they do not become overly intoxicated.

Therefore, the correct answer to the question "When should a server begin assessing patrons for signs of intoxication?" is c. upon arrival.

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you have learned that during a solar eclipse the moon passes between the sun and the earth. During a lunar eclipse, the earth passes between the sun and the moon. In this experiment you will simulate both a solar and lunar eclipse.


These supplies are needed:

A large ball about the size of a basketball to represent the earth
A small ball about the size of a tennis ball to represent the moon
A strong light of about 100 watts or more
A method for darkening the room

Note: If your room is difficult to darken, you may use the sunshine as a source of light. You may also want to use cardboard circles in place of balls. Cut one large circle about 8 inches in diameter to represent planet earth. Label it earth. Cut one small circle about 3 inches in diameter. Label it moon.

Procedure:

1. Place the large ball (basketball) about 12 feet from the light source. Then, place the small ball (tennis ball) in the shadow of the large ball. If you are using cardboard circles in place of the balls, hold the large cardboard circle up in the sunshine. Then, place the moon (small cardboard circle) in earth's shadow. When you have lined up the balls or cardboard in this manner, you have made a shadow fall on the moon. This shadow represents an eclipse of the moon.

2. Now, shift the balls or cardboard to make the shadow fall on the basketball or largest cardboard. In effect, the sun is being darkened. If you were an observer on the earth, this condition would be a solar eclipse. When the moon comes between the sun and planet earth, a solar eclipse occurs.

The preceding illustration shows how an eclipse can be artificially made. The moon (tennis ball) is darkened by a shadow. This shadow represents a lunar eclipse (moon eclipse). You can reverse the position of the tennis ball and the basketball to represent a solar eclipse.

What did you observe?

Answers

Answer:

A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, casting a shadow on Earth that either fully or partially blocks the Sun's light in some areas. This only happens occasionally, because the Moon doesn't orbit in the exact same plane as the Sun and Earth do.

Explanation:

I am guessing in your experiment there, the ball had a complete shadow over it, to show you how a solar eclipse works or looks.

More than 3 (three quarters) of all the animal species in the world are:

A. Worms

B. Fish

C. Flying insects

Answers

Answer: C

Explanation: Insects, spiders, crustaceans, and mollusks are a group of invertebrates with exoskeletons composed of chitin. They are the most diverse group of animals on Earth.

The diversity and abundance of these animals make them very important to our ecosystem and human health.

Answer: Is most definitely C.Flying insects

you
have a group of 5 oceanic organisms:
whale,lobster,snail,starfish,and jelly fish. Discuss how they are
related to one another. Use specific terms.Which are more closely
related?

Answers

Because jellyfish are Cnidarians, they are not related to fishes like starfish are. Echinodermata includes starfish. Fishes are classified as Pisces.

Why aren't jellyfish and starfish considered fish?

They lack fins, scales, and gills. Only saltwater is home to sea stars. They actually have a "water vascular system" that uses sea water to transport nutrients through their bodies rather than blood.

Are all jellies made of water?

A jellyfish's body is mostly water, with only around 5% of it being made up of solid material. A jellyfish is intriguing, graceful, and mysterious to observe in the water, but when you pull it out of the water, it turns into a far less interesting lump. This is due to jellyfish's approximately 95% water content.

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negative effect of people's personal views about infectious diseases from the health and safety of people​

Answers

This can raise anxiety, which might lead to more stigmatization of those who are thought to be infected. Social stigma can cause panic and worry in society as a result of distorted risk assessments, and it can even have an impact on how authorities allocate resources (23, 31).

labeling and harboring unfavorable opinions of members of a particular group. The psychological and behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and methods for coping with them are discussed in further detail. Ascribing shame and humiliation to a person based on the variety they display is a discriminatory practice.

Several indigenous children in Namibia face various sorts of discrimination in schools due to their physical characteristics, native tongues, or resource shortages. Read more about this in the article Inclusive Approaches to School Counseling: Making the Case for Culturally-Responsive Psycho-Social Assistance for Students from Indigenous Communities.

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does tuberculosis use pentose phosphate pathway pathways? any
articles links that would help understand?

Answers

Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs and other parts of the body. It does not use the pentose phosphate pathway, which is a metabolic pathway found in cells that generates NADPH and pentose sugars.

The pentose phosphate pathway is important for cellular metabolism and is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, and lipids. However, it is not involved in the infection or progression of tuberculosis.

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Many of the protists are human pathogens. Choose one species and describe its life cycle:
a.What is the name of the disease and the organism that causes it?
b.How does it travel from one organism to another?
c.In what part of the human organism does the protist reproduce?
d.What types of issues does it cause in a human host?

Answers

One species of protist that is a human pathogen is Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria.

The Answer to Question a - d

a. The disease is called malaria and the organism that causes it is called Plasmodium falciparum.
b. Plasmodium falciparum travels from one organism to another through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito bites a human, it injects the Plasmodium falciparum parasite into the human's bloodstream.
c. The Plasmodium falciparum parasite reproduces in the liver and red blood cells of the human host.
d. In a human host, Plasmodium falciparum can cause fever, chills, headache, vomiting, and flu-like symptoms. In severe cases, it can lead to anemia, respiratory distress, organ failure, and death.

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When conducting research for a paper, what is the first step you should take?

A.
define search parameters

B.
develop a research question

C.
choose a topic

D.
write a bibliography

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is B. Develop a research question.

When conducting research for a paper, the first step should be to develop a research question. This is because a well-defined research question helps to guide the research process, narrow down the scope of the paper, and identify the most relevant sources of information.

After developing a research question, the next step would be to define search parameters, choose a topic, and write a bibliography, among other things. However, these steps all come after the development of a clear research question.

In corn plants, number of ears per stalk is determined by three loci, each with two alleles. Each allele of these three genes is additive and equal in its effect on number of ears. One strain (ccrrnn) produces 2 ears per stalk. The other strain (CCRRNN) produces 8 ears per stalk. The two strains are crossed, and the resulting F1 are interbred to produce F2 progeny. For each of the following F2 progeny, state 1) the probability of obtaining the genotype and 2) the number of ears of corn this individual would produce. a. CcrrNn b. ccRrnn c. CcRrNn

Answers

The F1 generation will all have the genotype CcRrNn and produce 6 ears of corn. This is because each allele from the CCRRNN strain will be dominant over the corresponding allele from the ccrrnn strain.

When the F1 generation is interbred to produce the F2 generation, we can use a Punnett square to determine the probabilities of different genotypes and phenotypes.

For the F2 progeny with the genotype CcrrNn:
1) The probability of obtaining this genotype is (1/2) * (1/4) * (1/2) = 1/16
2) This individual will produce 4 ears of corn, as it has one dominant allele from each of the three genes.

For the F2 progeny with the genotype ccRrnn:
1) The probability of obtaining this genotype is (1/4) * (1/2) * (1/4) = 1/32
2) This individual will produce 2 ears of corn, as it has only one dominant allele from one of the three genes.

For the F2 progeny with the genotype CcRrNn:
1) The probability of obtaining this genotype is (1/2) * (1/2) * (1/2) = 1/8
2) This individual will produce 6 ears of corn, as it has one dominant allele from each of the three genes.

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A transmembrane protein moves glucose, a hydrophilic molecule, across a cell’s
plasma membrane into the cytosol. The cell accumulates enough glucose to meet its
needs for the time being, and the transmembrane protein closes to prevent more
movement of glucose. What, if any, is the difference between the cell before and after it
stops moving glucose? Does this affect the genome, the proteome, both, or none?

Answers

The difference between the cell before and after it stops moving glucose is that the concentration of glucose inside the cell has increased. This does not affect the genome, as the genome is the complete set of DNA in an organism and does not change due to changes in the concentration of molecules inside the cell.

However, it may affect the proteome, as the proteome is the complete set of proteins in a cell and the transmembrane protein may have been altered to prevent further movement of glucose. This change in the proteome may also lead to changes in other proteins and cellular processes that are dependent on the concentration of glucose inside the cell. Overall, the main difference between the cell before and after it stops moving glucose is the concentration of glucose inside the cell, which may affect the proteome but not the genome.

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Another type of condenser designed for high quality microscope which makes it movable unlike the normal one; Allows for high magnification up to 400x. T/F

Answers

False. The type of condenser you are referring to is called an Abbe condenser. While it is true that it is designed for high quality microscopes and allows for high magnification, it is not movable. The Abbe condenser is fixed in place and cannot be moved.

Additionally, the magnification of a microscope is not determined by the condenser, but rather by the objective lenses and eyepieces. Therefore, the statement that the Abbe condenser allows for high magnification up to 400x is incorrect.

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Most of the enzymes involved in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are ubiquitously expressed in all cells of the body. However, the specific recombination events between V, J, and D immunoglobulin gene segments that generate antibody diversity occur only in developing B cells. Name the enzymes that initiate antibody gene segment recombination in developing B cells, the specific DNA sequences they recognize, describe how the asymmetry in these sequences ensure specific targeting by this enzyme complex and what enzymatic reaction is carried out by the proteins.

Answers

The enzymes that initiate antibody gene segment recombination in developing B cells are called RAG-1 and RAG-2. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences called recombination signal sequences (RSS) that are located at the 3' end of V segments, the 5' end of J segments, and both ends of D segments.

The RSS sequences contain two conserved motifs, a heptamer and a nonamer, separated by a spacer of either 12 or 23 base pairs. This asymmetry in the RSS sequences ensures specific targeting by the RAG-1/RAG-2 enzyme complex, as they will only recognize and bind to RSS sequences with different spacer lengths.

This is known as the 12/23 rule and it ensures that only one V, one D, and one J segment are recombined to form a functional immunoglobulin gene. The RAG-1/RAG-2 enzyme complex carries out a cleavage reaction, specifically a nicking and hairpin formation reaction, at the RSS sequences to initiate the recombination process.

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In the dog breeding experiments its became clear pretty quickly
that you cannot select for or against a single gene or trait? Why
do you think this is the case

Answers

It is difficult to select for or against a single gene or trait in dog breeding experiments because genes and traits are often controlled by multiple genes and are influenced by environmental factors.

This is known as polygenic inheritance, where multiple genes contribute to a single trait. Additionally, genes and traits can be influenced by the environment, meaning that even if a dog has the genes for a certain trait, it may not express that trait if the environmental conditions are not conducive. Therefore, it is not as simple as selecting for or against a single gene or trait in dog breeding experiments, as there are many factors that contribute to the expression of genes and traits.

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How does a duckling become a bigger and stronger adult duck?

an adult duck and two (it was supposed to be one but ok ig-) small ducklings.
Public Domain

Body repair
Warmth
Growth
Motion

Answers

Answer:

growth!

Explanation:

when the duck grows, it'll gain stronger muscles which leads to stronger endurance

postmortem settling of blood in the vessels of the lower portions of the body causing red or purplish discoloration, can be removed/reversed or cleared with embalming as it is inside vessels. is called?

Answers

The postmortem settling of blood in the vessels of the lower portions of the body causing red or purplish discoloration is called livor mortis. It is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by the gravitational pooling of blood in the body.

It is important to note that livor mortis can be removed/reversed or cleared with embalming, as it is inside the vessels. Embalming is the process of preserving a dead body by treating it with chemicals to prevent decomposition. By doing so, the discoloration caused by livor mortis can be removed or reduced.

In summary, livor mortis is the postmortem settling of blood in the lower portions of the body causing discoloration, and can be removed or reduced with embalming.

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tea contains that will react with iron to cause a dark color to form.
a. ferrous
b. sulfate c. tannins d. caffeine 2. Assuming your experiment worked correctly, became very cloudy when mixed with tea. a. Plain water b. Grape juice c. Apple juice d. Molasses mixed with wate

Answers

Tea contains that will react with iron to cause a dark color to form is  c. tannins. Tannins, which are found in tea, will react with iron to make a dark colour.

Tannins are a type of polyphenol that can be found in plants and are what make tea look dark.

The correct answer for the second question is a. Plain water , When plain water was mixed with tea, the iron in the water reacted with the tannins in the tea to make a dark colour.

This is called the tannin-iron reaction, and it is what gives tea its dark colour.

In conclusion, tea has tannins that react with iron to make a dark colour. When plain water was mixed with tea, the reaction between the tannins and iron made the water very cloudy.

Therefore, the correct answer for the first question is c. tannins and the correct answer for the second question is a. Plain water

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11. Paracrines is one way in which cells communicate. These chemical
messengers:
OA)
are released into the blood
B) are released into the tissues to effect local cells
C) allow for gap junction communication

Answers

Paracrine is one way in which cells communicate. These chemical messengers are released into the tissues to effect local cells. The correct option is B.

What is paracrine?

Paracrine are a type of chemical messenger or signaling molecule that cells release into the extracellular fluid to act on neighboring cells.

They are typically involved in local signaling within tissues and organs and are not released into the bloodstream to act on distant cells.

Cytokines, growth factors, and prostaglandins are examples of paracrine signaling molecules.

Gap junction communication, on the other hand, is characterized by direct cell-to-cell communication via specialized channels known as gap junctions.

Gap junctions allow small molecules and ions to pass directly from one cell to another and are critical for coordinating cell activity within tissues and organs.

Gap junctions are not considered a type of chemical messenger or signaling molecule.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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Case 1
Industrial company "Oracle" faces the following limits on pollution emissions into environment established by the Environmental protection agency (EPA): 740 tons of pollutant Z1, 514 tons of pollutant Z2, and 672 tons of pollutant Z3 (per year). "Oracle" makes three kinds of products: A, B and C. All three goods are equally profitable. Production of each [conventional] unit of product A entails emission of 4 tons of pollutant Zı and 2 tons of pollutant Z2. Production of one unit of product B generates 6 tons of pollutant Z1, 3 tons of pollutant Z2 and 8 tons of Z3. Production of each unit of good C leads to emission of 8 tons of pollutant Z1, 10 tons of Z2 and 12 tons of Z3. 1) Advice "Oracle" managers what structure of production will allow "Oracle" to keep in line with EPA standards? (i.e. how many units of A, B and C"Oracle" can produce while observing the limits on emissions?) [40 points] 2) Suppose that EPA intends to tighten emission standards (that is - to lower emission limits) for pollutant Z3 by 16 tons per year. What change of "Oracle" production plans would that entail? [20 points]

Answers

1) "Oracle" can produce 92 units of product A, 57 units of product B, and 21 units of product C while keeping in line with EPA standards.

2)"Oracle" can still produce 92 units of product A and 57 units of product B, but can only produce 18 units of product C while keeping in line with the new emission standards for pollutant Z3. emission.

About structure of production

1) In order to determine the structure of production that will allow "Oracle" to keep in line with EPA standards, we need to set up a system of equations with the given information.

Let x represent the number of units of product A, y represent the number of units of product B, and z represent the number of units of product C.

The equations are as follows: 4x + 6y + 8z ≤ 740 (for pollutant Z1) 2x + 3y + 10z ≤ 514 (for pollutant Z2) 8y + 12z ≤ 672 (for pollutant Z3)

We can use linear programming to solve this system of equations and find the maximum number of units of each product that can be produced while observing the limits on emissions. One possible solution is x = 92, y = 57, and z = 21. This means that "Oracle" can produce 92 units of product A, 57 units of product B, and 21 units of product C while keeping in line with EPA standards.

2) If EPA intends to tighten emission standards for pollutant Z3 by 16 tons per year, the equation for pollutant Z3 will change to: 8y + 12z ≤ 656

We can use linear programming again to solve this new system of equations and find the new maximum number of units of each product that can be produced. One possible solution is x = 92, y = 57, and z = 18.

This means that "Oracle" can still produce 92 units of product A and 57 units of product B, but can only produce 18 units of product C while keeping in line with the new emission standards for pollutant Z3. emission.

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If you forgot to apply Maneval's to a capsule stain smear, what will you see under the microscope? a. red cells and red background
b. colored capsule c. no cells will be visible d. the background will be red, but the cells and capsule that surround them will be colorless

Answers

If you forgot to apply Maneval's to a capsule stain smear, you would see that the background is red, but the cells and capsule that surround them will be colorless. Hence, the correct option is d.

A capsule is a distinctive bacterial structure that encloses the cell wall and protects bacteria from the host's immune system. Capsule staining is a laboratory method used to identify these capsules. Capsule staining involves the application of two stains to the sample. A basic stain, such as crystal violet or methylene blue, is used to stain the bacterial cell itself. The counterstain, such as Maneval's, stains the capsule.

Maneval's stain is an acidic stain that helps to visualize bacterial capsules that are colorless. Capsules have a gel-like structure that can be difficult to stain using traditional staining techniques. Maneval's stain is an acidic stain that helps to visualize bacterial capsules that are colorless. The capsule appears colorless, while the background appears red in a correctly prepared capsule stain with Maneval's stain.

If you forget to use Maneval's stain, you will not see any capsule present, and the cells and background will appear red. As a result, the correct answer is that if you forget to apply Maneval's to a capsule stain smear, the background will be red, but the cells and capsule that surround them will be colorless. Thus, the correct option is d.

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Using data from the math toolbox, which bivalve is more efficient filtering water. Provide support

Answers

Suspension-feeding bivalves are more efficient in filtering water, such are, zebra mussels and oysters.

What are bivalve animals?

Bivalvia is a class of animals that includes clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops (or Pelecypodia). In order to enclose and protect their fragile, delicate sections, bivalves have two shells that are joined by a flexible ligament. As clams, oysters, mussels, and other bivalves filter seawater, environmental pollutants may be accumulated in their tissues.

Thus, Suspension-feeding bivalves are more efficient in filtering water, such are, zebra mussels and oysters.

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A tube containing a 5ml mixed culture of E. coli (forms an off-white colony). And S. marcescens forms a red colony in mixed need to streak a task creating a pure culture of E. coil on nutrient agar petri dish. Describe in details the multiple step process to complete this task.

Answers

To create a pure culture of E. coli from a tube containing a 5ml mixed culture of E. coli and S. marcescens, you will need to streak a task on a nutrient agar petri dish. This is a multi-step process which includes preparing, streaking, replacing, examining etc.

Step 1: Prepare the nutrient agar plate. Remove the lid of the plate and place it on a clean work surface. Pour a small amount of nutrient agar onto the plate, enough to cover the surface.

Step 2: Streak the plate. Take a loop of sterile wire and dip it into the tube containing the mixed culture of E. coli and S. marcescens. Place the loop against the surface of the agar plate, and move it back and forth across the surface. This will create streaks of the bacteria on the plate.

Step 3: Replace the lid. Replace the lid of the plate and set it aside to incubate for 24 to 48 hours. During this time, the bacteria will reproduce on the plate.

Step 4: Examine the plate. After the incubation period is over, remove the lid and examine the plate. You should see individual colonies of bacteria growing in different areas of the plate. The E. coli will form an off-white colony, while the S. marcescens will form a red colony.

Step 5: Transfer the E. coli colony. Take a loop of sterile wire and transfer a small amount of the E. coli colony onto a new plate. This will create a new plate with a single colony of E. coli.

Step 6: Incubate the plate. Replace the lid of the plate and set it aside to incubate for 24 to 48 hours. During this time, the bacteria will reproduce on the plate.

Step 7: Examine the plate. After the incubation period is over, remove the lid and examine the plate. You should see an isolated colony of E. coli, which indicates that you have successfully created a pure culture of the bacteria.

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For
a graduated cylinder, if the water volume was 1.00 mL and the
number of drops was 18. What would the average drop volume (mL)
be?

Answers

The average drop volume would be approximately 0.0556 mL (1.00 mL/18 drops).

To calculate the average drop volume, we divide the total volume (1.00 mL) by the number of drops (18). In this case, we get 0.0556 mL/drop. It's important to note that the actual volume of each drop may vary depending on factors such as the size of the dropper and the viscosity of the liquid. Therefore, this value represents an approximation based on the given data.

Additionally, it's worth noting that using a graduated cylinder to measure small volumes like drops may not be the most precise method. More accurate results can be obtained using specialized instruments like a micropipette or a burette.

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