Answer: Low - ball
Explanation: The low- ball technique could be explained as a trick used by sellers to lure consumers into making a purchase by offering an exciting and low priced product for sale. This offer gets the buyer or consumer committed to such product. However, these offer isn't one in which the seller really intends to uphold as it is just to get the buyers to commit, then the price is suddenly upped or increased at which point the committed buyer ends up paying the increased fee for such product. In the scenario above, only few low priced products were made
available as the seller does not intend to uphold the low price advertised with the buyer eventually purchasing at an increased price.
Brayden is a general partner in a four-member limited partnership with two general and two limited partners. The partnership is silent with regard to the duration of the partnership, and Brayden wishes to retire.
A) Brayden may withdraw at any time, and the partnership continues.
B) Brayden must give six months' notice before being permitted to withdraw.
C) The other general partner and the limited partner with the largest liability must agree to his withdrawal.
D) The court must grant permission for Brayden to withdraw since the agreement was silent and the other partners and third-party customers of the partnership must be protected.
Answer:
A) Brayden may withdraw at any time, and the partnership continues.
Explanation:
A partnership is defined as a business venture where two or more people decide to pool their resources together in a business to achieve a particular objective.
Partnerships can be a complex relationship between participants where conflict may rise. To curtail this an agreement is usually written that states conditions for withdrawal, percentage of ownership, division of profit and loss, length of partnership, and partner authority.
In this scenario the partnership is silent on the duration of the partnership, so Brayden may withdraw at any time and the partnership will continue
A Notary Signing Agent consistently follows the practice of obtaining borrowers’ thumbprints in his or her journal, but is commissioned in a state that does not require journal thumbprints. A borrower has complied with all other notarization requirements, but objects to leaving her thumbprint in the journal. What should the Notary Signing Agent do?
Answer:
the Notary Signing Agent should just complete the Signing assignment
Explanation:
In this specific scenario, the Notary Signing Agent should just complete the Signing assignment. This is mainly due to the fact that the Notary agent is commissioned in a state that does not require journal thumbprints, therefore since the borrower has all the correct paperwork requirements the Notary agent would not be breaking any laws by completing the signing assignment, even though it breaks his consistent practice.
On December 31, 2018, Gardner Company holds debt securities classified as HTM with a face amount of $100,000 and a carrying value of $95,000. The bonds have an effective interest rate of 6% and pay interest of $2,500 semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. The effective interest revenue recognized for the six months ended December 31, 2018 is:
Answer:
$2,850
Explanation:
Given the following :
Face value of security = $100,000
Carrying value = $95,000
Effective interest rate = 6%
Interest paid semianually = $2500
The effective interest revenue recognized for the six months ended December 31, 2018 is:
IF effective interest rate = 6%
Semiannual interest = 6% / 2 = 3%
Therefore effective interest revenue for six months will be the product of the carrying value and the interest rate within the six months period :
3% = 0.03
0.03 * $95,000 = $2,850
The two best signs of good strategy execution are whether: the company is challenging its current performance targets and whether value chain activities are fully integrated within the strategic response criteria. managers are personally leading the change process and whether they are meeting deadlines set for budgetary requirements. the company is meeting or beating its performance targets and whether it is performing value chain activities in a manner that is conducive to companywide operating excellence. managers are fully behind the changes and whether the company's value chain managers are executing them diligently. the company identifies what the organization must do and how to make the necessary internal changes.
Answer: the company is meeting or beating its performance targets and whether it is performing value chain activities in a manner that is conducive to companywide operating excellence.
Explanation:
The execution of a good strategy requires a team effort with every managers using their authority to ensure that all the workers under them take active part in the execution of the strategy.
The two best signs of good strategy execution are whether the company is meeting or beating its performance targets and also whether the company is performing value chain activities in a manner which is conducive to companywide operating excellence.
A television manufacturer in South Korea had to simplify its televisions before introducing them to the Nigerian markets, as the country lacked the skills to repair the product in case of a malfunction. The local salesforce also did not have the sufficient knowledge about the installation of the product. The requirement that is influencing product adaptation in this scenario is
Answer:
The correct answer is "Technological Requirements ".
Explanation:
Throughout the field of computing and development of systems, technological requirements are considerations necessary to produce a request to make or action from such an organization to determine the expectations and needs of either a customer. Technical specifications may apply to technologies such as software, hardware as well as software-driven electronic equipment.So that the given scenario is "Technological Requirements "
Tanya is a manager who has the ability to understand and gauge the moods and feelings of her employees with little difficulty. Tanya displays high emotional intelligence. negative affectivity. organizational socialization. introversion. organizational integration.
Answer: emotional intelligence
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that Tanya is a manager who has the ability to understand and gauge the moods and feelings of her employees with little difficulty.
The above scenario shows that Tanya has high emotional intelligence because she can read the emotions ad feelings of her employees and use that in judging them appropriately.
An internal control system consists of all policies and procedures used to protect assets, ensure reliable accounting, promote efficient operations, and urge adherence to company policies. Evaluate each of the following statements and indicate which are true and which are false regarding the objectives of an internal control system.
1. Separation of recordkeeping for assets from the custody over assets is intended to reduce theft and fraud.
2. The primary objective of internal control procedures is to safeguard the business against theft from government agencies.
3. The main objective of internal control procedures is best accomplished by designing an operational system with managerial policies that protect the assets from waste, fraud, and theft.
4. Separating the responsibility for a transaction between two or more individuals or departments will not help prevent someone from creating a fictitious invoice and paying the money to herself or himself.
Answer:
Explanation:
1. True
Separation of record keeping for assets from custody over assets in custody over assets reduces theft and fraud . except in a case of collusion.
Fraud and theft of assets can be easily perpetrated and covered up when an individual combines the role.
2. False
Internal control focuses more on the internal operation of an organization rather than the external. Even though it can still be of impact in checking the excesses of external parties like the government agencies , but that is not its primary objective
3.True
Internal control's main objectives can be best accomplished when there is an operational system with managerial policies that protect waste , fraud and theft , being the major factors targeted to control
4.False
Separating the responsibility for a transaction between two or more individuals or departments is a major way of preventing creation of fictitious invoices and payment as it could have easily be detected if different individuals are involved in approval and payment of invoices.
Daniella is a manager in a big data management company. Based on her sharp management skills, she has the highest number of people assigned under her. Thus, Daniella is in charge of supervising a total number of 35 employees of the company. In this scenario, the number of employees assigned to Daniella refers to her _____.
Answer:
Span of control.
Explanation:
Daniella is a manager in a big data management company. Based on her sharp management skills, she has the highest number of people assigned under her. Thus, Daniella is in charge of supervising a total number of 35 employees of the company. In this scenario, the number of employees assigned to Daniella refers to her span of control.
A span of control can be defined as the number of people (employees or workers), functions, activities which are being directly controlled effectively and efficiently by a manager in an organization.
Hence, Daniella is responsible for the functions of the 35 employees under her.
In practice, the cost minimization strategy can be more expensive than the opportunity maximization strategy. Which of the following is a way in which the cost minimization strategy is less expensive than the opportunity minimization strategy?
a. The loss of unexpected opportunities
b. The cost of extensive monitoring mechanisms
c. The costs of writing detailed contracts
d. The prevention of opportunistic behavior by the partner(s)
Explanation: the answer would be d
Tim's Taxi Service sold one of its cabs for $9,000. The cab had an original cost of $23,000 with $16,000 in accumulated depreciation. Assuming this is the only asset sold during the year, what is the recognized gain or loss and character of the gain or loss on this sale
Answer:
The recognized gain is $2000
Explanation:
The carrying value of the cab sold is the difference between the original cost of $23,000 and the accumulated depreciation of $16,000, hence, carrying value is $7000($23000-$16,000)
The cash proceeds from the disposal of then cab are $9000
Gain on disposal of cab=$9000-$7000
Gain on disposal of cab=$2000
Dairy Farm enters into a contract with EZ Serve Ice Cream Company to supply milk. Later, Dairy decides that it is no longer advantageous to fulfill the contract and subsequently fails to perform as promised. EZ files a suit against Dairy. A breach of contract occurred when:_________
A) Dairy entered into a contract with EZ.
B) Dairy decided that it was not advantageous to fulfill the contract.
C) Dairy failed to perform the acts promised in the contract.
D) EZ filed a suit against Dairy.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
A breach of contract occurs when one of the parties to a contract decides not to honor all or some of the terms spelled out in the contract. In other words, a breach of contract occurs when actionable terms in the contract are neglected by one of the parties to the contract.
The actionable term in the contract signed by both Diary Farm and EZ Serve Ice Cream Company is for Diary Farm to supply milk to EZ Serve Ice Cream Company. Hence, not supplying milk as agreed represents a breach of the contract, all other things being equal.
Correct option: C
Haver Company currently produces component RX5 for its sole product. The current cost per unit to manufacture the required 65,000 units of RX5 follows. Direct materials $ 5.00 Direct labor 9.00 Overhead 10.00 Total costs per unit $ 24.00 Direct materials and direct labor are 100% variable. Overhead is 80% fixed. An outside supplier has offered to supply the 65,000 units of RX5 for $18.00 per unit. Required: 1. Determine the total incremental cost of making 65,000 units of RX5. 2. Determine the total incremental cost of buying 65,000 units of RX5. 3. Should the company make or buy RX5
Answer:
1. The total incremental cost of making 65,000 units of RX5
Total Direct Material + Total direct Labour + Variable Overhead cost
Total Direct Material = 65,000 units * $5 = $325,000
Total Direct Labour = 65,000 units * $9 = $585,000
Variable Overhead cost = $65,000 * 10 = $650,000. $650,000 *(1- 80%) = $650,000 *20% = $130,000
Hence, The total incremental cost of making = $325,000 + $585,000 + $130,000 = $1,040,000
2. The total incremental cost of buying 65,000 units of RX5 =
The cost to buy the units = 65,000 units * $18 = $1,170,000
3. The company should be making the RX5 because the total cost of making the 65,000 unit of RX5 is lesser than cost of buying the 65,000 units of RX5
Kim Nagele,senior sourcing manager at JCPenney,purchases tons of publication paper annually at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.As described and inferred in the text,Mr.Nagele performs all of the following roles in the JCPenney buying center except which?
A) user
B) gatekeeper
C) influencer
D) buyer
E) decider
Answer: user
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that Kim Nagele, senior sourcing manager at JCPenney buys tons of publication paper annually at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.
Based on the above scenario, we can day that Kim Nagele performs the told of an influencer, gatekeeper, buyer anr the decider. He is not a user as he is not the one using the publication paper.
Markus Company sells 1,000 bonds of its debt investment in Berta Inc. for $20,000. The original cost of the 1,000 bonds was $18,000. During the prior year, the bonds were reported on the balance sheet at a fair value of $19,000. Assume the investment was accounted for as available-for-sale and all unrealized holding gains and losses have been reversed. The journal entry to record the sale of the bonds should include these credits:
Answer:
To Investment i.e available for sale $18,000
To Gain on sale of an investment $2,000
Explanation:
The journal entry for the sale of the bond is shown below:
Cash Dr $20,000
To Investment i.e available for sale $18,000
To Gain on sale of an investment $2,000
(Being the sale of the bond is recorded)
For recording this we debited the cash as it increased the assets and credited the investment and gain on sale of investment so that the proper posting could be done
A subsidy will increase consumer and producer surplus in a market and will increase the quantity of trades. A subsidy (such as a subsidy for producing corn in the United States) can be considered inefficient because a subsidy results in a quantity:
Answer: higher than market equilibrium quantity where cost of supplying the unit is more than the willingness to pay
Explanation:
A subsidy is a sum of money that is given to a business or an organization by the government in order to increase the supply and also keep the prices low.
Therefore, a subsidy such as a subsidy for producing corn in the United States can be considered inefficient because a subsidy results in a quantity that is higher than market equilibrium quantity whereby cost of supplying the unit will exceed the willingness to pay.
Employers generally restrict or monitor the Internet activity of their employees because the increased use raises the company's ISP rates significantly. True False 4 Although unethical, there are currently no laws in the U.S. for actions such as hacking and sharing copyrighted material. True False 5 Employees who engage in telecommuting may find themselves working more hours, especially if their supervisor feels as if they are always "on the clock." True False 6 Most experts recommend that companies monitor their employees secretly in order to prevent workers from circumventing the technologies used to track them. True False 7 Copyright protection lasts 20 years after the date of publication or release. True False 8 A web developer creates and maintains websites for organizations. True False 9 A _________ excels when it comes to installing, configuring, and supporting computer systems. network administrator software engineer database administrator computer support specialist 10 Creative works such as books, songs, and photographs are protected by copyright law. True False
Answer:
1. False.
2. False.
3. True.
4. False.
5. False.
6. True.
7. Computer support specialist.
8. True.
Explanation:
1. Employers generally restrict or monitor the Internet activity of their employees because the increased use raises the company's ISP rates significantly: False because it is considered unethical under certain employee rights.
2. Although unethical, there are currently no laws in the U.S. for actions such as hacking and sharing copyrighted material: False because there is a computer fraud and abuse act in existence.
3. Employees who engage in telecommuting may find themselves working more hours, especially if their supervisor feels as if they are always "on the clock.": True
4. Most experts recommend that companies monitor their employees secretly in order to prevent workers from circumventing the technologies used to track them: False because it is not ethical and violates the fundamental rights of the employees.
5. Copyright protection lasts 20 years after the date of publication or release: False because a copyright protection is 95 years from date of publication or release and 120 years from creation.
6. A web developer creates and maintains websites for organizations: True
7. A computer support specialist excels when it comes to installing, configuring, and supporting computer systems.
8. Creative works such as books, songs, and photographs are protected by copyright law: True
Marcus is a self-employed marketing consultant. He is good at helping his clients with their marketing challenges; however, he is not keeping up with billing his clients regularly or keeping track of his hours. He feels like the time he spends on these functions is taking him away from activities where he has more talent and ability. His small business needs to bill clients quickly to keep the business running. What would you recommend Marcus do?
Answer:
To outsource the accounting function to another firm.
Explanation:
Outsourcing: Outsourcing refers to a process in which the business is able to perform its work with the help of an outside firm that means they provide the work to the other firm so that the company could able to save the cost and time
Since in the question it is given that Marcus spending much time and away him from that work where he has more talent and ability. So to fulfill the business needs the outsourcing option is the best recommended.
Judith George makes an offer to sell a plot of land using a normal letter and states no authorized means by which the offeree, Helga Holmes must respond if she accepts. If Helga accepts the offer using a normal letter, which of the following is true?
A. The acceptance is effective upon dispatch.
B. The acceptance is effective when it is received.
C. The offer is invalid because it fails to stipulate the means of acceptance.
D. The acceptance would be effective upon dispatch even if the means of acceptance is unreasonable.
Answer: A. The acceptance is effective upon dispatch.
Explanation:
According to mail box rule, an offeree mails out both an acceptance and a rejection to the offeror by giving to statements: (i) an acceptance is effective upon dispatch (means offeree decides to accept) or (ii) a rejection is effective upon receipt.(means offeree decides to reject)
Here, Judith George → offeror
Helga Holmes → offeree
If Helga accepts the offer using a normal letter, the correct statement would be :
A. The acceptance is effective upon dispatch.
A young chef is considering opening his own sushi bar. To do so, he would have to quit his current job, which pays $30,000 a year, and take over a restaurant space that he owns and currently rents to his brother for $24,000 a year. His expenses at the sushi bar would be $50,000 for food and $2,000 for gas and electricity. What are his explicit costs?
Answer:
$106,000
Explanation:
The computation of explicit costs is shown below:-
Implicit costs = Paid amount in a year + Rent amount
= $30,000 + $24,000
= $54,000
Explicit costs = Expenses amount for food + Expenses amount for gas and electricity
= $50,000 + $2,000
= $52,000
Total amount = Implicit costs + Explicit costs
= $54,000 + $52,000
= $106,000
Therefore we have applied the above formula.
Mike worked for Frank's Pizza as a driver. His duties consisted of making deliveries along a designated route. One day Mike decided to see his girlfriend, Jackie, who lived 50 miles out of his pizza route. While driving to his girlfriend's, Mike injured a pedestrian, Chuck. The accident was caused because of Mike's negligent operation of the delivery truck. Chuck is now suing both Mike and Frank's for personal injuries. Under the circumstances:
Answer:
Frolic
Explanation:
According to the given situation, Mike is a driver of Frank Pizza. He used to deliver pizzas with designated route. Mike wanted to meet with her girlfriend who is living 50 miles out of the route of pizza. Mike injured a pedestrian, Chuck, while driving towards his girlfriend's. The accident was caused as a result of Mike's incompetent delivery truck service. Now chuck is trying to claim from Mile as well as Frank Pizza company.
Here, Frank pizza is not responsible as mike was frolic of his own. Mike was frolic as he want to meet his girlfriend which does not come to his duties.
Therefore, It will also clear his employer of any responsibility, since he at the time was not operating on the route designated.
J&R Renovation, Inc., is trying to determine its cost of debt. The firm has a debt issue outstanding with 20 years to maturity that is quoted at 107 % of face value. The issue makes semi-annual payments and has a coupon rate of 9 % annually.
A. What is the company's pretax cost of debt?
B. If the tax rate is 35 %, what is the aftertax cost of debt?
Answer:
a) 8.36%
b) 5.43%
Explanation:
to find the pretax cost of debt we must find the yield to maturity:
YTM = {coupon + [(face value - market value) / n]} / [(face value + market value) / 2]
YTM = {45 + [(1,000 - 1,070) / 40]} / [(1,000 + 1,070) / 2] = 43.25 / 1,035 = 0.04178 x 2 = 0.08357 = 8.36%
after tax cost of debt = 8.36% x (1 - 35%) = 8.36% x 0.65 = 5.43%
There is a flexible exchange rate system and only two countries in the world, the United States and Mexico. If the inflation rate in the United States rises relative to the inflation rate in Mexico, it follows that:________.
Answer: If the inflation rate in the United States rises relative to the inflation rate in Mexico, it follows that: depreciation in the US dollars in terms of pesos.
Explanation:
Inflation is a rate at which the mean price level of a group of selected goods and services in an economy increases over a period of time.
A rise in inflation means that the cost of raw materials increases. Then, workers demand higher wages to survive with the higher cost of living. This rise in prices can also cause greater volatility and uncertainty.It cause the depreciation of the value of currency.If the inflation rate in the United States rises relative to the inflation rate in Mexico, it follows that depreciation in the value of US dollars in terms of pesos.
[Currency of Mexico = pesos]
Q 9.30: On December 1, 2016, Acme Company places a new asset into service. The cost of the asset is $50,000 with an estimated five-year life and $10,000 salvage value at the end of its useful life. What is the depreciation expense for 2017 if Acme Company uses the straight-line method of depreciation
Answer:
Annual depreciation 2017= $8,000
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
The cost of the asset is $50,000 with an estimated five-year life and $10,000 salvage value at the end of its useful life.
To calculate the depreciation expense under the straight-line method, we need to use the following formula:
Annual depreciation= (original cost - salvage value)/estimated life (years)
Annual depreciation= (50,000 - 10,000)/5
Annual depreciation= $8,000
Golden Company has a binding commitment from another company to purchase its copyright at the end of the asset's useful life. The agreed upon amount is $150,000. When calculating copyright amortization, Golden Company should utilize a residual value of
Answer:
$150,000
Explanation:
Given an intangible asset like a copyright, it is amortized using the straight-line method, thus, to determine the amount of amortization in a given year, the formula is to divide the copyright's value by the length of its useful life.
However, in this case, since the Golden Company has a binding commitment from another company to purchase its copyright AT THE END of the asset's USEFUL LIFE, then, the value of the copyright equals zero.
What this simply means is that, when calculating copyright amortization, Golden Company should utilize a residual value of $150,000, because the value of the copyright at that moment equals zero.
When State Farm uses consumer research to create a mental map of consumers that indicates consumers perceive State Farm as conservative, safe, responsive, and convenient, it is interested in _______.
Answer:
"Brand associations " is the perfect answer.
Explanation:
The brand association seems to be a relation that a consumer establishes with that of the commodity in someone's view, doesn't quite indicate the advantages because, in essence, these seem to be much more subjective. The consumers experience associations on their understanding of the product or service.So that the above would be the appropriate one.
A customer asks an agent for a valuation of his securities portfolio. Because the agent does not want to cause the customer to panic and sell his shares at a loss, the agent inflates the value of the stock. Under the Uniform Securities Act, this action is A) permitted because the agent was not recommending a transaction B) permitted because the agent determined that selling the securities was not suitable C) not permitted because the agent must not attempt to influence the market value of a security D) not permitted because the agent must not deceive the customer by misstating a material fact
Answer: not permitted because the agent must not deceive the customer by misstating a material fact.
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that a customer asks an agent for a valuation of his securities portfolio and that because the agent does not want to cause the customer to panic and sell his shares at a loss, the agent inflates the value of the stock.
It should be noted that under the Uniform Securities Act, this action is not allowed because the agent must not deceive the customer by misstating a material fact. An agent should not deceive a customer and ethical behavior is also required.
In comparison to salespersons at low performing organizations, salespersons at high performing organizations: Group of answer choices spend more time developing low potential customers into higher potential customers focus more carefully on administration duties. spend more time with their best potential customers always work in teams
Answer:
The correct answer is: spend more time with their best potential customers always work in teams
Explanation:
Salespeople from high-performance organizations differ from salespeople in low-performance organizations in that they focus on their best customers and develop teamwork.
This strategy of focusing on the potential customer consists of establishing relationship marketing.
That is, direct your efforts to build a relationship with the consumer, which is the key to creating value for a brand.
The creation of a relationship with the consumer consists of offering products and services totally aligned to their needs and desires, to offer a more personalized and effective service to increase the perception of the brand and position it in the market.
Teamwork is also essential in a high-performance organization, as it creates a positive organizational culture focused on the development of ideas, creativity and innovation, essential to offer an efficient and effective sales service.
Which of the following is a primary feature of the five forces model? It views competition within an industry broadly to include forces such as buyers, suppliers, and the threat of substitutes. It takes into account a firm's internal resources, capabilities, and core competencies. It helps managers determine the changing speed of an industry or the rate of innovation. It is concerned exclusively about the intensity of rivalry among direct competitors.
Answer:
It views competition within an industry broadly to include forces such as buyers, suppliers, and the threat of substitutes.
Explanation:
The five forces model was developed by Harvard Professor Michael Porter, and it is a broad model of firm competition that takes into account 5 forces: buyer power, supplier power, threat of new entry, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry.
The power of suppliers and buyers lies mainly in how many suppliers and buyers exist in the market, because the more participants in a market, the less likely a firm will have market power.
The threat of substitutes is simply the quantity of substitute goods that are present in the market.
Tony borrrows $20 000. He aggrees to repay this loan with 15 equal annual payments with the first payment to commence at the end of 5 years. The annual effective rate of interest on the loan is 4%. calculate the amount of annual payments
Answer:
The amount of annual payments is $2,400.
Explanation:
Given that Tony has obtained a loan for $ 20,000 at an interest rate of 4% per year, and that he has agreed to pay said loan from 15 annual payments beginning after the end of 5 years, we can say that said interest rate will apply to 20 years (the initial 5 without payment, plus the 15 in which Tony will make annual payments). Thus, a final interest of 80% should be applied to the initial sum, which arises from the multiplication of the years by the annual interest rate (20 x 4).
Thus, to the initial amount of $ 20,000 will be added an interest of $ 16,000 (20,000 x 0.8), totaling an amount to be paid of $ 36,000. Then, since that amount will be paid in 15 annual payments, each of those payments will be made for a value of $ 2,400 (36,000 / 15).
In How Economics Saved Christmas, economist Art Carden retold the Dr. Seuss story of the Grinch who hated Christmas and stole the decorations, food, and presents from neighboring Whoville. Complete this passage from Carden's poem: He reached for his textbooks; he knew what to do He'd fight them with ideas from A.C. Pigou This idea has merit, he thought in the frost A ____ that was equal to _____ cost
Complete/Correct Question:
In How Economics Saved Christmas, economist Art Carden retold the Dr. Seuss story of the Grinch who hated Christmas and stole the decorations, food, and presents from neighboring Whoville. Complete this passage from Carden's poem:
He reached for his textbooks; he knew what to do
He'd fight them with ideas from A.C. Pigou
This idea has merit, he thought in the frost
A ____ that was equal to _____ cost
A) subsidy, social
B) subsidy, private
C) tax, total
D) tax, external
Answer:
D. tax, external
Explanation:
He reached for his textboks; he knew what to do
He'd fight them with ideas from A.C. Pigou
This idea has merit, he thought to in the frost
A tax that was equal to external cost
Cheers