The discussion of irf4 transcription-factor-dependent cd103 cd11b dendritic cells drive mucosal t helper 17 cell differentiation is given in the below paragraph-
The predominant migratory DC population in the small intestinal lamina propria (SI-LP) is composed of CD103(+)CD11b(+) dendritic cells (DCs), although it is yet unknown what these cells do in vivo. Here, we show that intestine CD103(+)CD11b(+) DC survival required IRF4 to function (IRF4). Mice with a DC loss in Irf4 showed decreased numbers of helper T 17 (Th17) cells that secrete IL-17 in the gastrointestinal tract and failed to support Th17 cell development in draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) after immunization. Both CD103(+)CD11b(+) MLN DCs and DC-derived IL-6 were selectively decreased in the latter. Immunized Il6(-/-) mice were unable to sustain Th17 cell development in MLN in vivo, although CD103(+)CD11b(+) MLN DCs were able to do so in vitro.
Findings collectively point to a critical function for IRF4-dependent, IL-6-producing CD103(+)CD11b(+) DCs in intestinal Th17 cell development.
What is cell differentiation?The transformation of a stem cell from one type to a differentiated one is known as cellular differentiation. Usually, the cell transforms into a more focused kind. Multiple instances of differentiation take place while a multicellular creature develops from a straightforward zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.
As adult stem cells divide and produce completely differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and normal cell turnover, differentiation continues throughout maturity. In response to antigen exposure, some differentiation takes place. Size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and signal responsiveness of a cell all undergo significant changes during differentiation.
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Draw conclusions: How does precipitation affect the growth of the tree?
Nutrients that the plants need are found in soil and water is the medium in which these nutrients are carries to the plant.
How does precipitation affect the growth of the tree?We know that plants depends on nutrients from the soil in order to grow. These nutrients that the plants need are found in soil and water is the medium in which these nutrients are carries to the plant.
Many of these nutrients are dissolved in water and them move up the plant via the conduction vessels of the plant. In the absence of precipitation, there would be to water to carry the plant nutrients to the plants.
Let us also recall that water is the medium for the biochemical reactions that take place in the plant.
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inactivation of microcystis aeruginosa by peracetic acid combined with ultraviolet: performance and characteristics
Bacterial Inactivation by Peracetic Acid and UV Irradiation: Mechanism and Improvement
Because of its strong biocidal effects and low production of hazardous byproducts, peracetic acid (PAA) is becoming a more popular disinfectant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. In order to increase disinfection, this study examined the inactivation of gram-negative Escherichia coli, gram-positive Enterococcus durans, and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis by combining PAA with UV concurrently (UV/PAA) or sequentially (PAA-UV/PAA). The quantitative evaluation of the contributions of several processes (UV, PAA, reactive radicals (primarily •OH and CH3C(O)OO•), and the synergistic effect of all related mechanisms) to the total inactivation under UV/PAA.
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buffon used a bowl of hot soup cooling and eventually being full of microbial life to illustrate what?
Buffon used a bowl of hot soup cooling and eventually being full of microbial life to illustrate that probably spontaneous life origin on Earth as it cooled.
How Buffon explained spontaneous appearance of life on Earth?Buffon (1707-1788), a french naturalist proposed that the debris flung out from a comet’s collision with the sun became the planets including the Earth. He maintained that life had a past, just like Earth had. Like many other Enlightenment thinkers, he believed that under the right circumstances, it could be generated by spontaneous lives. Buffon asserted that enormous amounts of life were produced from disordered organic matter and that it all began with microbial life forms after the hot oceans of the early Earth began to cool. According to Buffon, the "internal mould" that ordered the biological components that made up each individual species at the beginning of time separated life into a variety of distinct forms.
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Can biodegradable pollutants cause environmental problems? Explain your answer.
I would have to say YES
Biodegradable waste can create an environment problem if it is disposed and the mass is longer than the fermentation.
Hope this helps
Yes, biodegradable pollutants cause environmental problems if they accumulate in the enviroment without being decomposed.
The environmental impact of biodegradable waste can be seen when the food waste is disposed of and accumulates over a longer period of time than it decomposes, it creates a greenhouse gas called methane. This methane is produced by microorganisms.
Biodegradable wastes produce a large number of microorganisms around them, which can lead to an increase in the spread of diseases caused by microbes in humans, plants, and animals. They can also produce bad odors on burning because of the emission of gases.
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the endoplasmic reticulum (er) serves as a the endoplasmic reticulum (er) serves as a protein shuffle transpiration area transportation highway chloroplast retrieval site
Endoplasmic reticulum serves as transpiration area. The correct option is B.
What is endoplasmic reticulum?The endoplasmic reticulum is basically a large, dynamic structure in the cell that results in aiding several functions including as calcium storage, protein synthesis, along with lipid metabolism.
The various functions of endoplasmic are carried out by distinct domains, which encompass tubules, sheets, as well as the nuclear envelope.
The endoplasmic reticulum can be either smooth or rough, and its function is usually to generate proteins that enables the rest of the cell to perform their tasks.
Ribosomes, which are minute, round organelles that compose proteins, are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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What would most likely happen if airborne pollution blocked the sun’s rays so significantly that only 5% of plants survived?
1 . The atmosphere would fill with carbon dioxide, and animals would begin to die.
2. The atmosphere would fill with oxygen, and animals would begin to die.
3. All animals would evolve to use a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.
4. All animals would evolve to begin using carbon dioxide as a food source
When the airborne pollution blocked sun's rays and only 5% of the plants survive then the atmosphere will fill with the carbon dioxide gas and all the animals will begin to die. Thus, correct option is A.
What is Air Pollution?Air pollution is the contamination of the environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The changes in the amount of various gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. can be observed. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common air pollutants.
Plants are responsible for fixing carbon dioxide and thereby controlling the air pollution. If the air pollutants block the sun's rays plants could not survive and thus all the animals would eventually die due to lack of oxygen and increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Therefore, A is the correct option.
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How are the atlas and axis vertebrae morphologically different from typical vertebrae?.
The morphological difference between atlas/axis vertebrae and typical vertebrae is that typical vertebrae consist of a body, vertebral arch, and transverse processes whereas atlas/axis contain different structures according to the functional requirements.
The atlas, as well as axis vertebrae, are morphologically different from typical vertebrae by the presence of the body, vertebral arch, and transverse processes in typical vertebrae. The vertebral column is made up of 26 serially arranged bones called vertebrae. Each vertebra has a central hollow portion through which the spinal cord passes. The first vertebra is known as the atlas and the second vertebra is known as the axis.
These both are known as atypical vertebrae because they are morphologically distinct from the typical vertebrae. The typical vertebrae have a body, vertebral arch, and transverse processes which are not present in atypical vertebrae.
Thus, the morphological difference between atlas/axis vertebrae and typical vertebrae is that typical vertebrae consist of a body, vertebral arch, and transverse processes whereas atlas/axis contain different structures according to the functional requirements.
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Carlos is doing a science project. He wants to find out which school subject his classmates like best. He will ask them to choose science, math, or recess as their favorite subject. Which is a prediction Carlos could make for his project? A. First, I will ask everyone which subject they like best. B. Most students like science best. C. I found out that 15 people like math. D. There are more boys than girls in my class.
The prediction that he has to make is that "most students like science best".
What is a hypothesis?A hypothesis is a guess that is useful wen we are trying to explain an observation. Thus the main thrust of a hypothesis is that it must be explanatory. It must offer a tool that would guide the experiment. In this case, the research of Carlos is to obtain which school subject his classmates like best.
In order to obtain the school subject that his classmates like best, he has to first of all make the prediction that; "most students like science best".
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When sampling repeatedly from a population, the pattern describing the values a statistic can take and how often it takes those values is the.
sampling distribution of the statistic is the pattern that describes the values a statistic can take and how often it takes those values
A sampling distribution is a statistical probability distribution derived from repeated sampling of a given population. It represents a population's range of probable outcomes for a statistic, such as the mean or mode of some variable.
Sampling distributions explain the range of values for various sample statistics. While the mean sampling distribution is the most popular, they can also characterize other statistics such as standard deviation, range, correlation, and test statistics in hypothesis testing. The sampling distribution also depicts a statistic's frequency.
A geneticist, for example, who wants to compare the average weight of all babies born in Europe from 2010 to 2020 to those born in Asia during the same time period cannot draw data for the entire population of over a million childbirths that occurred during the ten-year time frame in a reasonable amount of time. They will instead base their judgment on the weight of, say, 100 infants on each continent. The weight of 100 new-born is the sample, and the estimated average weight is the sample mean.
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in the lungs, an increase in what factor allows the plasma in the blood to cross the membrane and occupy space in the tissues in and around the alveoli?
In the lungs, an increase in permeability allows the plasma in the blood to cross the membrane and occupy space in the tissues in and around the alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli of the lungs and enters the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Red blood cells contain the respiratory pigment hemoglobin, which binds reversibly to oxygen (approximately 98%) in the air (RBCs). When oxygen reaches the tissues, it separates from hemoglobin and diffuses into the tissue's cells. RBCs transport oxygen to the tissues. More specifically, alveolar PO2 in the alveoli is higher than blood PO2 in the capillaries (40 mm Hg; PALVO2 = 100 mm Hg). Due to the presence of this pressure gradient, oxygen diffuses down it, leaving the alveoli and entering the capillaries' blood where it binds to hemoglobin.
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blue eyes result from a recessive trait. james and pamela both have brown eyes, although they are heterozygous for the trait. which is the probability their offspring will have blue eyes?100%
The probability of their offspring having blue eyes is 50%.
What is Gene?The term "gene" has a variety of meanings in biology. The molecular makes up a gene of DNA nucleotides that are transcribed to generate a functional RNA, while the Mendelian gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Genes that code for proteins and noncoding genes are the two different categories of molecular genes.
DNA is first replicated into RNA during gene expression. A protein that fulfills a function can be directly generated from the RNA or it can serve as the intermediary template. Phenotypic qualities are passed down through gene inheritance from an organism to its progeny. Different DNA sequences known as genotypes are made up of these genes. The phenotypes are determined by the genotypes as well as by environmental and developmental variables.
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During the light-independent reactions, the calvin cycle requires nadph and atp. Where does the cell get these molecules?.
The energy carrying molecules are made in stroma where the calvin cycle takes place.
What function do ATP and NADPH serve in light-independent reactions?
In photosynthesis, light energy is utilized to cause the photosystem I molecule to make ATP by transferring electrons from chlorophyll to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (Figure 5). In the light-independent processes of photosynthesis, this metabolic energy is utilized to fixation CO2 (Calvin cycle).
The calvin cycle or light independent reaction of photosynthesis happens in the stroma of the Chloroplast. It has certain enzymes that work with NADPH and ATP.
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What two features do biogeochemical cycles have in common.
Answer:
The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical cycle. All of the atoms that are building blocks of living things are a part of biogeochemical cycles.
Explanation:The same atoms are recycled over and over in different parts of the Earth. This type of cycle of atoms between living and non-living things is known as a biogeochemical cycle. All of the atoms that are building blocks of living things are a part of biogeochemical cycles.
What is the main thing that drives water to move up from roots through the stem or trunk and to the leaves in plants?.
As water molecules from plant leaves evaporate, they attract the water molecules that are still present in the plant, aiding in the movement of water from the roots up through the stems. The water in a plant is transported from the bottom to the top by the combined effects of transpiration and capillary action.
Water molecules ascend up the cellulose tubes from the roots to the leaves because they tend to cling together (cohesion) and stick to the walls of tubes (adhesion). The water from the leaves then evaporates, aiding in the root system's ability to absorb additional water. We call this mechanism capillary action.Water and minerals travel upward from the roots through the xylem due to a negative water potential gradient created by the evaporation of mesophyll cells in the leaves. Small perforations between vessel elements must be made to reduce gas bubbles in the xylem since they can obstruct water flow in the plant.Learn more about Xylem here:
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Why did Margaret Mead disagree with Hall's theory?
Answer: She believed it was was culturally dependent, adolescents is a highly enjoyable time of life in many
Explanation:
dentify true statements about the interaction of biology and culture. multiple select question. genes are set in stone; they seldom respond to our cultural experiences. environmental factors can trigger gene expression. nature and nurture work together, not independently. cultural environments cannot exert long-term influence on genes. environmental factors can shape lifelong biological changes.
Environmental factors can trigger gene expression, nature and nurture work together, and environmental factors can shape lifelong biological changes.
What is genetic-environment interaction?
The expression genetic-environment interaction makes reference to the interplay between these two types of factors that may shape the development of an individual.
In conclusion, environmental factors can trigger gene expression, nature and nurture work together, and environmental factors can shape lifelong biological changes.
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When you consume foods, digestion begins in the mouth where the chewed food encounters this enzyme. True or false?.
Answer: True
Explanation:
neurobiology of schemas and schema-mediated memory. trends in cognitive sciences, 21(8), 618–631. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.013
Known as superordinate information structures, schemas have a significant impact on how events are viewed, understood, and recalled by reflecting abstracted commonality across various experiences.
Similar but distinct brain networks mediate the instantiation of the schema and the consequences of the schema on mnemonic functions, whether they facilitate or impair correct memory acquisition.The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), the hippocampus, the angular gyrus, and posterior cortical regions are all included in schema networks. However, schema instantiation may involve more ventral parts of the vmPFC and more extensive cortical structures.Schema instantiation seems to need earlier processes than schema-mediated mnemonics and may require persistent activity throughout the network.Learn more about the schemas with the help of the given link:
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for the name streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (streptococcus) indicates the and gives information about the shape of the organism.
S pyogenes is a typically 0.6-1.0 mm-diameter, round to ovoid coccus. They split into pairs or chains of different lengths (particularly in liquid media or clinical material) because they divide in a single plane.
What is Streptococcus pyogenes ?A species of aerotolerant, gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus is called Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacteria are extracellular and composed of cocci (round cells), which are not spore-producing or motile and frequently form chains.
Several illnesses, including pharyngitis, skin infections, acute rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, a toxic shock-like syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis are brought on by the Gram-positive bacterium streptococcus pyogenes.Learn more about Streptococcus pyogenes here:
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How many covalent bonds exist between the g-c complementary base pairs between two strands of dna?.
Zero covalent bonds exist between the g-c complementary base pairs between two strands of DNA
Covalent bond does not exist between nitrogenous base pairs rather 3 hydrogen bond exists between g-c base pair. Rather, covalent bonds tightly link the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups (both within and between components)
DNA consists of nitrogenous bases paired by hydrogen bonds. The nitrogenous base has unique complementarity, that is, Adenine only pairs with Thymine, and Guanosine only pairs with Cytosine. DNA base pairs are bonded by hydrogen bonds and not ionic or covalent bonds. Cytosine and guanosine are bonded by three hydrogen bonds unlike adenine and thymine bonded by two hydrogen bonds. The third hydrogen bond between cytosine and guanosine is to increase stability and decrease bond energy required for the DNA structure. It also further contributes to cytosine-guanosine favorability in the double helix DNA structure.
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Cell divisions within the stratum __________ replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.
Answer:
Cell divisions within the stratum germinativum replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.
Explanation:
The epidermis in vertebrates is made up of four layers. these layers protect the skin and keep it hydrated. Because the bottom cell layer regularly germination (forming) new cells, it has also been called as the stratum germinativum. Cells like melanocytes are present inside the basal cell layer. Within stratum germinativum, cells divide. One cell is still present while another is forced up near the surface. Tonofilaments, which seem to be filaments of keratin, are first produced by basal cells. The germinal cells required for the renewal of the epidermal' layers are provided by the stratum germinatum (SG). On top of the basal lamina, it is made up of a single sheet of long, plain, columnar epithelial cells.
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Cell divisions within the stratum germinativum replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.
The stratum germinativum, also known as the stratum basale, is the deepest layer of the epidermis and provides the germ cells that are necessary for the regeneration process of the epidermal layers, replacing the more superficial cells that end up dying and falling off.
What is a cell?A cell is the most basic and smallest form of life that exists in a living being, its parts are the membrane, the cytoplasm and the organelles including the nucleus.
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How does the size of the fetal face relate to the cranium? how does this compare to the adult skull?.
The face is foreshortened and it is overshadowed by the large cranium. While the mandible and maxillae are very tiny.
Cranium is the outer layer that protects the skull. It consists of three parts: the frontal bone, occipital bone, and two parietal bones.
The frontal bone is a single bone that transforms into a forehead and it is positioned atop the eyes' orbit.
The frontal bone also forms both sides of the upper jawbone or maxilla. While the two parietal bones form the top and side of the human skull.
They also take part in forming the largest part of the upper jawbone like the frontal bone.
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What hormone, released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, acts to raise blood glucose back to normal?.
Glucagon is the hormone released from the pancreas in response to a low blood glucose level, and acts to raise blood glucose back to normal.
The pancreas is the site in the body of an individual that plays a major role in the regulation of sugar levels.
When the sugar levels in the bloodstream are high, the pancreas produces insulin in order to maintain the sugar levels in the blood.
On the other hand, when the blood glucose level is low, glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas.
There are various ways in which glucagon helps the body in producing glucose. It helps the body in converting stored glycogen into glucose. Also, glucagon plays an active role in stimulating the production of glucose from amino acids in low glucose conditions.
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which quality of lipids does it demonstrate? ability to provide structural support ability to provide structural support inability to store energy inability to store energy inability to break down in water inability to break down in water ability to form chains of nucleotides
Lipids are macromolecules composed of fatty acids. The diagram represents the inability of the lipids to break in the water. Thus, the inability to break down in the water is correct.
What are lipids?
As they are big molecules comprised of the monomers of the fatty acid chains and glycerol bound together by chemical bonds, lipids are referred to as polymers. They consist of phospholipids, steroids, waxes, hormones, oils, fats, and more.
Along with carbs, they are molecules that store energy and function as messengers in the form of hormones. They can store energy for a longer time in adipose (fat) cells. They produce cholesterol, blood cells, and a component of the cell membrane.
Due to the fact that they are non-polar molecules with hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, they are soluble in an organic solvent but not in water. They don't dissolve and stay whole in the water molecule.
therefore the lipids do not break in the water.
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5. Which tool would be the best choice for finding the volume of the blocs by
displacement?
a. Balance
b. Erlenmeyer Flask
c. Graduated Cylinder
d. Spring Scale
Anne Hutchinson was executed for teaching that worshipers needed neither the church nor its ministers to
interpret the Bible for them. True or false
Anne Hutchinson was executed for teaching that worshipers needed neither the church nor its ministers to interpret the Bible for them is false banished.
Francis Marbury, a dissenting priest, and Bridget Dryden were the parents of Anne Marbury Hutchinson, who was born in England. Her father instructed her in the scriptures when she was growing up in Alford, Lincolnshire. She wed William Hutchinson, a businessman and scion of a renown family, in 1612. She gave birth to more than a dozen children between 1614 and 1630.Religious leader and midwife Anne Hutchinson was born in England but immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634 together with the puritans. Hutchinson was an ardent member of the puritan subculture who adhered to Antinomianism. Francis Marbury, a dissenting priest, and Bridget Dryden were the parents of Anne Marbury Hutchinson, who was born in England.To learn more about Anne Hutchinson.
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which mechanism would be least likely to inactivate a tumor-suppressor gene? group of answer choices mutation deletion gene duplication loss of heterozygosity chemical modification
The mechanism that is least likely to inactivate a tumor-suppressor gene is chemical modification.
Tumor suppressor genes, also abbreviated as TSG, are the ones that check the cell cycle and regulate them. They inhibit any damaged gene from moving ahead in the cell cycle. If the tumor suppressor genes are inactivated anyhow, it can lead to cancer.
Chemical modification is the process of chemically modifying the structure of a protein. It is a beneficial process when used efficiently as it help to derive the product of interest. Therefore this process is least likely to cause inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.
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Identify 4 things that len peters from trinidad did to help leatherback turtles come back in the caribbean.
His early involvement in turtle conservation knowledgeable him at the endangered reputation of the leatherback turtle. He additionally discovered that his village changed into a unique area due to the fact it's far one of the few webweb sites globally, wherein those turtles nonetheless nest and it has the very best nesting density for leatherbacks withinside the world.
The intake of those turtles for meals changed into a norm with the humans of Grande Riviere, however while Mr Peters satisfied them that their network could advantage extra from the creatures being alive than dead, his organization changed into capable of regularly hold a secure area for extra than 20,000 turtles to nest annually.Reduce marine particles which can entangle or be by accident eaten via way of means of sea turtles.
Participate in coastal clean-ups and decrease plastic use to preserve our seashores and ocean clean. Trash withinside the ocean can damage sea turtles and different creatures that stay there.He’s a person who has acquired severa accolades and popularity for his paintings and has quietly constructed a popularity as the person who “saves the turtles” in Grande Riviere, Trinidad.
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diphtheriae and pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Streptococcus pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Gram positive Bacteria- The color that gram-positive microbes acquire when stained is used to identify them. Hans Christian Gram created the staining method in 1884. The crystal violet dye employed in the staining procedure is retained by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall seen in gram-positive organisms.
Peptidoglycan- The cytoplasmic membrane of the majority of bacterial species is covered in a dense substance known as peptidoglycan. It protects bacterial cells from environmental stress and aids in maintaining cell shape throughout the life cycle. Peptidoglycan synthesis plays a crucial part in regulating bacterial cell cycle.
The given question is incomplete, find below the complete question.
------------diphtheriae and -------------pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
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label the diagram cell biology
Answer:
There are two types of cells - Prokaryotic and Eucaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are larger, more complex, and have evolved more recently than prokaryotes. Where, prokaryotes are just bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes are literally everything else. From amoebae to earthworms to mushrooms, grass, bugs, and you.
Explanation: