A) The total cash flow in each year for the investment are $19,973
To calculate the total cash flow in each year for the investment, we first need to calculate the depreciation expense for each year. Since the company follows the straight line method of depreciation, the depreciation expense will be the same for each year:
Depreciation expense = (Cost of machine - Scrap value) / Life of machine
Depreciation expense = ($600,000 - $2,000) / 6
Depreciation expense = $99,667
Next, we need to calculate the change in working capital for each year. The working capital increases by 2% in the 2nd and 3rd years, and by 3% in the 5th and 6th years:
Change in working capital (2nd and 3rd years) = $12,000 x 2% = $240
Change in working capital (5th and 6th years) = $12,000 x 3% = $360
Finally, we can calculate the total cash flow for each year:
Year 1: $120,000 - $99,667 - $12,000 = $8,333
Year 2: $120,000 - $99,667 - $240 = $20,093
Year 3: $120,000 - $99,667 - $240 = $20,093
Year 4: $120,000 - $99,667 = $20,333
Year 5: $120,000 - $99,667 - $360 = $19,973
Year 6: $120,000 - $99,667 - $360 = $19,973
B) The NPV is positive, the investment is advantageous for the company are $79,558
To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the investment, we need to discount the cash flows to the present using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC):
NPV = $8,333 / (1 + 6%)^1 + $20,093 / (1 + 6%)^2 + $20,093 / (1 + 6%)^3 + $20,333 / (1 + 6%)^4 + $19,973 / (1 + 6%)^5 +
$19,973 / (1 + 6%)^6
NPV = $7,862 + $17,930 + $15,963 + $14,208 + $12,559 + $11,036
NPV = $79,558
Since the NPV is positive, the investment is advantageous for the company.
C) The pros of NPV are that it takes into account the time value of money and provides a clear measure of the profitability of an investment. The cons of NPV are that it requires an accurate estimate of the WACC and the future cash flows, and it does not take into account the size of the investment.
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Jill sold her car to Jake who issued a post-dated check in full payment of the
agreed price. Before the check matures, Jake sold the same car to John who
later sold it to Willie. However, when Jill presented the check for payment,
it was dishonored by the drawee bank for the reason that Jake had already
closed his account even before he issued his check.
Jill filed a case to recover the car from Warren claiming that she had been
unlawfully deprived of it by reason of Jake’s deception.
Will the suit prosper? Why or why not? Explain your answer. Please include the applicable articles.
The suit will not prosper and Jill cannot recover the car from Willie.
No, the suit will not prosper. This is because the sale between Jill and Jake was valid and binding. According to Article 1485 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, "The unpaid seller of goods loses the right of lien thereon and of stoppage in transitu and the right of resale as limited by this Title when he delivers the goods to a carrier or other bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer without reserving the ownership in the goods until their price is paid or tendered."
In this case, Jill delivered the car to Jake without reserving the ownership until the check is paid. Therefore, she lost her right of lien and the right of resale. Jake, as the new owner, had the right to sell the car to John, who then sold it to Willie.
Furthermore, Article 1249 of the Civil Code states that "The delivery of promissory notes payable to order, or bills of exchange or other mercantile documents shall produce the effect of payment only when they have been cashed, or when through the fault of the creditor they have been impaired." This means that the check issued by Jake did not produce the effect of payment until it was cashed. However, Jill cannot recover the car from Willie because she lost her right of lien and the right of resale when she delivered the car to Jake without reserving the ownership until the check is paid.
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This is the General Journal that you will have to put into the worksheet below. There are also Adjustments that you need to make which will be posted belowSmith Heating and Electric General Journal Page: 1 Date 2019 P.R. Debit Credit Particulars Journal Entries for December Dec 7 1582 A/R-T. Jones Hst Payable Service Revenue 182 1400 685 Cash Dec 8A/R-Tina Fey 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 O 7 7 o 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 685 4250 A/R-B. Graham Hst Payable Dec 9 Sales Revenue Service Revenue 520 1800 2200 14 1 1 2 3 A 4 5 6 b 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 " 12 13 14 15 16 - 17 18 . 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 29 a 30 2+ 31 22 32 33 Dec 10 Purchase HST Receivable AJP-R.W. Sheet Metal 1560 202.8 1762 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 1141.3 Dec 11 Cash Hst Payable Sales Revenue Service Revenue 131.3 325 685 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 395.5 Dec 15 Drawings-M.Smith Hst Payable Inventory 46 350 Dec 15 Freight Inwards Hst Receivable Cash 108.5 14.11 34 31 32 33 34 34 35 36 37 122.61 38.5 38 34 35 35 36 so 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Dec 31 Bank Fee Cash 38.5 39 Dec 31 Purchase-Supplies Hst Receivable Cash 104.75 13.62 40 41 42 43 118.37 Adjustments Dec 2019 Item Description 31 Source Document: For the following: Amount: Terms: Bank Memo Interest has accrued on the mortgage but not paid. $ N/A 575.00 31 Asset: : For the following: Instructions: Ending Supplies inv. 115 Adjustment for the period. Make any adjustments as necessary. $3,900.00 31 Asset: : For the following: Instructions: 120 Adjustment for the period. Prepaid insurance shows a total value remaining of $320.00. Adjust as necessary 31 Capital Asset: For the following: Instructions: Rate: 135 Amortization adjustment for the period. Make any adjustments as necessary. 20% 31 Capital Asset: For the following: Instructions: Rate: 170 Amortization adjustment for the period. Make any adjustments as necessary. 30% 31 Asset: For the following: Instructions: Opening Installation Inventory Ending Installation Inventory 110 Financial Statement preparation. Make any adjustments as necessary. $ $ 62,400.00 43,200.00 Accounts Acc. No Trial Balance DR CR Adjustments DR CR Income Statement DR CR Balance Sheet DR CR 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 B 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 Adjustments Dec 2019 Item Description 31 Source Document: For the following Amount: Terms Bank Memo Interest has accrued on the mortgage but not paid. $ N/A 575.00 31 Asset For the following: Instructions: Ending Supplies inv. 115 Adjustment for the period. Make any adjustments as necessary. $3,900.00 31 Asset For the following: Instructions: 120 Adjustment for the period. Prepaid insurance shows Adjust as necessary. total value remaining of $320.00. 31 Capital Asset: For the following Instructions: Rate: 135 Amortization adjustment for the period. Make any adjustments as necessary. 20% 31 Capital Asset For the following: Instructions: Rate 170 Amortization adjustment for the period, Make any adjustments as necessary. 30% 31 Asset: For the following: Instructions: Opening Installation Inventory Ending Installation Inventory 110 Financial Statement preparation Make any adjustments as necessary 62,400.00 43,200.00 Transactions Dec 2019 Item Description 7 Source Document: Sales Invoice For the following: Serviced furnaces for T. Jones. Amount: $ 1,400.00 plus HST. Terms: Net 30 8 Source Document: Cash Receipts For the following: Received payment on account from Tina Fey. . Amount: $ 685.00 Terms: Cash Tendered 9 Source Document: Sales Invoice For the following: Sold and installed furnace for B. Graham. Furnace sold for $1,800, install cost of $2,200 . , $ 4,000.00 plus HST. Terms: Net 30 Amount: 10 Source Document: Purchase Invoice : For the following: Installation Inventory - purchased sheet metal fittings from R.W. Sheet Metal. Amount: $ 1,560.00 plus HST. Terms: Credit on account 11 Source Document: Sales Invoice For the following: Installed two outlets and electric water heater for M. Jordan. Water heater sale price is $325.00 . Amount: $ 1,010,00 plus HST. Terms: Cash Receipts (M. Jordan paid in cash). 15 Source Document: Memo For the following: Owner M. Smith took installation supplies for own use. . Amount: $ 350.00 plus HST. Terms INA 15 Source Document: Purchase Invoice For the following: Delivery costs of installation inventory shipped to us at our expense. Amount: $ $ 108.50 plus HST. Terms: Cash Tendered 15 Source Document: Cheque Copy For the following: Payment on account to Lenny Page Plowing. Amount: $ 172.50 Terms: Cash 31 Source Document: Bank Memo For the following: Received a charge for bank fees for December. Amount: $ 38.50 Terms: : Cash Tendered 31 Source Document: Cheque Copy For the following: Purchased supplies. Amount: Terms Cash Tendered $ 104.75 plus HST.
The general journal provided includes a list of transactions that occurred in December 2019 for Smith Heating and Electric.
These transactions include sales of goods and services, purchases of inventory and supplies, and payments on accounts. Each transaction is accompanied by a source document, description, amount, and terms. The adjustments listed at the end of the general journal are necessary to ensure that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's financial position at the end of the accounting period.
These adjustments include accrued interest on the mortgage, adjustments for supplies and prepaid insurance, and amortization adjustments for capital assets. The trial balance is used to ensure that the general ledger is in balance and that the debits and credits are equal. The trial balance includes a list of accounts, their account numbers, and the debit or credit balances for each account. The adjustments are then applied to the trial balance to create the adjusted trial balance. The adjusted trial balance is used to prepare the income statement and balance sheet.
Overall, the general journal, adjustments, and trial balance are all important components of the accounting process and are used to accurately reflect the financial position of Smith Heating and Electric at the end of the accounting period.
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Sofia wants to buy a car when she graduates high school in 4 years’ time. She will need to have saved $5000 to do this. She has found a savings account with an interest rate of 3.5%. What is the present value of her saving target?
The present value of her saving target is $4,426.17.
Sofia needs to save $5,000 in 4 years in order to purchase a car. The interest rate of the savings account she found is 3.5%. To calculate the present value of her saving target, we use the formula:
Present Value = Future Value / (1+r)n
Where r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years.
Therefore, the present value of Sofia's saving target is:
$5,000 / (1 + 0.035)4 = $4,426.17
An interest rate defined as the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed. The total interest on an amount lent or borrowed is generally depends on the principal sum, the interest rate, the compounding frequency, and the length of time over which it is lent, deposited, or borrowed.
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A company with a target D/E ratio of 0.75 reported earnings of $825,000 for the year just ended and added $775,000 to retained earnings. If the company uses a residual dividend policy, what amount of new borrowing is needed to keep its D/E ratio at 0.75? round final answer to 2 decimals
If the company uses a residual dividend policy, the company needs to borrow $581,250 to keep its D/E ratio at 0.75.
To find the amount of new borrowing needed to keep the company's D/E ratio at 0.75, we can use the formula:
D/E = (Total Debt + New Borrowing)/(Total Equity + Retained Earnings)
Where D is total debt, E is total equity, and New Borrowing is the amount of new borrowing needed to keep the D/E ratio at 0.75. Rearranging the formula to solve for New Borrowing, we get:
New Borrowing = (D/E)*(Total Equity + Retained Earnings) - Total Debt
Plugging in the given values, we get:
New Borrowing = (0.75)*(Total Equity + $775,000) - Total Debt
We can find Total Equity by dividing Total Debt by the target D/E ratio:
Total Equity = Total Debt/0.75
Substituting this back into the equation for New Borrowing, we get:
New Borrowing = (0.75)*(Total Debt/0.75 + $775,000) - Total Debt
Simplifying the equation, we get:
New Borrowing = Total Debt + $581,250 - Total Debt
New Borrowing = $581,250
Therefore, the company needs to borrow $581,250 to keep its D/E ratio at 0.75. Rounded to 2 decimals, the answer is $581,250.00.
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Acquisition costs paid by the lessee to obtain a lease of real property will:
a. Be deducted and written off.
b. Be added to the lessee's basis.
c. Not be deductible.
d. Be charged to the lessor.
e. Be deducted at the expiration of the lease
acquisition costs paid by the lessee to obtain a lease of real property are added to the lessee's basis and are depreciated over the life of the lease. The correct answer is b. Be added to the lessee's basis.
Acquisition costs paid by the lessee to obtain a lease of real property are added to the lessee's basis. This means that these costs are capitalized and are not deducted immediately. Instead, they are added to the cost of the asset (the lease) and are depreciated over the life of the lease. This allows the lessee to spread the cost of the acquisition over the life of the lease, rather than taking a large deduction in the year the acquisition costs were paid.
It is important to note that acquisition costs do not include rent payments, which are deductible as an expense in the year they are paid. Acquisition costs include things like legal fees, commissions, and other costs associated with obtaining the lease.
In summary, acquisition costs paid by the lessee to obtain a lease of real property are added to the lessee's basis and are depreciated over the life of the lease.
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Compute the present value of the following cash flow stream. The discount rate is 0.05.
Time 0: $7000
Time 1: $1700
Time 2: $6500
Time 3: $6800
Time 4: $10000
Round your answer, don't use decimals, $ sign, or a thousands separator.
The present value of the given cash flow stream is $28626.
The present value of a cash flow stream can be calculated by discounting each cash flow by the discount rate for the time period in which it occurs. The formula for calculating the present value of a cash flow at time t is:
PV = CFt / (1 + r)^t
Where PV is the present value, CFt is the cash flow at time t, r is the discount rate, and t is the time period.
Using this formula, we can calculate the present value of each cash flow in the given cash flow stream:
PV0 = $7000 / (1 + 0.05)^0 = $7000
PV1 = $1700 / (1 + 0.05)^1 = $1619
PV2 = $6500 / (1 + 0.05)^2 = $5894
PV3 = $6800 / (1 + 0.05)^3 = $5886
PV4 = $10000 / (1 + 0.05)^4 = $8227
The present value of the cash flow stream is the sum of the present values of each cash flow:
PV = PV0 + PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4
PV = $7000 + $1619 + $5894 + $5886 + $8227
PV = $28626
As a result, the stated cash flow stream's current value is $28626.
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LYD Corp. receives an order from a new customer, amounting $55,000. LYD Corp. uses 45-day credit terms as a standard. The Variable Cost Ratio is 75.00% of Sales, Collection Expense Ratio 15.00% of Sales and the Interest Rate is 13.00% (365 days per year).
Instruction: (show your calculations and round to 2 decimal places) Should the order be accepted? Defend your answer.
Yes, the order should be accepted. Here is the calculation to defend this answer:
First, we need to calculate the variable cost, collection expense, and interest expense for the order.
Variable Cost = $55,000 x 75.00% = $41,250
Collection Expense = $55,000 x 15.00% = $8,250
Interest Expense = ($55,000 x 13.00% x 45 days) / 365 days = $816.44
Next, we need to calculate the net profit for the order.
Net Profit = $55,000 - $41,250 - $8,250 - $816.44 = $4,683.56
Since the net profit is positive, the order should be accepted. Even though there are expenses associated with the order, the company will still make a profit. Therefore, it is beneficial for LYD Corp. to accept the order.
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You are the CFO of floor Covering America Inc. As part of the planning and budgeting process, each division head from the company's five divisions has submitted their capital request. the following are the facts and figures from each division：
division I II III IV V
capital requested -10,000 -30,000 -30,000 -20,000 -10,000
NPV 5,160 2,010 490 4,870 2,290
IRR 29% 12% 11% 23% 15%
Profitability Index 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2
The projects above are "All or Nothing" - meaning for example that division I requires an investment of $10M immediately, and cannot accept partial funding of its project. The Projects are NOT mutually exclusive. The cost of capital for each of the project is 10%.
(a) Suppose the company has unlimited capital and can invest in all of the projects if deemed optimal, which of the projects should be funded? Why?
(b) Because of challenging capital market conditions, the company can only raise $50M for investment in next year's projects. Which of the projects should be funded? why?
(a) If the company has unlimited capital and can invest in all of the projects if deemed optimal, the company should invest in all projects. (b) If the company can only raise $50M for investment in next year's projects, the projects it should fund are Division I, IV, V, and partially fund Division II.
(a) If the company has unlimited capital and can invest in all of the projects if deemed optimal, then all of the projects should be funded. This is because all of the projects have a positive NPV, which means that they are expected to generate a positive return on investment.
Additionally, all of the projects have an IRR that is greater than the cost of capital, which means that they are expected to generate a return that is greater than the required return. Finally, all of the projects have a profitability index that is greater than 1, which means that they are expected to generate a positive return on investment.
(b) If the company can only raise $50M for investment in next year's projects, then it should fund the projects with the highest NPV first. This is because NPV is a measure of the expected return on investment, and by funding the projects with the highest NPV first, the company can maximize its return on investment.
Therefore, the company should fund Division I, Division IV, and Division V, which have the highest NPVs of $5,160, $4,870, and $2,290, respectively. This would require a total investment of $40M, leaving $10M remaining. The company should then fund Division II, which has the next highest NPV of $2,010, and requires an investment of $30M. However, since the company only has $10M remaining, it can only partially fund this project.
Therefore, the company should fund Division I, Division IV, Division V, and partially fund Division II.
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If you want to make annual withdrawals of $2,000.00 for the next 14 years from an account that earns an annual interest rate of 2.365% compounded annually, how much do you need in the account right now? (Note: Include a dollar sign in your answer. Round your answer to the nearest penny.)
you need $23,747.55 in the account right now to make annual withdrawals of $2,000.00 for the next 14 years at an annual interest rate of 2.365% compounded annually. To find out how much you need in the account right now, you can use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = PMT × [(1 - (1 + i)^-n)/i]
Where:
- PV is the present value (the amount you need in the account right now)
- PMT is the payment (the annual withdrawal amount)
- i is the interest rate (as a decimal)
- n is the number of periods (the number of years)
Plugging in the given values:
PV = $2,000.00 × [(1 - (1 + 0.02365)^-14)/0.02365]
PV = $2,000.00 × [(1 - 0.71847)/0.02365]
PV = $2,000.00 × 11.87377
PV = $23,747.55
Therefore, you need $23,747.55 in the account right now to make annual withdrawals of $2,000.00 for the next 14 years at an annual interest rate of 2.365% compounded annually.
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Which of the following would increase a company's purchasing power?
An increase in labor costs
A decrease in prices of raw materials
A decrease in production efficiency
An increase in interest rates
The statement would increase a company's purchasing power is: B. A decrease in prices of raw materials .
Which would increase a company's purchasing power?When the prices of raw materials decrease, a company can purchase more raw materials with the same amount of financial resources, which increases its purchasing power.
The other options listed would have the opposite effect on a company's purchasing power:
An increase in labor costs would decrease a company's purchasing power, as it would have to spend more money on labor, leaving less available to purchase goods and services.A decrease in production efficiency would decrease a company's purchasing power, as it would take more resources to produce the same amount of goods and services, leaving less available to purchase additional goods and services.An increase in interest rates would decrease a company's purchasing power, as it would increase the cost of borrowing money, making it more difficult to finance purchases.Therefore the correct option is B.
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Q22) You purchases a house for $187,226.00 . You made a down payment of 20,000 and the remainder of the purchase price was financed with a mortgage loan. The mortgage loan is a 30 year mortgage with an annual interest rate of 5.52% . Mortgage payments are made monthly. What is the monthly amount of your mortgage payment? (2 points)
The monthly payment amount for your mortgage payment is $949.96.
To calculate the monthly amount of your mortgage payment, you need to use the following formula:
[tex]M = P [ i(1+i)^n ] / [ (1+i)^n - 1][/tex]
Where:
M = monthly mortgage paymentP = the principal amount of the loan (the amount borrowed)i = the monthly interest rate (annual interest rate divided by 12)n = the number of monthly payments (number of years times 12)First, calculate the principal amount of the loan by subtracting the down payment from the purchase price:
P = $187,226 - $20,000 = $167,226
Next, calculate the monthly interest rate:
i = 5.52% / 12 = 0.0052
Finally, calculate the number of monthly payments:
n = 30 * 12 = 360
Now you can plug these values into the formula to find the monthly mortgage payment:
M = $167,226 [ 0.0052(1+0.0052)^360 ] / [ (1+0.0052)^360 - 1]
M = $949.96
Therefore, the monthly amount of your mortgage payment is $949.96.
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You own 4,000 shares and it currently sell for $75 per share. A year from now, you expect the company to pay a dividend per share with the amount of $1.25 and the stock to sell for $40 per share immediately after this $1.25 dividend is paid. If you want to receive exactly $3,400 a year from now, how many shares do you expect to own immediately after you create your desired cash flow amount of $3,400 by using homemade dividends?
You need to own approximately 82.42 shares immediately after you create your desired cash flow amount of $3,400 by using homemade dividends.
To receive exactly $3,400 a year from now, you need to calculate the number of shares you need to own immediately after you create your desired cash flow amount of $3,400 by using homemade dividends. You can do this by using the following formula:
Cash flow = (Dividend per share × Number of shares) + (Selling price per share × Number of shares)In this case, the cash flow is $3,400, the dividend per share is $1.25, and the selling price per share is $40. Therefore, you can plug in these values and solve for the number of shares:
3,400 = (1.25 × Number of shares) + (40 × Number of shares)3,400 = 41.25 × Number of sharesNumber of shares = 3,400 / 41.25Number of shares = 82.42424242424242Therefore, you need to own approximately 82.42 shares immediately after you create your desired cash flow amount of $3,400 by using homemade dividends.
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A single share of stock in a company has a current price of 65. The stock does not pay dividends. Suppose that there are only four possibilities for the stock's price in one year. These possibilities, along with the probability of each occurring, are provided in the table below. 41 57 75 90 P(S1 0.16 0.26 0.37 0.21 Find the stock's annual volatility. 27.70% O 20.14% You Answered 17.63% Correct Answer 25.18% O 22.66% i am confused at the answer. please show menhow it gets to the answer
The correct answer for the stock's annual volatility is 25.18%.
The stock's annual volatility can be found by calculating the standard deviation of the stock's potential price outcomes.
This can be done using the formula:
σ = √(∑(x - µ)^2 * P(x))
Where σ is the standard deviation, x is the potential price outcome, µ is the expected value, and P(x) is the probability of the potential price outcome.
First, we need to calculate the expected value (µ) of the stock's price:
µ = (41 * 0.16) + (57 * 0.26) + (75 * 0.37) + (90 * 0.21) = 66.45
Next, we can plug in the values into the formula and calculate the standard deviation:
σ = √((41 - 66.45)^2 * 0.16) + ((57 - 66.45)^2 * 0.26) + ((75 - 66.45)^2 * 0.37) + ((90 - 66.45)^2 * 0.21)) = 16.23
Finally, we can calculate the annual volatility by dividing the standard deviation by the current price and multiplying by 100:
Annual volatility = (16.23 / 65) * 100 = 24.97%
Therefore, the stock's annual volatility is 24.97%, which is closest to the correct answer of 25.18%.
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This case presents an opportunity for us to calculate beta using the "bottoms-up" approach described by Professor Damodaran, as a reality check on the "top-down" regression betas provided in the case. We will also revisit some of the other issues that confound practitioners when they set out to estimate a company cost of capital. After watching the recorded presentation and the Excel demonstration, you should be ready to tackle this assignment. STUDY QUESTIONS FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT
1. (5.0 points) Why is it important to use the market value of equity rather than the book value in calculating the component weights on the sources of capital?
2. (5.0 points) Identify which regression beta is more relevant (and why):
a. The popular estimate based on monthly price data over the previous 5 years, described on p. 192, paragraph 2, or
b. Sheppard's own calculation of beta, based on daily price data for the last year, described in footnote 5 on p. 192.
3. (5.0 points) Justify which Treasury yield is the best estimate of the risk-free rate in a cost of capital calculation.
4. (5.0 points) Why is there so much difference of opinion regarding the estimate of the average Market Risk Premium?
5. (5.0 points) Determine the most appropriate bond yield to use for the cost of debt and justify your choice.
6. (5.0 points) Why do we calculate an after-tax cost of debt for the WACC?
7. (20.0 points) Complete the template. Discuss the conditions under which a larger sample (the three comparable firms) might provide better information than the firm's own calculated WACC.
1. The market value more accurately reflects the true value of the company,
2. The regression beta based on monthly price data over the previous 5 years is more relevant.
3. Treasury yield, as it reflects the current long-term interest rate in the economy
4. It is a subjective measure.
5. The current yield on high-grade corporate bonds with a maturity closest to the maturity of the company's debt.
6. Tax cost of debt for the WACC because interest payments are tax-deductible
7. It provides better information.
1. It is important to use the market value of equity rather than the book value in calculating the component weights on the sources of capital because the market value more accurately reflects the true value of the company, which will more accurately reflect the cost of capital.
2. The regression beta based on monthly price data over the previous 5 years is more relevant, because it provides a larger sample size and a longer period of time to capture more accurate market fluctuations, thus providing a more accurate estimate of the beta.
3. The most appropriate Treasury yield to use for the cost of capital calculation is the 10-year US Treasury yield, as it reflects the current long-term interest rate in the economy, and is most consistent with the duration of the debt that a company typically takes on.
4. There is so much difference of opinion regarding the estimate of the average Market Risk Premium because it is a subjective measure, as it is difficult to estimate the difference between the expected return of an investment in the stock market and the risk-free rate.
5. The most appropriate bond yield to use for the cost of debt is the current yield on high-grade corporate bonds with a maturity closest to the maturity of the company's debt. This provides an accurate estimate of the cost of debt as it reflects the current cost of borrowing for a similar company.
6. We calculate an after-tax cost of debt for the WACC because interest payments are tax-deductible and so the effective cost of borrowing to the company is lower than the pre-tax cost of borrowing.
7. The larger sample (the three comparable firms) may provide better information than the firm's own calculated WACC if the three companies are more similar to each other than they are to the company in question, as the WACC of the comparable companies can more accurately reflect the cost of capital of the company in question.
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1. a) What are the 2 common functions that a chief/head/manager of finance in an organization? What are the differences?
b) As companies grow in many different industries and have different portfolios of businesses, specialties, and styles of management, finance functions also evolve. Name some finance functions that are not common across all organizations.
The two common functions of a chief/head/manager of finance in an organization are: Financial Planning and Analysis and treasury.
1. Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A): This function involves forecasting the company's financial performance, creating budgets, and monitoring the actual performance against the budget. It also includes analyzing financial data and making recommendations for improving the company's financial performance.
2. Treasury: This function involves managing the company's cash and investments, including ensuring that the company has enough cash to meet its short-term obligations and investing excess cash to earn a return.
While these two functions are common across most organizations, there are some finance functions that are not common across all organizations. These include:
1. Risk Management: Some companies have a dedicated risk management function that is responsible for identifying and managing risks that could impact the company's financial performance.
2. Investor Relations: Some companies have an investor relations function that is responsible for communicating with investors and analysts about the company's financial performance and strategy.
3. Tax: Some companies have a dedicated tax function that is responsible for managing the company's tax obligations and minimizing its tax liability.
Overall, the specific finance functions within an organization can vary depending on the size and complexity of the company, as well as the industry and business model.
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Exercise 5/4 points) You plan to buy the sailing boat of your dreams in 5 years. It is expected to cost a total of $20 000 at that time. You have deposited $8 000 in a Certificate of Deposit paying 4% interest annually, maturing 5 years from now. Your parents have agreed to pay for all remaining expenses. If you are going to put your parents' gift in an investment earning 7% over the next 5 years, how much must they deposit today, so you buy your boat 5 years from today? Exercice 6 (4 points) A project requires an initial investment of EUR 10 000 and has a discount rate of 11%. It generates cash flows of EUR 5 000 one year from now, EUR 5 500 two years from now, and EUR 7 000 three years from now. What is the NPV of the project?| Exercise 7 (4 points) A project requires an investment outlay of EUR 20 000 and generates cash flows of EUR 7 000 in years 1 and 2, and then EUR 5 000 in years 3 and 4. What is the IRR of the project?
Exercise 5. Your parents must deposit $7,177.57 today in order to have $10,255.68 in 5 years.
Exercise6. The NPV of the project is $4,000.64.
Exercise 7. The IRR of the project is 15.87%.
Exercise 5:
To find out how much your parents must deposit today, you need to use the formula for the future value of an annuity:
FV = PV × (1 + r)^n
Where FV is the future value, PV is the present value, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of years.
First, calculate the future value of the Certificate of Deposit:
FV = $8,000 × (1 + 0.04)^5 = $9,744.32
Next, subtract the future value of the Certificate of Deposit from the total cost of the sailing boat to find out how much your parents need to contribute:
$20,000 - $9,744.32 = $10,255.68
Finally, use the formula to find out how much your parents must deposit today:
$10,255.68 = PV × (1 + 0.07)^5
PV = $10,255.68 / (1 + 0.07)^5 = $7,177.57
So your parents must deposit $7,177.57 today in order to have $10,255.68 in 5 years.
Exercise 6:
To find the NPV of the project, you need to use the formula:
NPV = ∑(CFt / (1 + r)^t) - I
Where CFt is the cash flow in year t, r is the discount rate, and I is the initial investment.
NPV = ($5,000 / (1 + 0.11)^1) + ($5,500 / (1 + 0.11)^2) + ($7,000 / (1 + 0.11)^3) - $10,000
NPV = $4,504.50 + $4,467.98 + $5,028.16 - $10,000
NPV = $4,000.64
So the NPV of the project is $4,000.64.
Exercise 7:
To find the IRR of the project, you need to use the formula:
0 = ∑(CFt / (1 + IRR)^t) - I
Where CFt is the cash flow in year t, IRR is the internal rate of return, and I is the initial investment.
0 = ($7,000 / (1 + IRR)^1) + ($7,000 / (1 + IRR)^2) + ($5,000 / (1 + IRR)^3) + ($5,000 / (1 + IRR)^4) - $20,000
This equation cannot be solved algebraically, so you need to use trial and error or a financial calculator to find the IRR. The IRR is the value of IRR that makes the equation equal to zero. Using a financial calculator, the IRR is found to be 15.87%.
So the IRR of the project is 15.87%.
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question 21 3 pts What should be the current price of a stock if the expected dividend is $6, the stock has a required return of 20%, and a constant dividend growth rate of 6%? Enter your answer as a number with 2 decimals and without $ sign.
The answer to be entered as a number with 2 decimals and without the $ sign for the current price of a stock are 42.86.
The current price of a stock can be calculated using the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), which is a formula that estimates the value of a stock based on its expected dividends, required return, and dividend growth rate. The formula for the DDM is:
P = D / (r - g)
Where:
P = Current price of the stock
D = Expected dividend
r = Required return
g = Constant dividend growth rate
In this case, the expected dividend (D) is $6, the required return (r) is 20%, and the constant dividend growth rate (g) is 6%. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
P = 6 / (0.20 - 0.06)
P = 6 / 0.14
P = 42.857
Therefore, the current price of the stock should be $42.857.
However, the question asks for the answer to be entered as a number with 2 decimals and without the $ sign, so the final answer is: 42.86.
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Impact of Business hub on SME development in Ghana.
Examples of business hub in Takoradi
Business hubs are central locations where entrepreneurs, investors, and other business professionals can come together to share ideas, resources, and support. One example of a business hub in Takoradi, Ghana is the Sekondi-Takoradi Business Centre.
In Ghana, the impact of business hubs on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been significant. Business hubs provide SMEs with access to a wide range of resources, including funding, training, and networking opportunities. This support can help SMEs to grow and become more competitive in the global marketplace.
As mentioned above, one example of a business hub in Takoradi, Ghana is the Sekondi-Takoradi Business Centre. This hub offers a variety of services to support the growth of SMEs, including business training, access to finance, and business development support. Another example is the Takoradi Innovation Centre, which provides workspace, mentorship, and networking opportunities for entrepreneurs and SMEs.
These business hubs are helping to foster innovation and support the growth of SMEs in the Takoradi region, contributing to the overall economic development of Ghana.
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You have a Markov matrix for the three layers of employees as follows (Table 1). Complete the Table 2 (5% of annual growth in staffing needs (demand) is expected). Table 1 Transition matrix (2022) headcount Manager Supervisor Line worker Exit
100 Manager .65 .00 .00 .35 200 Supervisor .15 .70 .05 .10 1000 Line Worker .00 .30 .10 .60
Table 2 Supply and Demand for 2023 Manager Supervisor Line worker 2023 Demand 2023 Internal Supply
2023 External Supply
To complete Table 2, we need to use the Markov matrix from Table 1 to predict the internal supply of employees in 2023. Then we can use the expected 5% growth in staffing needs to calculate the demand for 2023.
Finally, we can calculate the external supply by subtracting the internal supply from the demand.
First, let's calculate the internal supply for 2023:
Manager = (100 * .65) + (200 * .15) + (1000 * .00) = 95
Supervisor = (100 * .00) + (200 * .70) + (1000 * .30) = 370
Line Worker = (100 * .00) + (200 * .05) + (1000 * .10) = 120
Next, let's calculate the demand for 2023 with the 5% annual growth:
Manager = 100 * 1.05 = 105
Supervisor = 200 * 1.05 = 210
Line Worker = 1000 * 1.05 = 1050
Finally, let's calculate the external supply for 2023:
Manager = 105 - 95 = 10
Supervisor = 210 - 370 = -160
Line Worker = 1050 - 120 = 930
So, the completed Table 2 should look like this:
Table 2 Supply and Demand for 2023
Manager Supervisor Line worker
2023 Demand 105 210 1050
2023 Internal Supply 95 370 120
2023 External Supply 10 -160 930
Note that the negative external supply for Supervisors means that there is an excess of internal supply and no need for external hiring.
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Franchising in Africa: Potential Abounds but so do challenges U.S. franchises are growing faster abroad than they are in the domestic market. As franchisors have found wringing impressive growth rates from a franchise-saturated domestic market increasingly difficult, they have begun to export their franchises to international markets. Even small franchises, those with fewer than 100 locations, are opening outlets in global markets, including those with developing economies. Indeed, franchising is ideally suited for developing economies because it allows people with limited business experience and financial resources to become part of an established business. China and India, with combined populations of 2.4 billion people with rising incomes, are drawing franchisors from across the globe. Despite the challenges it presents, Africa also is becoming the target of many franchisors because of its size, growing middle class, insatiable appetite for American brands, relative scarcity of franchised outlets, and economic growth. In fact, Africa is home to 6 of the 10 fastest growing economies in the world. Economists forecast that the continent’s economy will grow by 5 percent per year through 2017. Quick-service restaurant franchises in particular are drawn to Africa because the World Bank estimates that food demand across the continent will double between 2012 and 2020. Initially, franchisors focused their development efforts on Africa’s largest economy, South Africa (where franchising accounts for 12 percent of total GDP), but many are now turning their attention to Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Egypt, and Tanzania. "Africa is the last continent," says Jeff Spear, vice-president of development for CKE Restaurants, the parent company of Hardee’s and Carl Jr.’s. "If we don’t start today, it will never happen." Franchisors are entering African markets cautiously. McDonald’s has 177 restaurants in South Africa but has not expanded into other African nations. Yum! Brands, owner of KFC, Long John Silver, and Taco Bell, has about 1,000 KFC franchises in Africa. Domino’s Pizza reports that its five outlets in Nigeria are its busiest stores in the entire world by sales volume. The franchisor also has more than two dozen restaurants in Egypt and Morocco and is making plans to enter South Africa and Kenya. Potential franchisees in Africa find that the nation’s banks prefer to make loans for franchised outlets because they perceive the risk to be lower. Franchising in Africa is fraught with challenges, however. "Africa is not for sissies," says Eric Parker, cofounder of Nando’s, a South African chicken franchise. "You’re going to take some hard knocks." One of the biggest challenges is establishing a reliable, consistent supply chain. To open his first four KFC franchises in Ghana, entrepreneur Ashok Mohinani had to import chicken, which increased his food cost significantly, because local farmers could not produce enough chickens and meet the chain’s quality standards. When Gavin Bell, a KFC franchisee in Kenya, opened his first outlets, the government prohibited chicken imports, so Bell invested $500,000 into a local chicken operation, which took 13 months to get its production up to speed. Nigeria also prohibits poultry imports, so the KFC restaurants there have added fish to their menus because local farmers cannot meet all of the restaurants’ demand for chicken. Getting supplies to individual stores can be a challenge because of the distances to refrigerated warehouses and the limited supply of reliable refrigerated trucks required to keep products fresh. Water shortages can be problematic as well. Eric Andre, a Domino’s Pizza franchisee in Nigeria, has had to dig wells and install water treatment plants at a cost of $60,000 each at each one of his five restaurants in Nigeria. Because only two of his employees had ever tasted pizza, Andre sent his managers to the United States to tour pizzerias. "It is important to enter the [African] market with your eyes wide open," says one top government official. All of these challenges produce a significantly higher cost structure, often two to five times higher than franchisees in other parts of the world experience. For example, in the United States, tomatoes cost $3.45 per kilogram, but in Nigeria, the cost is $10.73 per kilogram. Similar cost comparisons exist for cheddar cheese ($4.12 vs. $13.88 per kilogram), ground beef ($4.17 vs. $7.57 per kilogram), iceberg lettuce ($2.16 vs. $10.09 per kilogram), and other commodities. The result, of course, is higher menu prices. Chris Nahman, who left a law practice in California, to open the first Johnny Rockets hamburger franchise in Nigeria, charges $14 for a Rocket Single, compared to the typical $5.50 price in the United States. Nevertheless, Nahman says that his restaurant serves between 300 and 400 customers a day.QuaestionsWhat steps should U.S.-based franchisors take when establishing outlets in foreign countries?
U.S.-based franchisors should take the following steps when establishing outlets in foreign countries like market research, Develop a reliable supply chain, Adapt to local regulations,Train local employees, patient and flexible.
1. Conduct thorough market research: Franchisors should conduct extensive market research to understand the local culture, economy, and consumer preferences. This will help them to tailor their products and services to meet the specific needs of the local market.
2. Develop a reliable supply chain: Franchisors should work to establish a reliable and consistent supply chain to ensure that they have access to the necessary ingredients and supplies. This may involve partnering with local suppliers or investing in local operations.
3. Adapt to local regulations and laws: Franchisors should familiarize themselves with the local regulations and laws and adapt their operations accordingly. This may involve modifying their menus, sourcing ingredients locally, or making other changes to comply with local regulations.
4. Train local employees: Franchisors should invest in training local employees to ensure that they understand the company's products, services, and standards. This may involve sending managers to the United States for training or providing on-site training for local employees.
5. Be prepared for higher costs: Franchisors should be prepared for higher costs associated with operating in foreign countries, including higher costs for ingredients, labor, and other expenses. They should also be prepared to charge higher prices to account for these higher costs.
6. Be patient and flexible: Franchisors should be patient and flexible when entering foreign markets, as there are likely to be challenges and setbacks along the way. They should be prepared to adapt their operations as needed to succeed in the local market.
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Compute the book value of a 30-year, fixed-rate, $200,000 simple interest mortgage loan that has been outstanding for 20-years (10-years of payments remain). Payments are made monthly. The loan's original interest rate was 6% but loans of similar risk and 10-years remaining until maturity have an interest rate of 4%. (Answers are to the nearest dollar).
The book value of of a 30-year, fixed-rate, $200,000 simple interest mortgage loan that has been outstanding for 20-years is $111,804.
The book value of a loan is the amount that is still owed on the loan at a specific point in time. In this case, we need to compute the book value of a 30-year, fixed-rate, $200,000 simple interest mortgage loan that has been outstanding for 20 years.
1. First, we need to determine the monthly payment on the loan. We can use the formula:
P = L[c(1 + c)^n]/[(1 + c)^n - 1]
Where:
P = monthly payment
L = loan amount
c = monthly interest rate
n = number of monthly payments
Plugging in the given values, we get:
P = $200,000[(0.06/12)(1 + 0.06/12)^360]/[(1 + 0.06/12)^360 - 1]
P = $1,199.10
2. Next, we need to determine the remaining balance on the loan after 20 years of payments. We can use the formula:
B = L[(1 + c)^n - (1 + c)^p]/[(1 + c)^n - 1]
Where:
B = remaining balance
L = loan amount
c = monthly interest rate
n = number of monthly payments
p = number of payments made
Plugging in the given values, we get:
B = $200,000[(1 + 0.06/12)^360 - (1 + 0.06/12)^240]/[(1 + 0.06/12)^360 - 1]
B = $126,039
3. Finally, we need to adjust the book value for the difference in interest rates between the original loan and loans of similar risk with 10 years remaining until maturity. We can use the formula:
BV = B - (B - P)[(r - r')/r']
Where:
BV = book value
B = remaining balance
P = monthly payment
r = original interest rate
r' = current interest rate
Plugging in the given values, we get:
BV = $126,039 - ($126,039 - $1,199.10)[(0.06 - 0.04)/0.04]
BV = $111,804
Therefore, the book value of the loan is $111,804.
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How do you develop and implement contingency plans for the operational plan? Give 4 examples of contingency planning options and describe how to manage risks, use risk assessment matrixes and develop some strategies you can put into place to reduce the risk.
To develop and implement contingency plans for the operational plan, it is important to first identify potential risks or disruptions that could affect the business. Once these risks have been identified, a risk assessment matrix can be used to evaluate the likelihood and impact of each risk. Based on this assessment, strategies can be developed to reduce or mitigate the risk. These strategies may include backup plans, alternative suppliers, or additional resources.
Four examples of contingency planning options are:
1. Backup plans: Having a backup plan in place can help ensure that business operations can continue even if a risk or disruption occurs. This may include having backup systems or processes in place, or having alternative suppliers or resources available.
2. Alternative suppliers: If a key supplier is unable to provide the necessary goods or services, it is important to have alternative suppliers identified and available to step in if needed.
3. Additional resources: In the event of a disruption or risk, having additional resources available, such as extra staff or equipment, can help minimize the impact on the business.
4. Insurance: Insurance can help protect the business from financial losses in the event of a risk or disruption.
To manage risks, it is important to regularly monitor and assess potential risks, and to update contingency plans as needed. This may include conducting regular risk assessments, reviewing and updating contingency plans, and ensuring that all staff are aware of and trained on contingency plans. By implementing contingency plans and regularly monitoring and assessing risks, businesses can help reduce the likelihood and impact of potential disruptions.
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relative to the case study about Euro Disneyland:List all of the cultural challenges posed by Disney’s expansioninto Europe.Next, list the variables that influenced these challenges.
The cultural challenges posed by Disney's expansion into Europe includes Language barriers,Different cultural norms, Different holiday and vacation habits,food preferences.
1. Language barriers: Disney had to deal with multiple languages spoken by guests from different countries in Europe. This created a challenge in terms of communication and understanding between staff and guests.
2. Different cultural norms and values: Europeans have different cultural norms and values than Americans, which created a challenge for Disney in terms of designing and operating the park in a way that would appeal to European guests.
3. Different holiday and vacation habits: Europeans have different holiday and vacation habits than Americans, which created a challenge for Disney in terms of scheduling and staffing the park.
4. Different food preferences: Europeans have different food preferences than Americans, which created a challenge for Disney in terms of designing menus and food offerings that would appeal to European guests.
The variables that influenced these challenges included:
1. Geographic location: The location of Euro Disneyland in France created a challenge in terms of language barriers and cultural differences.
2. Demographics: The demographics of Europe, including different languages spoken and different cultural norms and values, created a challenge for Disney in terms of designing and operating the park.
3. Economic factors: The economic factors in Europe, including different holiday and vacation habits and different food preferences, created a challenge for Disney in terms of scheduling and staffing the park and designing menus and food offerings.
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Analysis of Internal Environment (Nissin Company in Hong Kong)
1.1 Core competence
1.1.1 Brand Management
An analysis of the internal environment of Nissin Company in Hong Kong reveals that one of its core competencies is brand management. This means that Nissin has the ability to effectively create, develop a strong brand image and reputation in the market.
Through strategic marketing and advertising efforts, Nissin has been able to establish itself as a leading producer of instant noodles in Hong Kong. Overall, brand management is a key component of Nissin's internal environment and has played a crucial role in the company's success.
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Select a publicly traded company and access its most recent financial statements, form 10-K, from its website. Include the name of the company in your subject line, and do not choose a company about which one of your classmates has already posted. Navigate to the notes to the financial statements and locate the company’s note on revenue recognition. Does the company follow the five-step revenue recognition model? How can you tell? In your own words, summarize how the company is applying the five-step revenue recognition model.
Participate in follow-up discussions by comparing your company’s five-step process to the company they chose. Specifically address, how the companies are similar or different and how the industry in which the company does business influences the application of the five-step model.
The company I selected is Apple Inc. According to their 10-K, Apple Inc follows the five-step revenue recognition model.
This is evident in their note on revenue recognition, which states that they recognize revenue when the customer obtains control of the promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for the goods or services.
Additionally, it states that their recognition of revenue includes all five steps of the revenue recognition process, including identification of the contract, identification of performance obligations, determination of transaction price, allocation of the transaction price to performance obligations, and recognition of revenue.
Apple Inc's five-step revenue recognition process is similar to the company chosen by my classmate. Both companies follow the five-step model, however the industry in which the company does business influences the application of the model.
For example, Apple Inc's primary revenue comes from the sale of their products and services, while the other company may focus on sales of services. This difference may lead to different methods of applying the five-step revenue recognition model, as certain industries may require certain performance obligations or methods of recognizing revenue.
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Will the BSC program at FRCA provide Board members with the information they need to fulfill their governance responsibilities? Does a board really need information beyond the results reported in a company’s monthly, quarterly and annual financial reports?
Yes, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) program at FRCA will provide Board members with the information they need to fulfill their governance responsibilities. Yes, board really need information beyond the results reported in a company’s monthly, quarterly and annual financial reports.
The BSC program goes beyond traditional financial reporting by incorporating non-financial measures, such as customer satisfaction, employee engagement, and operational efficiency. This allows Board members to gain a more holistic view of the company's performance and make more informed decisions.
Additionally, it is important for Board members to have information beyond the results reported in a company's monthly, quarterly, and annual financial reports. Financial reports only provide a snapshot of a company's performance at a given point in time and do not always reflect the underlying drivers of that performance.
By using the BSC program, Board members can gain a deeper understanding of the factors that are driving the company's success or failure and make more informed decisions about the company's future direction.
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value migration is the flow of economic and shareholder value away from an increasingly outmoded business design toward others that are better equipped to create utility for customers and profit for the company. Describe the value migration in the company 'John Deere" in not less than 1000 words.
John Deere has undergone a process of value migration as the company has evolved and adapted to the changing needs of customers and shareholders. The company has been able to remain competitive and continue to create value for both customers and shareholders by embracing a strategy of innovation and technology-driven transformation.
John Deere has embraced digital technology to expand its capabilities and reach new customers. By developing products and services that use technology such as advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, the company has been able to create more efficient and productive solutions for customers. Additionally, John Deere has also invested in digital technologies to develop new products that customers need, such as connected vehicles, which has allowed the company to remain at the forefront of the agricultural industry.
John Deere has also utilized data-driven insights to inform its business decisions, allowing it to remain competitive and more accurately predict customer needs. By utilizing technology to gain insights into customer behavior, John Deere has been able to better tailor its offerings and remain a leader in the agricultural equipment industry.furthermore, John Deere has invested in the development of its financial infrastructure, allowing the company to become more efficient and better able to manage its finances and maintain profitability. This has enabled the company to remain competitive and remain an attractive option for investors.
Overall, John Deere has successfully embraced value migration by utilizing technology, data-driven insights, and financial infrastructure. Through these efforts, the company has been able to remain competitive and maintain value for both customers and shareholders.
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Discuss the following topic(s)
In your opinion, what are the roles of capital market in
providing opportunities for companies (i.e. public listed
companies). Discuss.
The capital market provides a range of opportunities for companies, especially public listed companies, to raise funds and gain access to additional capital.
It is a financial intermediary that links investors with businesses looking for investment. Companies can raise funds through the sale of equity or debt instruments. Through the sale of equity instruments, companies can raise money to fund operations, invest in new projects, or expand their businesses.
Through the sale of debt instruments, companies can obtain funds for a specified period at a pre-determined rate of interest.
Additionally, the capital market allows companies to access capital from both domestic and international sources, providing them with a wider range of options for raising funds. It also serves as a platform for companies to issue corporate bonds and other debt instruments, as well as to manage their investments. All in all, the capital market provides a great opportunity for companies to gain access to additional capital for their operations.
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1. You were employed by Goldman Sachs Sales & Trading Division as an Intern. The following are the quotes on the futures for the Euro to plan your trades on the value of the euro.
Euro Futures, US$/euro Contract = 85,000 euro Maturity Open Low High Settle Change April 1.4246 1.4214 1.4268 1.4228 0.0032 July 1.4164 1.4146 1.4188 1.4162 0.0030 a. If you buy 15 July futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.3980/Euro, what is the value of your position?
b. If you sell 36 April futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.4560/£, what is the value of your position?
c. If you buy 9 April futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.4560/£, what is the value of your position?
d. If you sell 36 July futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.3980/euro, what is the value of your position?
The value of your position is the difference between the spot rate at maturity and the futures contract price, multiplied by the contract size and the number of contracts.
a. If you buy 15 July futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.3980/Euro, the value of your position is:
(1.4162 - 1.3980) x 85,000 x 15 = $23,235
b. If you sell 36 April futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.4560/£, the value of your position is:
(1.4560 - 1.4228) x 85,000 x 36 = $97,092
c. If you buy 9 April futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.4560/£, the value of your position is:
(1.4560 - 1.4246) x 85,000 x 9 = $24,111
d. If you sell 36 July futures, and the spot rate at maturity is $1.3980/euro, the value of your position is:
(1.4162 - 1.3980) x 85,000 x 36 = $55,944
In each case, the value of your position is the difference between the spot rate at maturity and the futures contract price, multiplied by the contract size and the number of contracts.
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Suppose a producer contains 9234 J of energy. How much energy will be consumed by the primary consumer? secondary consumer? tertiary consumer?
We can estimate the quantity of energy that would be eaten by each type of consumer using the knowledge that only around 10% of energy is normally transported from one trophic level to the next: Producers are consumed by primary consumers.
The sun is the primary source of energy that is transformed and transferred through the food chain. The energy flows from producers (plants) to herbivores (primary consumers) to carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers).
In this scenario, the producer contains 9234 J of energy. The primary consumer is an organism that feeds directly on the producer. The amount of energy consumed by the primary consumer depends on the efficiency of energy transfer, which is typically around 10%. Therefore, the primary consumer will consume 10% of the energy from the producer, which is 923.4 J.
The secondary consumer is an organism that feeds on the primary consumer. The amount of energy consumed by the secondary consumer depends on the efficiency of energy transfer between the two levels. Typically, energy transfer efficiency between different trophic levels is around 10%, so the secondary consumer will consume around 10% of the energy from the primary consumer, which is 92.34 J.
The tertiary consumer is an organism that feeds on the secondary consumer. The amount of energy consumed by the tertiary consumer depends on the efficiency of energy transfer between the two levels. Energy transfer efficiency is typically around 10%, so the tertiary consumer will consume around 10% of the energy from the secondary consumer, which is 9.234 J.
It is important to note that the amount of energy available decreases as we move up the food chain. This is due to the loss of energy in the form of heat during each transfer. As a result, there are typically fewer tertiary consumers in an ecosystem compared to primary consumers.
In conclusion, the primary consumer will consume 923.4 J of energy, the secondary consumer will consume 92.34 J of energy, and the tertiary consumer will consume 9.234 J of energy from the producer containing 9234 J of energy.
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What is the 10% rule in energy transfer between trophic levels and how can it be used to estimate the amount of energy consumed by different types of consumers in an ecosystem?