Explanation:
A cataract affects the ability to see by making the lens blurry or cloudy. This often leads the individual to perceive colour, proximity, light and contrast.
A cataract is a condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to a decrease in vision. The lens of the eye is responsible for focusing the light onto the retina, which then sends the visual signals to the brain. When a cataract forms, it disrupts the light passing through the lens, leading to blurred or dimmed vision.
Initially, a cataract may cause a small amount of vision impairment, but as it progresses, the lens becomes increasingly opaque and more vision is lost. This loss of vision can cause difficulty in activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Colors may also appear faded or yellowed, and the eyes may become more sensitive to glare.
In addition, a cataract can cause a significant decrease in night vision, as the light is scattered and causes a halo effect around light sources. This can be particularly dangerous while driving at night, as the halo effect can interfere with the perception of oncoming headlights.
Overall, a cataract can significantly impact an individual's ability to see, making it essential to seek medical attention if any signs of cataract formation occur. Fortunately, cataracts can be effectively treated with surgery, where the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens. This can lead to a significant improvement in vision and overall quality of life.
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09.
All of the following statements about the transformation of teosinte into corn are true except:
A. It took a long time for the plant to slowly be changed into corn.
B. People planted the best kernels of teosinte so that the plant got bigger, stronger and tastier over time.
C. Humans left their fields of crops alone so that the plants could develop better naturally on their own.
D. People had to care for the plants to change them
The correct option is Humans left their fields of crops alone so that the plants could develop better naturally on their own.
What distinctions exist between corn and teosinte?Teosinte plants usually have multiple long branches with tassels at the ends and numerous tiny ears running the length of them. The normal structure of maize plants, in contrast, is one or two short branches, each of which has a single ear at the apex.
What alterations did teosinte undergo as a result of domestication?From its native parent, teosinte, maize has undergone a significant morphological change since domestication. A typical teosinte plant has a number of long lateral branches, each of which is ended with a tassel, as opposed to a typical maize plant.
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Mount Kilauea is an active volcano found
on one of the Hawaiian Islands. Looking at
the image to the right, how do you think the
four systems are interacting with one
another?
Yes the four systems are interacting with one another during the eruption of Mount Kilauea in Hawaiian Islands.
How does the four systems interact?The geosphere: This refers to the solid part of the earth, including the rocks, magma, and crust. In the case of a volcano like Mount Kilauea, magma rises from the mantle and collects in a magma chamber beneath the surface, which eventually erupts through the volcanic vent.
The hydrosphere: This refers to the water on earth, including oceans, lakes, and groundwater. In the case of Mount Kilauea, water from rain and underground sources can seep into the ground, interact with hot rock and magma, and create steam which may contribute to explosive eruptions.
The atmosphere: This refers to the layer of gases surrounding the earth, including air, clouds, and weather patterns. During volcanic eruptions, gases and ash are released into the atmosphere which can affect air quality and climate.
The biosphere: This refers to all living things on earth, including plants, animals, and humans. Volcanic eruptions can have a significant impact on the biosphere by destroying habitats, creating new landforms, and altering soil and water quality.
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State any two Precautions you need to take while using the Microscope
Avoid using your fingers to contact the glass portion of the Microscope. To clean the glasses, only use specialised lens paper. When not in use, always keep your lens covered.
Can you not use the lens while doing this?Never use your fingertips to touch the lenses. The grease your body makes smears the glass. If this oil is kept on for too long, it may even etch the glass. You should only clean the window with LENS PAPER.
What dangers come with using a microscope?When using a microscope that is not at the proper height and angle, the user must hunch over and apply pressure to their forearms with the work area. As a consequence, prolonged microscope use frequently results in strains in the neck, forearms, and eyes.
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Which of the following is the fossil of a frond-
like organism found at both Mistaken Point and
Ediacara?
Aspidella
O Charnia
Charniodiscus
none of these
The correct answer is "Charnia". Charnia is a frond-like organism found in the Ediacaran biota of South Australia, England, and Newfoundland, including Mistaken Point.
What is Fossil?
A fossil is the remains or traces of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock or sediment. Fossils can include the actual hard parts of the organism, such as bones, teeth, and shells, as well as soft tissues, such as skin, feathers, and even footprints or burrows. Fossils provide scientists with important information about past life on Earth, including the evolution of various species, the environmental conditions in which they lived, and the interactions between different organisms.
It was named after the Charnwood Forest in England where it was first discovered. Aspidella is a disc-shaped organism found in Ediacara, while Charniodiscus is a vase-shaped organism.
Charnia is a frond-like organism found in the Ediacaran biota, which lived between 635 and 542 million years ago. It was named after the Charnwood Forest in England where it was first discovered. Charnia is a branching, frond-like structure that ranges from a few centimeters to several meters in length.
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using these images describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of earths systems risky in changes in climate
write a short description about how i represented each factor
The average global temperature of Earth rises as the energy input exceeds the energy output from the Earth system.
How vital is the Earth System?The word "Earth system" refers to the interconnected physical, chemical, and ecological processes that take place on Earth. The system is made up of the poles, the atmosphere, the oceans, and the land. The natural cycles of the earth, such as those for carbon, water, nitrate, phosphorus, and sulfur, as well as deep Earth activities, are included.
What are the fundamental elements of the Earth system?Earth is made up of five main components or subsystems, including the Atmosphere, Hydrologic cycle, Biosphere, Cryosphere, & Geosphere. Earth is also embedded within much bigger systems, such as our Solar System & Milky Way Galaxy.
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• नदिनालाका छेउछाउमा विभिन्न प्रकारका बिरुवा पाइन्छन्, किन ? पत्रदल Why are different types of plants found at the bank of river and streams?
Answer:Because :-
Explanation:
1-Plants have the capability to adapt to environmental changes which can be seen in the form of different types of plants coming out of the same species.
2-Due to the continuously changing environment at rivers and streams the types of plants also different.
3-Some can adapt themselves in dry areas some can survive in the areas where the level of pollution is high, some grow because of the different minerals present near rivers and streams.
4-The Soil fertility helps the plants which grow in that environment.
5-Over time, the earth atmosphere has changed many times and some plants are better at adapting than others.
Objective: Identify and explain the function of the major human body systems.
Task: Research each of the eight human body systems. You may present your research in the form of a paper, brochure, PowerPoint presentation, web page, etc. Your project must include the following:
- Student name
- System name
- Four required elements present for each system, each one clearly explained and fully developed.
- An appropriate visual component for each system, whether it is a picture, a graphic, a drawing, etc.
- Use at least 6 terms from the professional vocabulary list for each system. These can be used in your explanation of each element, or defined separately.
- Correct use of English language, including spelling and grammar.
- All resources cited.
The task is to research each of the eight human body systems and explain their functions. The eight human body systems are the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, and endocrine systems.
For each system, you need to include the following four required elements, which should be clearly explained and fully developed:
1. Function: Explain the overall function of the system and how it contributes to the body's overall health and wellbeing.
2. Components: Describe the main components of the system, including organs, tissues, and cells.
3. Processes: Explain the processes that occur within the system to carry out its function.
4. Disorders: Discuss common disorders or diseases associated with the system and how they affect the body.
You should also include an appropriate visual component for each system, such as a picture, a graphic, or a drawing. This will help to make your project more engaging and informative.
In addition, you should use at least six terms from the professional vocabulary list for each system. These terms can be used in your explanation of each element or defined separately to demonstrate your understanding of the system.
Finally, it is important to use correct English language, including spelling and grammar, and to cite all resources used in your project.
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What advantage did the rabbits with floppy ears have over the rabbits with striaght ears?
The advantage that rabbits with floppy ears have over rabbits with straight ears is not entirely clear, and there are different hypotheses that attempt to explain this trait.
What is Floppy Ears?
Floppy ears refer to ears that hang down rather than standing upright. This trait is commonly observed in some dog breeds, such as Basset Hounds, and in rabbits, such as the lop-eared breed.
In rabbits, the floppy ear trait is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development of cartilage in the ear. Normally, the ear cartilage is strong enough to support the weight of the ear and keep it standing upright. However, in rabbits with the mutation, the cartilage is weaker and less able to support the weight of the ear, causing it to flop down.
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two scienbtist studieing fireflies how can they know they were researching the correct fireflies
If two scientists are studying fireflies, they can ensure that they are researching the correct fireflies by using several methods, including:
Taxonomy: Scientists can use taxonomy, the science of classifying living organisms, to identify and study specific species of fireflies. This involves examining the physical characteristics of the fireflies, such as their body shape, size, and color, as well as their genetic makeup and evolutionary history. By comparing these characteristics to established taxonomic classifications, scientists can ensure that they are studying the correct species of fireflies.
Geographic location: Different species of fireflies are found in different geographic regions, and scientists can use this information to identify and study specific populations of fireflies. By carefully selecting study sites and collecting fireflies from specific locations, scientists can ensure that they are studying the correct species of fireflies.
Behavioral characteristics: Fireflies have distinct behavioral characteristics, such as their flashing patterns and mating behaviors, that can be used to identify and study specific species. By carefully observing these behaviors and comparing them to established descriptions and classifications, scientists can ensure that they are studying the correct species of fireflies.
Overall, scientists can use a combination of taxonomic, geographic, and behavioral methods to ensure that they are studying the correct species of fireflies and avoid confusing them with other similar species.
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Give two differences between the mantle and the core.
Answer:
The mantle and core are two distinct layers of the Earth, with some key differences:
1. Composition: The mantle is primarily composed of solid rock, while the core is composed of primarily of metallic iron and nickel. The mantle also contains smaller amounts of other minerals and compounds, such as silicon, magnesium, and oxygen, while the core is composed almost entirely of iron and nickel.
2. State of matter: The mantle is mostly solid, although it can flow like a very viscous liquid over long periods of time, while the outer core of the Earth is liquid and the inner core is solid due to the high pressure. The difference in state of matter is due to the temperature and pressure conditions within each layer, with the core being subject to higher temperatures and pressures than the mantle.
Explanation:
To elaborate on the two differences between the mantle and the core:
1. Composition: The mantle is the layer of the Earth that lies between the crust and the core. It is primarily composed of solid rock, with the uppermost part of the mantle being partially molten and known as the asthenosphere. The core, on the other hand, is the central layer of the Earth and is divided into two parts: the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is liquid and is composed primarily of molten iron and nickel, while the inner core is solid due to the intense pressure and high temperatures, and is made up of solid iron and nickel.
2. State of matter: The mantle is mostly solid, although it can flow like a very viscous liquid over long periods of time, as demonstrated by the movement of tectonic plates. The mantle's ability to flow is due to the high temperatures and pressures that exist within the layer, which cause the rocks to deform and flow over time. The core, however, is subject to even higher temperatures and pressures than the mantle, with the outer core being a liquid due to the intense heat generated by the Earth's core and the inner core being a solid due to the even greater pressure. The state of matter of each layer has important implications for the behavior and dynamics of the Earth's interior, including the generation of the Earth's magnetic field and the movement of tectonic plates.
Answer:
Mantle: a semi-solid magma layer consisting of iron, magnesium, and silicon. 1000°C (1832°F) near its boundary with the crust, to 3700°C (6692°F) near its boundary with the core.
Core: centrally located solid mass of metal (inner core) and a liquid mass of iron and nickel (outer core). about 4,400° Celsius (7,952° Fahrenheit) to about 6,000° Celsius (10,800° Fahrenheit).
If both parents have brown eyes, they can either have the genotype BB or Bb. If they both have blue eyes, they must have the genotype bb. If one parent has brown eyes and the other has blue eyes, then one parent must have the genotype Bb, while the other must have the genotype bb.
In summary:
Brown-eyed parents: BB or Bb
Blue-eyed parents: bb
One brown-eyed parent and one blue-eyed parent: Bb and bb, respectively.
The brown version of the eye color gene (B) is dominant over the blue version (b). Dominant means that if either of your genes is the B version, then you will have brown eyes. Genetically speaking, then, people with brown eyes could be either BB or Bb while people with blue eyes could only be bb.
MITOSIS
occurs in a
which is a
that undergoes
forming
having the
number of
as the
MEIOSIS
100
Mitosis occurs in a somatic cell, which is a non-reproductive or body cell that undergoes cell division, forming two daughter cells. In contrast, Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, which are known as germ cells, that undergo two rounds of cell division to form four haploid daughter cells.
What is Mitosis?Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells, which are cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. During mitosis, a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell.
The process of mitosis can be divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell and are attached to spindle fibers at their centromeres. During anaphase, the spindle fibers shorten and pull the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart, toward opposite poles of the cell. Finally, during telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, the spindle fibers disassemble, and the cell undergoes cytokinesis, or division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
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carbon cycle bio edge 2023
If the statement is true, select True. If it is false, select False.
When you have an infectious disease, toxins are in your body causing harm.
True
False
Explanation:
Can toxins cause infectious diseases?
Toxins produced by bacteria are integral to infectious-disease processes, as they are predominantly responsible for clinical manifestations.Oct
what are two disadvantages of selective breeding
Answer:
a decrease in the genetic variety and discomfort for animals with very pronounced traits.
The cumulonimbus cloud is associated with __________ to very severe weather with thunder and lightning.
Why can farmers not save GM seeds from one year to the next?
The seeds are patented and must be bought each year.
The seeds are not viable beyond one year.
The seeds will not produce as many crops the following year.
The genes for herbicide resistance will expire the following year.
Answer:
Farmers cannot save GM seeds from one year to the next because the seeds are patented and must be bought each year. The companies that create and sell GM seeds retain the intellectual property rights to those seeds, and farmers who use them must sign a contract agreeing not to save the seeds for replanting in future years. This ensures that the companies are compensated for their research and development costs and that farmers have access to the latest and most effective seed varieties.
Question 5 of 10
Approximately how long does it take for coal to form?
OA. 1000 years
OB. 100 million years
C. 10 years
O D. 1 year
Answer: I’m not sure the exact answer, but the only reasonable answer there is 100 million years, so I’m sure it might be C.
Explanation:
100 million years is the most accurate option for the approximate duration of coal formation. Therefore option A is correct.
Coal is formed from the remains of plant material that accumulated in ancient swamps and marshes.
Over time, as these organic materials were buried by sediment, heat, and pressure gradually transformed them into coal. The process of coalification involves the gradual breakdown of complex organic compounds into carbon-rich coal.
The various stages of coal formation, from peat to lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite, occur over millions of years.
This slow geological process highlights the long-term nature of coal formation and its dependence on specific geological conditions and timescales.
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Which of the following is not a postulate of the germ theory of disease ?
A) the pathogen must be reisolated from lab organisms
B) the pathogen must re-infect lab organisms
C) the pathogen must be isolated from the organisms and grow in the lab.
D) the pathogen must be absent from any organism that aren’t infected
D) the pathogen must be absent from any organism that aren’t infected
This statement is not a postulate of the germ theory of disease. The germ theory of disease is based on the postulates developed by Robert Koch, known as Koch's postulates. The postulates are:
1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
The other statements (A, B, and C) are aligned with Koch's postulates.
The correct answer is D) the pathogen must be absent from any organisms that aren't infected.
The correct answer is D) the pathogen must be absent from any organisms that aren't infected. This statement is not a postulate of the germ theory of disease. The germ theory of disease is a fundamental concept in microbiology that states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. The other postulates mentioned in options A, B, and C are indeed part of the germ theory of disease.
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What is a benefit to using fertilizers on crops?
it is expensive
the excess can wash off and get into waterways
it can boost food production
a dependence on future use can be created
Utilizing fertilizers on crops has the advantage of increasing food production.
What are the advantages of applying fertilizers to crops?In order to grow crops that will yield enough food to feed the world's population, fertilizer is added. Fertilizers give plants the nutrients potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen so they can grow larger, more quickly, and generate more food.
What is the significance of fertilizer use?By giving the soil the proper mix of nutrients, fertilizers play the role of increasing output and ensuring healthy food. "Without fertilizers, the soil would become depleted, making plant cultivation extremely difficult. They cannot survive on water alone, and neither can we.
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Two reasons why the doctor wants to collect eggs just before they are released naturally
Answer:
The doctor may want to collect eggs just before they are released naturally for the following reasons:
Timing: Collecting eggs just before they are released naturally allows the doctor to have better control over the timing of the egg retrieval process. This is important because the timing of the egg retrieval is critical to the success of the procedure. By collecting eggs just before they are released naturally, the doctor can ensure that the eggs are retrieved at the optimal time for fertilization.
Quantity: Collecting eggs just before they are released naturally allows the doctor to collect a larger number of eggs than would be possible with natural ovulation. This is because the doctor can stimulate the ovaries with medications to produce multiple eggs, which can then be collected during the egg retrieval process. By collecting a larger number of eggs, the chances of a successful fertilization and pregnancy are increased.
3. In crosses b, d, and e of Problem 1, indicate how many of the gray progeny pro-duced by each cross would be expected to produce white progeny when self ferti-lized?
Cross b produces 3/4 grey and 1/4 white offspring.
Cross d: All of the offspring are grey.
Cross e: half of the offspring are grey and half are white.
How does one determine the quantity of gametes in a cross?A unique formula 2n is used to compute the total number of gametes generated by a certain genotype, where n= the number of heterogeneous alleles identified in the genotype. The provided genotype consists of two heterozygous alleles, Bb and Cc, and one homozygous allele.
By multiplying the proportion of grey progeny by the proportion of white offspring predicted from self-fertilization, we can determine the estimated number of grey progeny that would generate white progeny when self-fertilized for each cross.
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The albedo effect causes a positive feedback loop that causes temperatures in the arctic to rise faster than in other areas. Which is one impact this has on other systems on Earth?
A. This causes more sunlight to be reflected off the surface and into space.
B. This causes organisms in Arctic ecosystems to find more food and shelter.
C. This causes sea levels to rise, potentially destroying coastal habitats.
D. This causes carbon dioxide to be released, which reduces the rate of climate change.
Answer:
The correct answer is C. This causes sea levels to rise, potentially destroying coastal habitats.
Explanation:
The albedo effect is a feedback loop in which the amount of sunlight reflected by the Earth's surface affects the amount of heat absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. In the Arctic, the loss of ice and snow cover due to warming temperatures leads to a decrease in the surface's albedo, which in turn leads to more heat being absorbed, further warming the region. This warming can cause sea ice to melt, which contributes to rising sea levels. As sea levels rise, coastal habitats can be destroyed, leading to the loss of biodiversity and increased risk of flooding and other coastal hazards.
2. Describe briefly each level of organization of life from organism all the way to the
biosphere.
We have the following categories, going from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most exclusive: Biosphere, Biome, Ecosystem, Community Population, and the individual creature itself.
DefinitionA population is a collection of individuals belonging to the same species who can reproduce together and are found in the same geographic location.A community is defined as the populations of two or more species that coexist in the same region and for an extended period of time.The abiotic (non-living) elements of an ecosystem, such as the water and the air, are a community in and of themselves.A biome is a sizable ecological region with a regulated climate. Many different ecosystems can exist within a single biome.All living things and the environments they interact with are included in the biosphere (lithosphere, hydrosphere, etc.).For more information on level of organization kindly visit to
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Briefly describe how an individual dog is an example of a system 
An individual dog is an example of a system because it is a complex and organized entity made up of various interconnected parts that work together to perform functions and achieve certain goals.
The different parts of a dog, such as its organs, tissues, cells, and molecules, all have specific roles to play in maintaining the overall health and wellbeing of the dog. These parts are interconnected and interact with each other through various processes, such as digestion, respiration, circulation, and nervous system activity.
Furthermore, the dog is influenced by its environment and interacts with it through various inputs and outputs. For example, the dog takes in food and water and expels waste products, and it responds to external stimuli such as sounds, smells, and visual cues.
Thus, a dog can be seen as a system with various subsystems that work together to maintain the overall functioning of the organism, while also interacting with the external environment in a dynamic and complex way.
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In humans and other mammals, X-inactivation takes place:
Question 12 options:
a) late in development, with each new cell inheriting the same inactivated X chromosome as its parent cell.
b)early in development, with each new cell inheriting the same inactivated X chromosome as its parent cell.
c) throughout the lifetime of an organism with each new cell division, both X chromosomes are activated, and one is then inactivated in each new cell.
d) early in development, with all maternal X chromosomes being inactivated and cells maintaining active copies of only the paternal X chromosome.
e) early in development, with all paternal X chromosomes being inactivated and cells maintaining active copies of only the maternal X chromosome.
The right response is d) early in development, when cells only have active copies of the paternal X chromosome and all maternal X chromosomes are inactivated.
One of the two X chromosomes is inactivated during the early stages of embryonic development, a process known as X-inactivation that affects female animals. This procedure makes sure that the proportion of X-linked genes in males and females is equal. In humans and the majority of other animals, X-inactivation starts early in development, with cells keeping only active copies of the paternal X chromosome and inactivating all maternal X chromosomes. The X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) gene, when expressed, wraps the maternal X chromosome in RNA, inactivating it. This achieves the desired result. The disruption of X-inactivation, a critical process for guaranteeing appropriate gene dosage in females, can result in illnesses and developmental problems.
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K.___ The initial "reason" for one of your muscle cells to switch to fermentation is a lack of adequate final electron acceptor levels which then leads to a shortage of NAD+.
True or false ^^
True. A scarcity of sufficient final electron acceptor levels, which results in a subsequent deficit of NAD+, is the initial "cause" that allows one of your muscle cells to transition to fermentation.
Why study cell biology?The premise that the cell is the basic unit of life underlies the study into cell structure and function. Understanding the tissues and animals that cells comprise in-depthly is made possible by concentrating on the cell.
How many cells are there in a body?The human body is made up of approximately 100 trillion cells. The 80 recognized organs contain 200 or more different types of cells, and a new megascience project will catalog and scan each of these cells, as well as identify the enzymes that really are active in each.
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Which coal field location is related to coal fields in the United States and supports the theory of continental drift? India, Africa, Australia, Europe.
Answer: Europe
Explanation: I took the test
Briefly describe the 5 factors that influence recall.*
Answer:
1. Encoding: The way information is initially processed and stored in memory can affect recall. Information that is encoded deeply, such as through elaboration or association with existing knowledge, is more likely to be remembered than information that is encoded superficially.
2. Retrieval cues: The presence of cues or prompts that are associated with the information being recalled can facilitate retrieval. These cues may be external (such as environmental context) or internal (such as emotional state).
3. Interference: Other information that is similar to or competes with the target information can interfere with recall. This may occur due to proactive interference (when previously learned information interferes with new learning) or retroactive interference (when new learning interferes with previously learned information).
4. Time: The amount of time between encoding and retrieval can affect recall. Memory tends to decay over time, but this decay can be slowed by rehearsal or consolidation processes.
5. Individual differences: Factors such as age, intelligence, and personality can influence recall ability. For example, older adults may have more difficulty recalling specific details due to age-related changes in memory processes.
what is a non example of desublimation
Answer: Sodium sulphate
Explanation: Sodium sulphate is not an example of sublimate substance. Sublimation is the process in which there is a change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into a liquid state.
Answer:
Desublimation is a phase transition in which a gas changes directly to a solid without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
It is an exothermic phase change that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance’s triple point in its phase diagram.
Desublimation is also called deposition.
Desublimation is caused by a drastic loss in thermal energy from the surrounding gas due to the presence of a much cooler surface.
For example, frost formation occurs on window surfaces during the winter seasons.
This window is at a much cooler temperature, this makes the water vapor in the surrounding air to lose enough thermal energy and change directly into solid which we see as frost during winter.